This document discusses the study design, rationale, sampling approach, measurement scales, and findings of a study on reducing overweight and obesity in Australian men. It also includes a brief report synthesizing the findings from three studies and a recommendation for a future quantitative research project.
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HBS108 Health Information and Data: Assignment 2 Reducing overweight and obesity in Australian men Word Count: 1288 words
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TASK A The following questions are based on the article by Ashton et al. (2017). Q1(a) What is the study design? The study design is the cross-sectional online survey, which is considered as the most convenient method for the target respondents. According to researchers, A cross-sectional survey are used for collecting the data to make interpretations about a population of interest (universe) at one point in time. A study conducted byPowellet al (2011) has also identified that Cross-sectional surveys can be considered as the snapshots of the populations, about whom the researcher want to explore in context of population behaviour, motivations, preferences and perceptions. Q1(b) What was the rationale for this study? The rationale of the study is based on the problem of young men being overweight, as these young men have failed to meet the recommendations for the healthy diet and physical activity.Munt, Partridge, and Allman‐Farinelli, (2017) have identified that the problem of obesity is increasing among the Australian young men due to noncompliance of healthy eating and healthy living. However, the perception of the young men regarding the physical activityand makinghealthyfood choiceshave notbeen effectivelyknown. A study conducted by Liu et al (2012) has also identified that lack of healthy lifestyle and intake of unhealthy food during the early adulthood can significantly affect the health outcomes in the late adulthood.The problem can also increase the risk of cardiovascular disease and other co-morbidities.Therefore,Ashtonetal(2017)conductedacrosssectionalsurveyto understand the motivations and barriers that young men face to healthy eating and physical activity. Q1(c) What was the sampling approach used in this study? What is an important limitation of the approach to sampling in this study? This study has employed the purposive sampling technique and the participants have been recruited through the flyers, which were distributed in the local university, sports clubs and also technical colleges. The recruitment of the young men was also done through the advertisement on the online platforms such as Twitter and Facebook. Recruitment was also done through the local newspaper and local and state-wide radio stations.One of the significant limitations of the purposive sampling is that it can be significantly exposed to
research biases. This kind of sampling is based on the judgement of the researcher and can be affected by the personal values of researchers. Purposive sampling in the research also leads to be judgemental and subjective that can affect the quality of findings judgement made by the researcher can be ill-conceived. Q1(d) The researchers measured alcohol consumption. To measure ‘at risk’ drinking they asked: ‘On a day that you drink alcohol, how many standard drinks do you usually have?’ What type of measurement scale was used? The study has used the alcohol consumption measure that specifically includes the items, such as alcohol drinking status, average volume of consumption, and frequency and volume of the alcohol (Jester et al, 2015). Therefore, this research focused on measuring expectancies of alcohol consumption. Q1(e) What type of measurement scale was income measured on? For the measurement of the income, the wage and salary earner statistics provided by the Australian bureau of statistics have been used. TASK B Q2(a) What was the study aim? What knowledge ‘gap’ did the study address? The main aim of this study was to explore the experience of the Baby Boomer men (born between 1946 and 1964) towards the process of weight management and to use this information obtained from men for developing the targeted interventions and messages for the target population. Q2(b) What data collection methods were used? The methods that this study employed for the data collection process involved the use of the qualitative semi-structured interview of the 20 baby boomer men. convenience sampling was the method used for recruitment of participants of the study (Wirth et al, 2014). The convenience sample of the 211 Baby Boomer men were obtained, who had earlier had participated in the weight management programs or have been surveyed about the weight management strategies. Q2(c) How was the final sample size determined and why?
For determiningthe appropriatesamplesize researcher had taken the consent of the participants to participate in the study. Therefore, the final sample size was determined until the point of data saturation was identified by the researcher. The data saturation was achieved on the 20 participants that fulfilled the requirement of the mean age, Body Mass Index (BMI) and other demographic information. Q2(d) Why is the data collection method appropriate for addressing the study aim? Studies have identified that qualitative research design is suitable, if the researcher want to explore a new perspective or want to develop a new theory or hypothesis (Jamshed, 2014). Another significant aspect of this data collection method is that semi-structured interviews are helpful in conducting an in-depth analysis of the perspective and perception of the participants.Throughtheopen-endedquestion,participantscanprovideadetailed perspective towards the problem, and helps the researcher to collect high quality objective data (Kallio et al, 2016). Q2(e) The study was based on interviews within the United States’ context. Based on the findings, and given your knowledge of qualitative study designs, design a qualitative study for the Australian context. The proposed study should try to overcome limitations of the current study. Please provide the research question, type of qualitative study design, the sampling methods including recruitment, the data collection methods and how you would analyse the data. Please justify each choice in a few words. Research Question:What has been your perception and experience towards the weight loss program that you participated in? Qualitative study design: this study will use the qualitative narrative research design that will be focused on conducting the in-depth interview of the participants. The advantages of the narrative interviews is that they can help the researcher to understand the experience, behaviour and perception of people (Muylaert et al, 2014). According toCortazzi (2014), narrative interviews are often unstructured with specific feature. Such interviews help the researcher to find the important themes to be analysed. Sampling: Purposive or purposeful sampling will you used for this research study. This sampling technique allows the researcher to recruit the participants according to the pre- determined criteria. Although, this kind of sampling may also be considered as judgement
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sampling and may have some biases. However, purposive sampling is the most appropriate manner of identifying the information rich cases (Lopez and Whitehead, 2013). For example, the study conducted by Elmir et al (2010) use the purposive sampling for understanding the living experience of women with traumatic birth. Recruitment of the participants will be done through online advertisement and conducting an initial survey of their demographics. Data collection and Analysis: Data collection will be done by conducted through the semi- structured interview and the data will be analysed on the basis of identification of different themes from the interview. TASK C The following questions are based on the article by Hunt et al. (2014). Q3(a) Identify the study design. Where does this study design fit in the hierarchy of evidence? The study design is the two-group, pragmatic, randomised controlled trial. This kind of study design are the highest position in hierarchy. Q3(b) What was the independent variable in this study? What was the main dependent variable? Independent variable is the weight loss programme in the community setting. Q3(c) Was the intervention successful? Briefly explain your answer by summarising, in your own words, the main study findings (50 words max.). The intervention was successful, as it helped in identifying the generalisability of findings. The intervention was also easily to be delivered and it was also easy to identify the appropriate participants for the study. Q3(d) Based on this design, are the findings likely to have good internal validity? Briefly explain the reasons for your answer. The internal validity of the study is likely to be high because of the study design being a randomised control trial. This design helps in reducing the research biases and helps in collecting the high quality data.
Q3(e) Based on the location and the demographic characteristics of the study sample, is this study likely to have good external validity? Briefly explain the reasons for your answer. On the basis of the location and the demographic characteristics of the study sample, the study has the good external validity, as these characteristics maintain the quality of the evidences gathered. TASK D – CONCLUSION Q4(a) Write a brief report that synthesises the findings from the three studies in a way that clearly communicates the most important issues The findingsof the study informed thatweight lossprogrammecan be significantly beneficial for the men to reduce weight and to adopt a healthy lifestyle. The weight loss programme influences the perception and health behaviour of the individuals and motivate them to lose weight. The common barrier to unhealthy eating habits was the lack of access to healthy food. However, it was identified that family and social support can be effective in accessing the healthy food. The studies informed that promotion of the healthy lifestyle can be significant in improving the health behaviour among men. Q4(b)BasedonyouranswertoQ4(a)developarecommendationforafuture quantitative research project based on the gaps that you see. This must be relevant for dealing with men’s overweight and obesity within and Australian context. You must: oresearch question or hypothesis: Personal health behaviour can be a significant barrier to adopt healthy lifestyle. o study design: Study will conduct a qualitative systematic review of literature. The systematic review of literature will help in identifying the various themes and barriers that can affect health behaviour of individuals. The strength of this study would be that it will help in developing the evidence-based knowledge, while limitation would be that maintaining the rigour can be significant challenge. osampling methods: Online database search with the help of keywords. oindependentanddependentvariablesandhowtheywouldbemeasured:no independent and dependent variables in systematic reviews
oIdentify the statistical techniques that would be important and critical values for these: no statistical technique will be required.
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References Ashton,LM, Hutchesson, MJ, Rollo, ME, Morgan, PJ & Collins, CE 2017, ‘Motivators and Barriers to Engaging in Healthy Eating and Physical Activity’, American Journal of Men’s Health, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 330–343. Cortazzi, M. 2014,Narrative analysis, Routledge. Elmir, R., Schmied, V., Wilkes, L. and Jackson, D., 2010, ‘Women’s perceptions and experiences of a traumatic birth: a meta‐ethnography’,Journal of advanced nursing,66(10), pp.2142-2153. Jamshed, S., 2014, ‘Qualitative research method-interviewing and observation’,Journal of basic and clinical pharmacy,5(4), p.87. Jester, J.M., Wong, M.M., Cranford, J.A., Buu, A., Fitzgerald, H.E. and Zucker, R.A., 2015, ‘Alcohol expectancies in childhood: change with the onset of drinking and ability to predict adolescent drunkenness and binge drinking’,Addiction,110(1), pp.71-79. Kallio,H.,Pietilä,A.M.,Johnson,M.andKangasniemi,M.,2016,‘Systematic methodological review: developing a framework for a qualitative semi‐structured interview guide’,Journal of advanced nursing,72(12), pp.2954-2965. Liu,K., Daviglus, M.L., Loria, C.M., Colangelo, L.A., Spring, B., Moller, A.C. and Lloyd- Jones, D.M., 2012, ‘Healthy lifestyle through young adulthood and the presence of low cardiovascular disease risk profile in middle age: the Coronary Artery Risk Development in (Young) Adults (CARDIA) study’,Circulation,125(8), pp.996-1004. Lopez, V. and Whitehead, D., 2013, ‘Sampling data and data collection in qualitative research’,Nursing and midwiferyresearch: methodsand appraisal forevidence-based practice, pp.123-40. Munt, A.E., Partridge, S.R. and Allman‐Farinelli, M., 2017, ‘The barriers and enablers of healthy eating among young adults: a missing piece of the obesity puzzle: a scoping review’,Obesity reviews,18(1), pp.1-17. Muylaert,C.J., Sarubbi Jr, V., Gallo, P.R., Neto, M.L.R. and Reis, A.O.A., 2014, ‘Narrative interviews: an important resource in qualitative research’,Revista da Escola de Enfermagem da USP,48(spe2), pp.184-189.
Powell, J., Inglis, N., Ronnie, J. and Large, S., 2011, ‘The characteristics and motivations of onlinehealthinformationseekers:cross-sectionalsurveyandqualitativeinterview study’,Journal of medical Internet research,13(1), p.e20. Hunt, K, Wyke, S, Gray, CM, Anderson, AS, Brady, A, Bunn, C, Donnan, PT, Fenwick, E, Grieve, E, Leishman, J, Miller, E, Mutrie, N, Rauchhaus, P, White, A & Treweek, S 2014, ‘A gender-sensitised weight loss and healthy living programme for overweight and obese men deliveredbyScottishPremierLeaguefootballclubs(FFIT):apragmaticrandomised controlled trial’, Lancet (London, England), vol. 383, no. 9924, pp. 1211–1221. Wirth, CK, James, DCS, Fafard, M & Ochipa, K 2014, ‘Developing Weight Management Messages and Interventions for Baby Boomer Men’, American Journal of Men’s Health, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 258–266.