Health Promotion Interventions: A Literature Review

This assignment requires a comprehensive literature review on health promotion interventions. Students will investigate various types of interventions, their theoretical foundations, implementation strategies, and effectiveness in promoting physical activity and overall well-being. The review should synthesize key findings from scholarly sources and critically analyze the current state of knowledge in this field.

Running head: HEALTH ADVANCEMENT AND PROMOTION
Health Advancement and Promotion
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author’s Note

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Table of Contents
Introduction:....................................................................................................................................2
1. Aims and Objectives....................................................................................................................2
2. Background of the rationale:.......................................................................................................3
3. Proposed Action Plan:.................................................................................................................4
3.1 Select appropriate research design:...........................................................................................4
3.2 Collect appropriate data:............................................................................................................4
3.3 Analyze the data:.......................................................................................................................5
3.4 Make sampling technique:.........................................................................................................5
3.5 Maintain ethical consideration:..................................................................................................6
4. Strategies to evaluate the impact of diabetes on people in general.............................................6
5. Anticipated outcomes and significance.......................................................................................8
6. Proposed timelines:......................................................................................................................9
7. Proposed budget and justification of the budget:......................................................................10
Conclusion:....................................................................................................................................11
Reference List:...............................................................................................................................12
Appendix: Timetable.....................................................................................................................13

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Introduction:
Practitioners have raised a major concern on the repeated growth of diabetes in Australia.
Diabetes is a serious condition affecting large number of adults all over Australia every year.
From 2007 to 2015 the growth of diabetes in Australia has been from 915000 to 1.2 million. As
emphasized by Harris et al. (2012), everyday around 280 people have to face different forms of
diabetes that ultimately hampers the regular lifestyle of an individual. This particular disease is
considered as one of the fastest growing chronic illness affecting millions of people all over
Australia (diabetesaustralia.com.au, 2017). People belonging to 40 to 50 group of age are
especially facing diabetes type 2. However, this very specific study has focused to make an in-
depth overview on how to promote healthcare activities so that the inhabitants of Australia
become conscious from being affected on diabetes. As a result, the regular lifestyle of Australian
would be maintained by keeping a rhythmic flow.
1. Aims and Objectives
After being affected on diabetes huge number of people belonging to Australia has faced
challenges in maintaining a healthy regular lifestyle. Therefore, this particular research work
aims to promote the importance of healthcare for leading a quality lifestyle. The objectives of
this very specific research work are as follows:
 To evaluate the impact of repeated growth of chronic disease like diabetes
 To critically understand the importance of healthcare promotion in different geographical
areas of Australia

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 To provide major recommendations on how to overcome rapid growth of chronic illness like
diabetes
2. Background of the rationale:
Medical experts of Australia have shown their major concern in maintaining regular
lifestyle of Australia. Eldredge et al. (2016) opined that diabetes is the epidemic of the 21st
century and the biggest challenge confronting the entire health process of Australia
(diabetesaustralia.com.au, 2017). More than 100,000 Australians have faced this disease in past
year. Millions of people have lost their life due to diabetic foot disease. In 2005 around 1000
people have lost their life after being affected in diabetic foot. Especially, type 2 diabetes has left
major negative impact on 85% of the people. In this kind of situation, the researchers and
practitioners have made an effective research on how to promote the importance of healthcare so
that the Australians can keep up their work life balance.
Diabetes and any kind of chronicle disease have major negative impact on the overall life
growth of an individual (Golden & Earp, 2012). People fail to maintain their healthy and regular
life due to the increase rate of diabetes. Business organizations belonging to the food industries
are getting affected day by day. In this kind of situation, the economic strength of the country is
facing innumerable challenges. However, after identifying the research issue large number of
researchers and practitioners has made an effective evaluation. The implementation of various
healthcare policies has been focused to evaluate critically based on which people can take care of
their health. In addition, with the help of an effective healthcare promotion people belonging to
different geographical backgrounds and attitudes of Australia can be influenced (Goetzel et al.,
2014). As a result, the entire country can get back their socio-economic growth.

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3. Proposed Action Plan:
An action plan is the systematic method that describes on how to conduct the entire
research work by following systematic methodological tools. In this specific study an effective
action plan is made that indicates the suitable tools of research methods.
3.1 Select appropriate research design:
In order to collect sufficient data and information some of the most effective
methodological tools would be used. With the help of positivism research philosophy the
researcher will focus to make in-depth observation (Escaron et al., 2013). The repeated growth of
diabetes as per every year should be recorded to make the people of Australia aware of its
disastrous consequence. However, based on the keen observation an effective initiative can be
taken for evaluating the impact of healthcare promotion within the country. Deductive approach
is the systematic procedure of collecting data based on the existing theory. With the help of
deductive approach several case studies on the effect of diabetes can be conducted. As a result,
the people would get to know the consequences of this kind of chronicle disease. In addition, in
order to evaluate the collected data the study would focus on choosing descriptive form of
research design with the help of which research issue can be explained from different point of
views (Baum & Fisher, 2014). Descriptive research design does not allow the researcher of make
a self-evaluation or interpretation from the researchers’ end. The researcher analyzes the
information from the point of view collected from case study.
3.2 Collect appropriate data:
Data collection is the systematic process of gathering appropriate information from the
reliable resources. Data collection procedure is constituted with two major types including

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primary source of data collection technique and secondary source of data collection technique
(Chapman, 2012). This very specific study focuses to select secondary source of data collection
technique and collects information from various online websites, journals, magazines,
newspapers and so on. As a result, the entire process of data collection method is highly
dependent on the point of view of scholars. The researcher has to accomplish the entire data
analysis based on statistical representations collected from secondary form of data resource.
3.3 Analyze the data:
Data analysis is the method of evaluating the collected data and information based on the
articles from Google Scholars, INAHL, Scopus, PubMed and Web of Science. The articles are
depicted on different heath promotion practices and its necessary impacts on the inhabitants of
Australia. The articles while selecting for an effective thematic analysis should have a proper
validity from 2012 to 2017. The data that would be collected from various resources should have
proper reliability (Baxter et al., 2014). Secondary data analysis is constituted with several types
that include thematic analysis, case study analysis and observational analysis. However, this
specific study focuses on conducting thematic analysis by using the articles of some of the
eminent scholars. The entire thematic analysis would be conducted by maintaining the reliability
and validity of data and information.
3.4 Make sampling technique:
Sampling technique is the procedure of collecting information from selected group of
people amidst the large number of population. Sampling technique is divided into two types
primarily that include probability sampling technique and non-probability sampling technique.
Probability sampling technique involves the participants randomly (Parker et al., 2012). On the

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other hand, non-probability sampling technique is highly dependent on the selected group of
people (Glasgow et al., 2012). This very specific study focuses on non-probability sampling
method by involving the participants who are associated with medical science (Fung et al.,
2012). Total 50 sampling size is selected for collecting appropriate data and information.
3.5 Maintain ethical consideration:
Ethical consideration implies that the researcher should focus on maintaining a proper
belief, value and ethics at the time of collecting necessary data and information. As per the
ethical beliefs the researcher should never focus on evaluating the data and information by self-
evaluation (Malik, Blake & Suggs, 2014). The response collected from the different resources
should be evaluated properly at the time of data analysis. In addition, the articles collected from
the various resources should have proper authenticity and validity. As a result, the entire data
analysis procedure would be maintained in an unbiased way so that people of Australia can get
an overview after going through the entire research.
4. Strategies to evaluate the impact of diabetes on people in general
As per the opinion of different eminent scholars it is undeniable that repeated growth of
diabetes has left major negative impact on the lifestyle of people in Australia. Millions of people
from different age group are getting affected in this chronicle disease (Milat et al., 2012). In
order to overcome the situation, various eminent scholars have pointed out several strategies and
policies for making people aware on health. The strategies are as follows:
 Implementation of appropriate legislations and acts:

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Every business organization should maintain health and safety act effectively so that
employees can get a liberty after facing health issue at the workplace. Due to the rapid growth of
diabetes people belonging to different age group are facing innumerable challenges even at their
workplace (Kemppainen, Tossavainen & Turunen, 2013). Therefore, the employers should show
a liberal attitude towards those employees who need a medical treatment at the workplace. The
employers even should bear the medical expense of the employees so that they do not feel
insecure while they are providing services for the business organization. Implementation of acts
and legislation may help the people in receiving the treatment at the proper time.
 Creating healthcare promotion for making the people alert:
Government tends to take an effective initiative for promoting healthcare campaign in
order to educate the illiterate people. Large number of inhabitants are there belonging to the soil
of Australia who do not know about the negative impacts diabetes (Sharma, 2016). Therefore,
large number of non-profit organizations as well as government should take an effective
initiative based on which people can gather knowledge about the importance of leading a healthy
lifestyle. Promotional activities and road campaigns can help the people in creating awareness
about the negative image of this chronicle illness.
 Keeping blood pressure and cholesterol out of control:
High blood pressure and cholesterol can increase the overall rate of sugar (Arrow, Raheb
& Miller, 2013). As a result, the people can face sudden heart attack, cerebral attack and so on.
In this kind of situation, people belonging to different geographical market should understand on
how to control the level of blood pressure as well as cholesterol. In addition, maintaining a
proper nutrition is also helpful in keeping the diabetes within control (Neville & Cole, 2013). In

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this kind of situation, the patients should know how to maintain a proper diet to lead a healthy
and maintained lifestyle.
 Keeping vaccines up to date:
High blood sugar decreases the entire immune power of an individual. In this kind of
situation, the patients are suggested to use routine vaccine so that people in general do not face
any kind of sudden health issue at the workplace or on the way (Wallace, Brown & Hilton,
2014). After being affected in diabetes, an individual can never prevent this particular disease.
As a result, the people would have to focus on controlling the sugar level by keeping vaccines up
to date.
5. Anticipated outcomes and significance
The expected outcome of the entire research proposal is positive for maintaining a
systematic procedure throughout the entire study. The researcher in this very specific study has
focused to make an in-depth secondary data analysis. Therefore, the research result is highly
dependent on the articles, newspapers and online websites. As a result, the researcher does not
have the scope in getting any biased response from the participants. The entire outcome would be
evaluated based on the different opinions of eminent research scholars. However, every research
work is not devoid of some of its major negative outcome as well. The researcher could have
focused to make a primary quantitative research work as well by involving the diabetes patients
directly. As a result, the researcher would have got a chance in evaluating the response of the
participants as well. On one hand, participants’ response helps the researcher to get an immediate
feedback. As a result, the entire process of work can be conducted more systematic way. Due to

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the dependence on secondary form of research work the entire outcome of result is highly
dependent on the statistical analysis of the scholars.
6. Proposed timelines:
This particular timeline signifies that timeframe of conducting proposed research work.
Serial No. Activities Start Date End Date Duration
1. Selection of topic 06/10/2017 08/11/2017 3
2. Formulation of aim and objectives 09/10/2017 10/11/2017 2
3. Literature review 11108/2017 20/11/2017 10
4. Research methodology 21/10/2017 24/11/2017 4
5. Data collection 25/10/2017 1/12/2017 8
6. Data analysis 02/11/2017 07/12/2017 7
7. Conclusion 08/11/2017 10/12/2017 3
8. Final submission 11/11/2017 ------- 1
Table 1: Timeline of proposed research work
(Source: As created by the author)

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Selection of topic
Formulation of aim and objectives
Literature review
Research methodology
Data collection
Data analysis
Conclusion
Final submission
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
3
2
10
4
8
7
3
1
Duration
Gnatt Chart
(Source: Created by the author)
7. Proposed budget and justification of the budget:
Serial No. Budget list Cost
1. Purchasing secondary data resources $100
2. Research design $150
3. Literature review $100
4. Data Collection $150
5. Data analysis $100
6. Sample Size $50
Table 1: Proposed budget list
(Source: As created by the author)
 Justification of the proposed budget:

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Medical experts have shown their major interest in conducting the entire research so that
the people of Australia can be aware of the drastic consequence of diabetes. Different eminent
scholars have raised their voice on the major impact of diabetes and the initiatives taken by the
government in promoting healthcare system. As the entire research work is highly dependent on
secondary source of data resources the researcher would have to focus on purchasing appropriate
article from authentic resources. In order to design the entire research work with the help of
appropriate methodological tools the researchers have to collect appropriate data and
information. While conducting the literature review the researcher would have to be dependent
on the articles of contemporary scholars regarding healthcare promotions. The articles that the
researcher would like to purchase should have proper reliability as well as validity.
Therefore, the researcher would have to invest certain amount of money for purchasing
articles in order to make literature review. Data collection and data analysis is the most
significant parts that the business analysts have to focus for accomplishing the entire research
work. In addition, in order to collect appropriate sample size the researcher has to invest
sufficient amount of money. The above table represents the overall segmentation of cost that is
invested for conducting the entire process of research work. Without making a proper budget the
research process cannot be conducted in a systematic way.
Conclusion:
The entire research proposal focuses to make in-depth overview about the massive impact
of repeated growth rate of diabetes on the inhabitants of Australia. People of different age group
are facing in this chronicle illness. As a result, the inhabitants are unable to lead a regular
lifestyle. After evaluating the research issue the researchers of medical science have evaluate on

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how to reduce the rate of diabetes. Various initiatives on behalf of the government have been
conducted by promoting the healthcare campaign. In this kind of situation, the study has focused
to make an effective action plan on how to collect appropriate data regarding the research issue.
Various methodological tools are used for accomplishing the entire research work. The
researcher in this very specific study would focus to conduct secondary source of research work
for critically analyzing the research issue. However, after evaluating the overall impact of
diabetes on the overall lifestyle of people of Australia the researchers come to the conclusion that
promoting campaign on maintaining healthcare system and healthcare policies may help the
people in taking care of their health. In addition, the entire study focuses to make an estimated
budget along with proper justification.

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Reference List:
Arrow, P., Raheb, J., & Miller, M. (2013). Brief oral health promotion intervention among
parents of young children to reduce early childhood dental decay. BMC public
health, 13(1), 245.
Baum, F., & Fisher, M. (2014). Why behavioural health promotion endures despite its failure to
reduce health inequities. Sociology of health & illness, 36(2), 213-225.
Baxter, S., Sanderson, K., Venn, A. J., Blizzard, C. L., & Palmer, A. J. (2014). The relationship
between return on investment and quality of study methodology in workplace health
promotion programs. American Journal of Health Promotion, 28(6), 347-363.
Chapman, L. S. (2012). Meta-evaluation of worksite health promotion economic return studies:
2012 update. American Journal of Health Promotion, 26(4), 1-12.
Curran, G. M., Bauer, M., Mittman, B., Pyne, J. M., & Stetler, C. (2012). Effectiveness-
implementation hybrid designs: combining elements of clinical effectiveness and
implementation research to enhance public health impact. Medical care, 50(3), 217.
diabetesaustralia.com.au (2017). Retrieved 17 October 2017, from
http://diabetesaustralia.com.au, 2017
Eldredge, L. K. B., Markham, C. M., Ruiter, R. A., Kok, G., & Parcel, G. S. (2016). Planning
health promotion programs: an intervention mapping approach. John Wiley & Sons.

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Escaron, A. L., Meinen, A. M., Nitzke, S. A., & Martinez-Donate, A. P. (2013). Peer reviewed:
supermarket and grocery store–based interventions to promote healthful food choices and
eating practices: a systematic review. Preventing chronic disease, 10.
Fung, C., Kuhle, S., Lu, C., Purcell, M., Schwartz, M., Storey, K., & Veugelers, P. J. (2012).
From" best practice" to" next practice": the effectiveness of school-based health
promotion in improving healthy eating and physical activity and preventing childhood
obesity. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 9(1), 27.
Glasgow, R. E., Vinson, C., Chambers, D., Khoury, M. J., Kaplan, R. M., & Hunter, C. (2012).
National Institutes of Health approaches to dissemination and implementation science:
current and future directions. American journal of public health, 102(7), 1274-1281.
Goetzel, R. Z., Henke, R. M., Tabrizi, M., Pelletier, K. R., Loeppke, R., Ballard, D. W., ... &
Serxner, S. (2014). Do workplace health promotion (wellness) programs work?. Journal
of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 56(9), 927-934.
Golden, S. D., & Earp, J. A. L. (2012). Social ecological approaches to individuals and their
contexts: twenty years of health education & behavior health promotion
interventions. Health Education & Behavior, 39(3), 364-372.
Harris, J. R., Cheadle, A., Hannon, P. A., Lichiello, P., Forehand, M., Mahoney, E., ... &
Yarrow, J. (2012). A framework for disseminating evidence-based health promotion
practices. Preventing chronic disease, 9.

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Head, K. J., Noar, S. M., Iannarino, N. T., & Harrington, N. G. (2013). Efficacy of text
messaging-based interventions for health promotion: a meta-analysis. Social Science &
Medicine, 97, 41-48.
Kemppainen, V., Tossavainen, K., & Turunen, H. (2013). Nurses' roles in health promotion
practice: an integrative review. Health Promotion International, 28(4), 490-501.
Malik, S. H., Blake, H., & Suggs, L. S. (2014). A systematic review of workplace health
promotion interventions for increasing physical activity. British journal of health
psychology, 19(1), 149-180.
Milat, A. J., King, L., Bauman, A. E., & Redman, S. (2012). The concept of scalability:
increasing the scale and potential adoption of health promotion interventions into policy
and practice. Health promotion international, 28(3), 285-298.
Neville, K., & Cole, D. A. (2013). The relationships among health promotion behaviors,
compassion fatigue, burnout, and compassion satisfaction in nurses practicing in a
community medical center. Journal of Nursing Administration, 43(6), 348-354.
Parker, A., Kantroo, V., Lee, H. R., Osornio, M., Sharma, M., & Grinter, R. (2012, May). Health
promotion as activism: building community capacity to effect social change.
In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp.
99-108). ACM.
Sharma, M. (2016). Theoretical foundations of health education and health promotion. Jones &
Bartlett Publishers.

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Wallace, L. M., Brown, K. E., & Hilton, S. (2014). Planning for, implementing and assessing the
impact of health promotion and behaviour change interventions: A way forward for
health psychologists. Health psychology review, 8(1), 8-33.