Health and Social Care (HSC) Management Assignment
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Added on 2020-05-28
Health and Social Care (HSC) Management Assignment
Added on 2020-05-28
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Running head- HEALTH AND SOCIAL CARE MANAGEMENTA systematic review to increase an understanding of child abuse as disclosed by victims on directinquiry or during surveysName of the StudentName of the UniversityAuthor Note
1HEALTH AND SOCIAL CARE MANAGEMENTAbstractChildren are subjected to incidents of child abuse, every year, throughout the world. Physicalabuse occurs when adults cause non-accidental bodily harm to children, which may result inbruises or cuts. Adults have also been found to use children for sexual excitement andgratification that results in sexual child abuse. On the other hand, any kind of attitude thatdisrupts the social and mental development of a child is considered as emotional abuse. Thisoften alters the child’s behaviour and has long lasting impacts. Owing to the increasedprevalence of child abuse increased attention are being given on several legislations and laws forsafeguarding children. These laws facilitate easy identification of children who are at anincreased likelihood of abuse and take all possible measures to protect those children from theirparents and caregivers. This dissertation is based on a qualitative study that will try to evaluateprevalence of child abuse and victimisation, on a global basis. It will conduct a systematicreview that will retrieve articles and analyse the findings to understand the prevalence of abuserelated incidents and also investigate probable reasons that create an impact on disclosure.Keywords: children, abuse, physical, emotional, sexual, parents, laws, prevalence, disclosure
2HEALTH AND SOCIAL CARE MANAGEMENTTable of ContentsChapter 1: Introduction....................................................................................................................5Background..................................................................................................................................5Research objectives.....................................................................................................................6Research aim................................................................................................................................7Problem statement.......................................................................................................................7Rationale of the study..................................................................................................................8Research question........................................................................................................................8Thesis statement...........................................................................................................................9Chapter 2: Literature Review.........................................................................................................10Chapter 3: Methodology................................................................................................................18Introduction................................................................................................................................18Method outline...........................................................................................................................19Research Onion..........................................................................................................................20The research philosophy........................................................................................................21Research approach.................................................................................................................22Research strategy...................................................................................................................22Time horizon..........................................................................................................................23Data collection and analysis..................................................................................................23
3HEALTH AND SOCIAL CARE MANAGEMENTResearch design.....................................................................................................................24Research sampling.................................................................................................................25Data collection.......................................................................................................................27Ethical considerations............................................................................................................28Limitations.............................................................................................................................29Chapter 4: Results..........................................................................................................................30Introduction................................................................................................................................30Results........................................................................................................................................31Prevalence of child abuse/maltreatment................................................................................31Disclosure of abuse................................................................................................................32Perpetrator characteristics......................................................................................................34Multiple maltreatment or victimization.................................................................................35Chapter 5: Conclusion and Recommendations..............................................................................36Discussion..................................................................................................................................36Limitations.................................................................................................................................40Recommendations......................................................................................................................42Research priority 1.................................................................................................................45Research priority 2.................................................................................................................45Research priority 3.................................................................................................................45Research priority 4.................................................................................................................46
4HEALTH AND SOCIAL CARE MANAGEMENTResearch priority 5.................................................................................................................46Research priority 6.................................................................................................................46References......................................................................................................................................48Appendix........................................................................................................................................61
5HEALTH AND SOCIAL CARE MANAGEMENTChapter 1: IntroductionBackgroundChild abuse, commonly known as child maltreatment, refers to the sexual, physical orpsychological neglect and maltreatment of children, by their parents and caregivers (Annerbäcket al. 2012). Child abuse therefore results in potential or actual damage to the child. Incidents ofchild abuse are commonly reported from home, schools, and organizations or within thecommunity (Afifi et al. 2014). Although the terms child maltreatment and abuse usedinterchangeably, maltreatment denotes exploitation, trafficking and neglect (Thomas andZimmer-Gembeck 2012). According to research evidences, every year, there are millions ofchildren experiencing trauma. The rates of child abuse have increased over the past two decades,thereby affecting the lives of millions. History of child physical abuse were reported by morethan 8% of the US-born individuals, selected by the research study (Sugaya et al. 2012). TheWorld Health Organisation, states that there are 4 different types of child abuse namely, sexualabuse, physical abuse, neglect, emotional and psychological abuse (Who.int 2018). The termphysical abuse refers to the intentional use of physical forces against children, which increasesthe likelihood of potential harm for survival, health, dignity and development of the children. Most commonly, it includes beating, hitting, shaking, kicking, strangling, biting, buring,scalding, suffocating or poisoning (Ji and Finkelhor 2015). Most cases of physical violence arereported from homes, with the object of taking strict actions or punishing the children. On theother hand, sexual abuse refers to the abuse or ill treatment, which occurs due to sexualstimulation. Children are forcibly made to participate in sexual acts that aim towards financialprofit or physical gratification of the culprit. These result in depression, self-blame, nightmares,
6HEALTH AND SOCIAL CARE MANAGEMENTflashbacks and insomnia among the children and often increase the risk of acquiring sexuallytransmitted diseases (Norman et al. 2012). In addition, neglect encompasses failure of the parentsto fulfil their responsibility of taking care of their child, while providing adequate amount offoods, clothing, medical care, shelter and supervision, with the aim of improving the overallhealth, wellbeing and safety of the child (Sperry and Widom 2013). Such neglect may lead todelay in psychosocial and physical development and possibly results in impairedneuropsychological functions. One of the first reports of child neglect and abuse was reported in the United States in1874. The incident is commonly referred to as case of Mary Ellen Wilson, and involved abuse ofan eight year old child Mary Ellen, by two perpetrators, Mary Connolly and her husband FrancisConnolly. Upon registration of reports by their neighbour, the wife and husband were sent toprison, following which, Mary Ellen was placed into a safer home (Mallon 2013). The New YorkSociety for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children (SPCC) was the first organization that beganinvestigation of child abuse cases and started to advocate for the victimised children. Recently,the society has identified the need of protecting the children. The UK government plays a majorrole in identifying child abuse as a crime and works towards preventing such ill treatmenttowards children through enforcement of appropriate legislations and policies. The dissertationwill try to evaluate the effectiveness of strategies that can be implemented by the government toreduce rates of child abuse by their parents.Research objectivesChild abuse is recognized as the topic of this dissertation owing to its high prevalence inthe society (Lonne and Parton 2014). According to the National Society for the Prevention ofCruelty to Children (NSPCC) there were more than 58,000 children victims of child abuse in the
7HEALTH AND SOCIAL CARE MANAGEMENTUK in 2016 (Nspcc.org.uk 2018). Statistical data reveal that around 46% of child protectionplans focus on child neglect and more than half of the total number of children are taken to carehomes due to neglect or abuse. Furthermore, official statistics hint at providing support to over22,000 children, against abuse, in Northern Ireland (Nspcc.org.uk 2018). The fight to reduce theincidence of child abuse and advocate for the wellbeing and safety of all children has been astruggle since the past decade. Several laws and legislations have also been imposed over theyears, with the aim of ensuring children safety. However, most child abuse incidents gounreported due to the stigmas and stereotypes associated with this sensitive issue.The primary objective of the research is related to identifying prevalence of child abuseand victimisation rates experienced by youth and adolescents in their childhood. The researchwill also aim to investigate underlying factors or reasons that create an influence on disclosure ofsuch incidents to close relatives. Research aim Determination of whether incidents of child abuse and victimisation are reported by thevictims in their adolescents and youth and estimating the prevalence of such incidentsProblem statementInitially, incidents that occurred within the premises of one’s home were regarded as aprivate and family matter. Public usually excluded these incidents from monitoring and scrutiny.A sudden increase has been observed in awareness on seriousness and severity of such incidentsthat can be categorized as child neglect and abuse, since the past two decades (McElvaney 2015).It is recently considered not only as a crucial societal problem but as a major form of offenseagainst childhood and innocence (Wood et al. 2012). This directly contributed to the increase in
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