Health and Safety at Work Research Paper 2022

HEALTH AND SAFETY AT WORK 1
Health and Safety at Work
Student’s Name
Healthcare
Professor’s Name
University Name
City, State
Date

HEALTH AND SAFETY AT WORK 2
Abstract
Health and safety has been found to be a major challenge that migrating employees face
in sites of construction. Notably, research has shown that sites of construction are the most
hazardous workplaces with regards to safety and health issues. Also, construction management
has, in the past, attempted to find a remedy for the recurring healthy and safety challenges and
attained minimal results that were rather not satisfactory. Despite that, the management's efforts
accidents continue to increase in the construction industry every year. Besides, the government
has since come up with programs and measures to curb construction accidents, but the challenges
are still evident.
Moreover, the construction industry lacks safety rules, and even those that exist are merely
implemented effectively. For instance, the United Kingdom (UK) is one of the developed nations
with the most significant number of migrant workers, where the construction industry is
currently booming. Furthermore, existing structures of health and occupation conditions are
poorly enacted, thus resulting in dangerous construction sites. In addition, significant regulations
that have been put to cater for occupational safety and health problems are either irrelevant or
outdated. To this effect, the paper seeks to explore the various occupational safety and health
problems incurred by migrant employees, their impact on construction projects, and how to
manage them.

HEALTH AND SAFETY AT WORK 3
Table of Contents
Abstract……………………………………………………………………………………………2
HEALTH AND SAFETY CHALLENGES MIGRANT WORKERS POSE ON
CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS...................................................................................................5
HEALTH AND SAFETY CHALLENGES.................................................................................5
IMPACT OF HEALTH AND SAFETY CHALLENGES OF MIGRANT WORKERS ON CONSTRUCTION
PROJECTS......................................................................................................................................8
SKILLS SHORTAGES......................................................................................................................8
LABOUR SHORTAGE......................................................................................................................9
POOR LABOUR PRODUCTION......................................................................................................10
WASTAGE OF CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS................................................................................11
LACK OF EMPLOYEE MOTIVATION.............................................................................................12
Measures Taken To Manage Safety and Health Challenges on Projects of Construction....13
Avocations and Policy Development......................................................................................13
Create Awareness..................................................................................................................13
Evaluation, Research and Information Communication........................................................13
Building Capacity..................................................................................................................13
Monitoring the Working Conditions......................................................................................14
Risk Assessment......................................................................................................................14
Literacy Assessment...............................................................................................................14
Payment of Overtime..............................................................................................................16
Favourable Recruitment Laws...............................................................................................16
Conclusion..........................................................................................................................17
References.......................................................................................................................18

HEALTH AND SAFETY AT WORK 4
Health and Safety Challenges Migrant Workers Pose on Construction Projects
Health and Safety Challenges
According to research conducted about the United Kingdom in 2013, migrant workers
that sought employment in the country added up to 560,000. What is more, this figure included
81,000 people from Britain while 214,000 people were coming from various parts of the
European Union. With the country's boom in the construction industry, the employers opted for
cheap labor that is provided by migrant workers (Caxaj and Cohen, 2019). However, the hiring
of international employees in sites of construction has led to multiple safety and health problems
to the extent of affecting the projects of construction negatively (Ahmed, Pasquire and Manu,
2019). In the United Kingdom, migrant workers consist of migrants from A8 countries including
Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Slovakia and Slovenia. Also,
majority of the migrant workers are itinerant and enter the UK for a short period to earn money
then go back to their host countries.
Safety and health of international employees is very important in the construction trade.
This is because the construction sector is more exposed to occupational fatalities and injuries. As
a result, construction management focuses on adherence to set regulations pertaining to the well-
being of the workforce (Leppink, 2018). Notably, migrant workers in the UK are given similar
treatment with other employees and are given occupational health and safety protection
applicable to indigenous employees. markedly, workers from foreign countries are also given
some worker protection which entails, equal rights to refuse unfair dismissal and right to
redundancy payments all of which are determined by the time a worker has been in that
company. However, the rights only apply to employees thus migrant workers are deprived of the
rights with employers claiming that they are categorised as workers (Stathoulopoulos and
Mateos-Garcia, 2017).
Moreover, despite efforts to follow set regulations, occupational fatalities and injuries
still continue to increase in construction sites. Thus, migrant workers go through health and
safety problems, including high rates of injuries, no rest days, unpaid overtime hours, poor
sanitation, withholding of payment, language barriers, lack of awareness, and lack of immediate
citizenship documentation (Gledson and Greenwood, 2017). Notably, workers are exposed to a
hazardous work environment where they work in hostile weather conditions without any health
security in case of an accident. In addition, most of these construction companies are private,
thus not liable to public inspection. This results in many cases of migrant workers injuries and
deaths that go unreported; thus, no compensation is done (Armenta and Alvarez, 2017). Most of
these migrant workers are also illiterate; hence they cannot communicate with their employers a
problem that makes them continue to endure harsh working conditions in silence. For instance, in
the UK, the laws that have been enacted to report workplace fatalities and injuries are unreliable.
Thus, workers continue to suffer in silence without a reliable place to report the abuse cases
(Alwan, Jones and Holgate, 2017).

HEALTH AND SAFETY AT WORK 5
Besides, migrant workers have to attend work daily without any rest days. As a result, the
fatigue leads to lack of concentration at work, which in turn leads to injuries and accidents. For
instance, an overworked employee operating an electric machine in the construction site cutting
bricks ends up slashing off his fingers due to poor concentration (Peiró et al., 2020). Other
workers end up lagging in their daily work targets, which prompts their employers to reduce their
daily wage. Markedly, when construction projects are faced with strict deadlines, they force
workers to stay behind and work long after their normal working hours. The excess overtime
hours are never paid; thus the workers endure the abuse due to lack of channels to air their
grievances. What is more, the migrant workers engage themselves in drug abuse to deal with the
stress they get from work (Williams, 2016). Moreover, drug abuse prompts immigrants to get
involved in crime which makes the streets to be very unsafe for residents.
Migrant workers living quotas are overcrowded and have inadequate access to good
sanitation facilities. For instance, one room can house up to 20 men, a situation that aids the
spread of diseases. Worker's living conditions are also poor, with exposed sewages and poor
water drainage (Oswald, 2019). As a result, workers end up suffering from multiple diseases
such as cholera.
On the other hand, the immigration system of employment ties migrant workers with their
managers which further increases the avenue for harsh working conditions. The system requires
an employee that wants to change work stations or move to another country to get permission
from their employers. In response, the worker is required to pay a huge chunk of money to be
allowed to leave, money that he/she can obviously not afford (Liu et al., 2015). As a result, the
worker is forced to continue working for the same employer under harsh working conditions.
Markedly, migrant workers in the UK often comprises of polish speakers who do not
understand English. This attribute created a language barrier between the migrant workers and
their employers. Therefore, the migrant workers found it difficult to communicate their problems
with their employers (Alberti and Però, 2018). Also, migrant workers lacked awareness about
their rights with regards with working conditions. As a result, they did not know that they had
rights to claim for compensation in case of injuries or rights to rest days.
What is more, the UK does not provide migrant workers with citizenship rights
immediately. Workers therefore work without security of settlement meaning they can be
deported back to their countries any time .The risk of deportation poses a huge threat to the
families as some rely solely on the man as their source of livelihood (Hoyle, 2019). Lack of
citizenship documentation also prohibits workers from reporting any illegal injustices done to
them.
Impact of Health and Safety Challenges of Migrant Workers on Construction Projects
Skills Shortages
Research conducted in 2017 showed that 43 markets globally such as Townsend, Turner,
Qatar, Oman and UK suffered from lack of skilled labour in construction projects. This statistic
is attributed to the fact that most of the above-stated nations often employ the services of cheap
unskilled migrant workers (Leppink, 2018). Notably, skilled professionals in engineering, real
estate, finance and architecture are hard to find. What is more, many migrant labour workers
enter the UK with little or zero training in the construction industry. Thus, Construction firms
take the workers and give them basic knowledge about the construction industry just to enable

HEALTH AND SAFETY AT WORK 6
them be able to carry out basic construction jobs. Notably, the problem of skill shortage has
greatly affected the construction projects as they either face low production levels or are unable
to meet project deadlines (Fitzgerald and Smoczyński, 2017).
In spite of this, construction firms have continued to develop manufacturing procedures
through utilization of lift worksite and automation. Moreover, production levels have improved
through use of new technology but the gap to be filled by skilled labour still continues to widen.
Employers in construction sites pay very low wages which makes skilled employees to shy from
working for them (Richards, 2019). As a result the construction industry is left with one option
of hiring the un- skilled migrant workers. These workers are often overworked and underpaid
thus they offer services that are poor. Again, employers treat the migrant workers as nobodies
thus cannot invest in training them as they see that as a waste of time. As a result, the
construction workforce consists of unskilled laborers who are inadequate and make work to be
sub-standard. Finally, migrant workers affect construction projects in that they provide skills that
are unreliable thus making projects to turn out to be of low standard (Logan, 2019).
Labour Shortage
Health and safety challenges in the UK such as poor sanitation, lack of rest days, injuries,
disability of workers and lack of citizenship result to labour shortages in construction sites. Due
to poor sanitation in living quotas workers suffer from diseases which weaken their bodies thus
hindering them from being able to attend work (Alwan, Jones and Holgate, 2017). As a result,
they are forced to stay home when ill which leads to a high shortage of manpower in
construction sites. Consequently, lack of rest days leads to working with overworked manpower
who are unreliable and can harm themselves.
These overworked employees end up causing accidents at work due to lack of
concentration which results to fatalities and injuries. Injured workers are unable to work which
results to reduced manpower at the site. Some of these workers end up being disabled and hence
are unable to work again (Wasilkiewicz, Albrechtsen and Antonsen, 2016). Lastly, lack of
citizenship poses a big challenge to construction projects because employees can be deported
abruptly. Also, deportation can bring construction operations at a standstill. Labour shortage,
thus results to slow production which leads to delayed construction projects.
What is more, the demand of labour in UK for migrant employees is bound to increase as
a result of the boom in the construction industry. The rise in demand of migrant workers and the
decreasing supply of the workers is attributed to labour agents paying low recruitment costs.
Also, employers in construction sites pay low wages for less-skilled migrant workers, thus
disincentivizing them from investing in emerging technology (Woods and Marciniak, 2017).
Again, employers choose to hire migrant workers because their labour is cheap thus all
construction companies are unable to get enough workers in their workplace due to their high
demand. In summary, employers in construction projects often incur high loses due to lack of
adequate labour supply, as migrant workers are often unpredictable and unreliable (Lawthom et
al., 2017).
Poor Labour Production
Construction companies often employ the services of cheap migrant labour that lack
training. Besides, majority migrant labourers are illiterate thus find it hard to understand how to
use the technical machines used in construction sites. In addition, work done by migrant workers
has errors which involves redoing which leads to delays. As a result, the work done by the

HEALTH AND SAFETY AT WORK 7
migrants is of poor quality thus leading to poor production in the construction (Malik et al.,
2019).
Other factors affecting quality of production in construction sites include harsh climatic
conditions, rejected work, poor communication, poor construction techniques and incompetent
supervisors. Migrant employees work in harsh climatic conditions thus lowering their level of
productivity. What is more, due to lack of training, most of the work that migrant workers
engage in is often rejected by engineers leading to reworks that lower the project's productivity
(Howard, 2017). Again, most migrant workers are illiterate thus find it difficult to communicate
with other people in the construction sites which makes work operations in construction sites to
be slow.
As a result, they end up making multiple mistakes which lead to poor production.
Moreover, the lack of basic construction training in workers results to poor construction
techniques that results to poor production levels. Lastly, migrant workers that are elected to
supervise the workforce are incompetent which lead to poor production in construction sites
(Nasir et al., 2017). Therefore, migrant workers pose a big challenge to the productivity in
construction sites which result to projects that are sub-standard.
Wastage of Construction Materials
Unskilled migrants face difficulties in job execution, as a result their work is often done
in the wrong manner which prompts engineers to order them to redo the job. Also, redoing the
work requires additional building materials which leads to wastage of project materials.
Moreover, wastage of materials prompts project managers to order additional materials a process
that is both costly and lengthy(Gledson and Greenwood, 2017) . Additional materials may have a
difference in prices, lack a reliable supplier, have transportation problems or have long payment
arrangements that end up delaying the project operations even more.
Moreover, the cost of the project increases making the project manager to undergo a loss.
For instance, sand crete blocks are more prone to break due to mishandling. When, carrying the
blocks in transit if they are not properly arranged they can easily break. Consequently, migrant
workers are unable to handle construction materials with care thus end up breaking them in the
process(Ahmed, Pasquire and Manu, 2019) . In addition, construction sites are characterised by a
large number of employees a factor that makes it hard to effectively monitor and supervise all the
employees. As a result, supervisors fail to keenly monitor all work operations thus leading to
mishandling and wastage of materials in construction sites. The cost of mishandled materials is
passed on to construction managers who are forced to spend more money on the already planned
project cost. In summary, clumsy migrant workers pose a big challenge to construction projects
as the cost of production increases due to their mishandling of building materials (Hargreaves et
al., 2019).
Lack of Employee Motivation
Migrant workforce that is often employed to work in construction sites face a lot of
health and safety challenges in their line of duty. For instance, workers are forced to work under
harsh working conditions with little or no pay at all. Thus, they lack employee motivation which
prompts a person to put more effort and enthusiasm in their work (Moyce and Schenker, 2018).
When an employee is motivated by the employer he/she works harder because of the
appreciation and motivation. In UK migrant workers often lack employee motivation from their
employer thus opt to deliver poor services. For example, rewards such as good pay and health

HEALTH AND SAFETY AT WORK 8
benefits are some of the motivational incentives that employers are supposed to apply in
construction sites to motivate employees (Agyekum-Mensah and Knight, 2017) .In addition,
when employees are motivated they take on a task and perform it diligently because they
anticipate a reward in future. In summary, the un-motivated migrant workers provide poor
services in construction projects which lead to inadequate productivity of projects.
Measures Taken To Manage Safety and Health Challenges on Projects of Construction
Avocations and Policy Development
The government of UK should promote migrant-sensitive occupational safety and health
policies that comply with the international labour organisation. Also, the policies should ensure
there is equal access to health security and adequate care for migrant workers (Burton and
Gameson, 2017).
Create Awareness
The employment agencies and local authorities in the United Kingdom should ensure that
migrant workers are educated about their rights as workers. As well as that, workers should be
provided with written working contracts with rights and benefits to be enjoyed while working
(Rostami, 2016). Again, workers that do not understand English should be provided with
translated contract documents in the language that they are familiar with. All things considered
an informed employee is best placed to carry out his/ her job obligation more effectively.
Evaluation, Research and Information Communication
Measures should be employed to evaluate the health and safety of migrant workers in the
construction occupation. Also, the evaluation should find and fill gaps left in the service
provision sector to deal with health and safety issues (Hargreaves et al., 2019). In addition
information collected about health and safety issues should be documented and communicated to
teach people in the future about knowledge gained pertaining how to handle migrant workers.
Building Capacity
Building capacity is done to ensure that shareholders and policymakers in migrant
worker's health and safety issues are sensitized and fully trained. Also, the shareholders should
be educated on health practices in host nations, transport channels and destinations intended for
settlement by migrant workers (Gledson and Greenwood, 2017). In addition, capacity building
can be handled through involving learning institutions to broaden their scope in research of
occupational safety and health of international employees. Increased research on the issue will in
turn improve awareness about the plight of migrant workers and thus aid in generation of
solutions to the problem (Stathoulopoulos and Mateos-Garcia, 2017). Again, employers in
construction sites should be educated on host strategies and services offered to develop the health
and safety conditions. As well as that, enhancing shareholders training, promotion of health and
prevention of diseases should be crucial aspects of study.
Monitoring the Working Conditions
The construction sector is often owned by private companies who employ the services of
migrant workers. Thus, steps should be employed to find and do away with harmful working
conditions that increase the risk of physical harm to migrant workers. According to the
international labour organization inspection convention member nations have been instructed to
come up with labour inspectorates with the sole objective of protecting migrant workers while in
the line of duty (Giovannone, 2016).

HEALTH AND SAFETY AT WORK 9
Risk Assessment
In management of safety and health risks that migrant workers go through one should
begin by taking a risk evaluation. The risk evaluation takes into consideration the requirements
of each and every worker. Also, the risk evaluation should be broad enough to factor in all risk
aspects that should be evaluated from time to time to in cooperate any emerging changes (Mollo
and Emuze, 2017). However, before engaging the workers in risk evaluation it is important that
employers should take care of some problems that could hinder the participation of the workers
with regards to safety.
Literacy Assessment
Literacy assessment involves functional skills including job competence, knowledge on
safety, level of health, literacy level and numerical skills. After evaluation the worker that is
found to have some functional skills is given a higher rank at work. Notably, a favourable level
of education literacy and knowhow of reading and ability to comprehend the language used at
work is crucial to risk communication (Vogiatzis, Aretoulis and Papathanasiou, 2018).
Consequently, risk communication is the act of disseminating information about workplace risk
factors, thus it is very vital in the management of health and safety. Therefore, risk
communication cannot be effective when workers lack basic knowledge about health and safety
terms and signs utilized in the workplace to create awareness on safety. Also, the weakness of
such employees is increased by their inability to interact with their colleagues. Due to high levels
of illiteracy construction employers report that they never get any complaints from their workers
about any issues they have at work. What is more, workers that do not understand English have
difficulty in understanding safety precautions, toolbox signs, methodology statements or even
safe working systems (Vargas, 2016). When doing the literacy assessment such deficiencies
should be identified during induction. Also, employers should evaluate the workers ability to
understand health and safety knowledge so as to concentrate on whichever safety training that is
required. Consequently, employers should consider using multilingual supervisors at the
workplace. Moreover, language translators should be used when doing induction, task highlights,
safety highlights and putting symbols on written signs to help the illiterate workers understand
their meaning. On the other hand, less-skilled workers should be attached to groups with more
skilled workers so that they can be encouraged (Woods and Marciniak, 2017).
Competency level is another crucial element in curbing safety and health issues of
international employees. It is vital that workers poses the needed skills, experience, knowledge
and training. Also, acquisition of the above-stated competencies help migrant workers do their
job more carefully while considering safety precautions. However, some workers lack the basic
competencies thus require additional training to ensure that they are well placed to understand
various safety and health precautions to be taken at the workplace (Sherratt, 2018). In addition,
employers should inspect competence documents with the various accreditation agencies to
verify authenticity. Afterwards, construction employers should also to supervise the workers in
order to identify areas in which they need to work on (Duda, 2019).
Payment of Overtime
Employers can come up with a clocking system to ensure that they know exactly how
many overtime hours were worked by each and every worker and compensate them fully. In
addition, details of the overtime and normal hours worked should be in cooperated in the
payslips for future reference (Burton and Gameson, 2017). Moreover, labour suppliers should be
licensed and registered as hiring agencies and thus move the fines for wage violations that the

HEALTH AND SAFETY AT WORK 10
hiring agency are liable for to the employer company. In addition the wage rate should be
reviewed upwards with a fixed minimum wage across all job groups in various levels of the
construction job structure (Salanova et al., 2016). This measure is very significant in regulating
the wage rate as it will help to standardize whereby a particular rank of employment in the
construction sector will have a similar wage rate across all construction sites.
Favourable Recruitment Laws
The weaknesses of global migrant workers start in their host nations where they are faced
with unfair recruitment practices. For instance, migrants travelling out of their native nation are
often needed to make payment of high hiring charges to the agency facilitating the migration. In
addition, migrant workers lack information about recruitment agencies authenticity. Some
workers pay large lumps of money only to be swindled by fake agencies (Moyce and Schenker,
2018). Consequently, when the migration fee is too high the debt owed puts the worker at a high
risk of vices such as human trafficking and servitude. With this concerns, the international labour
organisation enacted fair hiring initiative, which was meant to put more emphasis on policies and
laws around global labour hiring, to put into practice fair business operations, and to encourage
migrant workers to fight corruption. Lastly, migrant workers can now make good use of the
internet to expose harsh employers to aid in improvement of working conditions in the
workplace (Caxaj and Cohen, 2019).
Conclusion
It is the responsibility of the international community and the home government to make
sure that migrant worker's health and safety issues are taken care of adequately. Also, federal
governments should develop and enact health and safety laws for all working individuals, be it
migrant or residents. Construction firms should ensure that they only source their employees
from authorized hiring agencies that offer legal safeguarding for workers. At the same time, the
hiring agencies ensure that workers get written working contracts, get offers of medical coverage
from their employer, compensation advantages, provide a good accommodation with good
sanitation and adhere to health and safety laws set by the government. Besides, the hiring
agencies ensure that employers in construction sites offer favorable health and safety measures
that will enable them to enjoy a good working environment. Safeguarding the welfare of migrant
workers aids in ensuring that construction projects operate smoothly, thus achieving a high level
of production.
What is more, international migration is advantageous to both the home country and host
country for business operations that hire migrants and their relatives. Moreover, migrant workers
are faced with risks for many disparities associated with health, language barriers, cultural
differences, immigration laws, legal status, and occupation. Thus the international community
should work towards ensuring that these disparities are reduced to make sure that the workforce
is healthy and safe.

HEALTH AND SAFETY AT WORK 11
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