Health Promotion Models and Theories

This report focuses on health promotion models and theories, including the health promotion model, health promotion programs, health behavior change, SMART goals, behavior change theory, plan, analysis, facilitators, and barriers.

RUNNING HEAD: HEALTH BELIEF
HEALTH PROMOTION MODELS AND THEORIES

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Contents
Introduction......................................................................................................................................2
Health promotion model..................................................................................................................2
Health promotion programs.........................................................................................................2
Health behavior change...................................................................................................................3
SMART Goal...................................................................................................................................3
Behavior change theory...............................................................................................................4
Plan...............................................................................................................................................4
Analysis...........................................................................................................................................5
Facilitators.......................................................................................................................................6
Barriers............................................................................................................................................6
Conclusion.......................................................................................................................................6
Bibliography....................................................................................................................................7

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Introduction
The research report is prepared on the title ‘Health promotion theories and models’. It involves
empowering individuals to attain a healthy lifestyle. The basic aim behind developing health
models is to assist the individual to achieve better health status. (Sharma 2016). The first section
focuses on the health promotional model and programs. The next section focuses on the adoption
of physical exercise as a health behavior change. It also includes detailed analysis of smart goal
set for the ‘Weight Loss’ as a health promotion goal. The smart goals are developed based on
‘Learning Theory’. It also concentrates on various facilitators and possible barriers in the
achievement of health goal. The key purpose of preparing the report is to emphasize on the
aspect of Health promotion models and theories. It also offers a chance to apply the health
promotion model in real-life situations.
Health promotion model
Nola J Pender suggested the health promotion model in the year 1982. The model suggests that
every individual differ in its characteristics and experiences. Only an individual is responsible for
regulating his/her behavior. However, the environment in which they operate also has a major
effect on their health belief and behavior pattern. The model emphasizes on the following
aspects:
 Characteristics and experiences of an individual
 Behavior specific cognitions
 Behavioral outcomes (Sakraida 2010)
Health promotion programs
In order to promote health, promotion programs are developed to acknowledge the individuals
about the significance of health. It enables them to control over bad habits and improve their
health practices. Despite focusing people at risk, it emphasizes on supporting them to adopt
healthy lifestyle (Snelling 2014).
Previously, individual have more healthy eating practices due to lack of availability of junk food.
Therefore, much emphasize was not placed for developing health promotion programs. From the

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social point of view, health promotion programs aims at improving the health status of the
individuals operating in a society. Lastly, from the political perspective, health promotion
models were given due consideration because it ultimately act as an aid in improving the health
level of the overall country (Kemm 2015).
Health Behavior Change
The Health Behavior Change model enhances the health education of the individual. It focuses
on developing self-control and gives an opportunity to become physically active. It also has a
major role in preventing the individuals against the disease. Thus, it helps individuals to adopt a
specific change that will contribute to their health status (Ajzen, Albarracin & Hornik 2012).
From the past few months, I have realized that I am showing high degree of laziness, poor
stamina and strength. This has disturbed my whole life cycle. Further, I am facing an issue of
high blood pressure and breathlessness. To become physically active I have chosen adoption of
Weight Loss. Thus, to overcome these problems and avoid future health problems, I have
developed a smart goal (Riekert, Ockene & Pbert 2013).
SMART Goal
SMART is an acronym for Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic and Time based. These
are developed for attaining a specific life purpose. It assists in providing direction to the
individual. Thus, they are highly significant as they push the individual towards his/her set
objectives (Day 2011).
GOAL: My goal is to lose 4 kg weight in 4 weeks.
Specific: A goal should be clear and exact to remove any form of confusion with respect to the
goal (Bjerke 2017). Similarly, I attain a specific goal of losing weight.
Measurable: The goal should be measurable to know the level of outcomes and results achieved
in comparison to set goals (Bjerke 2017). The outcomes of my goal are measurable in
quantitative terms.

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Achievable: The goal should be achievable. It suggests that the individual must have adequate
resources to fulfill the goal (Bjerke 2017). The goal is achievable as loosing 4 kg is not a big
task.
Realistic: The goal should be within the reach of the individual (Bjerke 2017). Similarly, weight
loss is a realistic.
Time bound: As per this element, goal should be achieved within a specified period (MacLeod
2012). The goal is also time based, as it has to be achieved within a period of 4 weeks.
Behavior change theory
The ‘Learning theory’ of behavioral change states that new behavior can be adopted by
implementing a change in existing lifestyle. According to this theory, modifying the existing
behavior can assists in achieving a goal. It states that behavior act as the steps for achieving a
specific goal. As per this theory, minor rewards should be set for achieving small
accomplishments based on the set goal. Additionally, it suggests that activities that cause
inactive behavior based on goal should be eradicated (Montano 2015).
Plan
As per the ‘Learning theory’, a plan for a period of 4 weeks is developed. Each week focuses on
activities and practices that will contribute to loosing 1 kg weight per week. A reward for each
week is developed to achieve the smart goal.
Week 1
 Firstly, I will check my current body weight.
 From the first week, I will initiate waking up early. This will develop enthusiasm in me to
achieve my goal.
 I will start going on morning walk.
 I will slowly reduce the consumption of sweets and junk food items.
Reward: If I have successfully adopted these activities in my daily practices, I will reward
myself with a ‘Healthy recipe book’.
Week 2

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 I will enhance my daily water consumption. Therefore, I will consume minimum of 4-
liter water.
 I will alter the morning walk by jogging.
 I will begin developing healthy eating practices. I will fulfill my food cravings with
nutritious food like sprouts and beans.
Reward: After successfully including these practices, I will prize myself with ‘Smart Watch’.
This will help me in reminding and alerting the activities that I need to perform (Hailemariam et
al. 2015).
Week 3
 I will not initiate any new activity in this week. However, I will lay more attention in
continuing the practices I have developed in week 2 of my plan.
Reward: The prize set at the end of the third week is ‘Fitness Belt’. It will act as an aid in
achieving my goal.
Week 4
 Despite doing jogging, I will begin a few exercise named as ‘Shadow boxing’ and
‘Skipping’.
 Lastly, I will begin playing an outdoor sport.
Reward: After the completion of 4 weeks, if I have lost the weight by 4 KG, I will reward
myself with a bicycle. This will also help me to stay fit in the future (Hailemariam et al. 2015).
Analysis
After adopting the set plan, I have realized that my body weight in the Week 1 was ‘3kg+ body
weight’. I have successfully initiated waking up at 6:00 a.m. In my morning schedule, I have
added walking as my daily routine. Further, I have stopped eating junk food. Therefore, I have
observed a difference of 1 KG in my body weight.
Similarly, in Week 2, I have started jogging and enhanced my water consumption. Thus, I have
seen a reduction of total 2 KG from my initial weight.

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Unfortunately, I have not followed the plan of Week 3. This is because; I have experienced a leg
injury. Therefore, I have not achieved any additional result in weight loss.
In Week 4, I have initiated exercise of ‘Shadow boxing’ and ‘skipping’. Additionally, I have
started playing Badminton as an outdoor game. At the end of the Week 4, I have realized I have
only lost around 3 KG. Therefore, my body weight at the end of the Week 4 was ‘current body
weight’. Thus, I have partially achieved my set objective and have won three rewards for Week
1, 2 and 4.
Facilitators
Following are the facilitators that have acted as a support in achieving the smart goal.
1. The four rewards (Healthy Recipe Book, Smart Watch, Fitness belt and Bicycle) that I
have set for achieving my goal act as a facilitator.
2. Social support is also one of the main helper (Ali, Baynouna & Bernsen 2010).
Barriers
Following are the barriers that act as obstacles in achieving my goal of ‘Weight Loss’.
1. Physical barriers: I have a medical issue of tiredness. Thus, easily gets tired.
2. Environment barriers: I have lack of time and low access to healthy food.
3. Emotional barriers: I usually face high stress and low motivation.
Conclusion
The report summarizes the title ‘Health promotion theories and models’. From the above
discussion, it is analyzed that health promotion model act as an aid in enhancing health status.
The report suggests that I have partially attained the SMART goal. Thus, the above discussion
concludes that health can easily be promoted by developing smart goals and eradicating possible
barriers.

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Bibliography
Ajzen, I, Albarracin, D & Hornik, 2012, Prediction and change of health behavior: Applying the
reasoned action approach, Psychology Press.
Ali, HI, Baynouna, LM & Bernsen, RM 2010, 'Barriers and facilitators of weight management:
perspectives of Arab women at risk for type 2 diabetes', Health & social care in the community,
vol 18, no. 2, pp. 219-228.
Bjerke, MBARR 2017, 'Being smart about writing SMART objectives.', Evaluation and program
planning, vol 61, pp. 125-127.
Day, TATP 2011, 'Beyond SMART? A new framework for goal setting. ', Curriculum Journal,
vol 22, no. 4, pp. 515-534.
Hailemariam , M, Fekadu, A, Selamu, M & Alam , A 2015, 'Developing a mental health care
plan in a low resource setting: the theory of change approach.', BMC health services research,
vol 15, no. 1.
Kemm, J 2015, Health Promotion: Ideology, Discipline, and Specialism, Oxford University
Press.
MacLeod, L 2012, 'Making SMART goals smarter', Physician executive, vol 38, no. 2, pp. 68-72.
Montano, DEAKD 2015, 'Theory of reasoned action, theory of planned behavior, and the
integrated behavioral model.', Health behavior: Theory, research and practice, vol 70, no. 4.
Riekert, KA, Ockene , JK & Pbert , LE 2013, The handbook of health behavior change, Springer
Publishing Company.
Sakraida, TJ 2010, ' Health promotion model', Nursing theorists and their work, pp. 434-453.
Sharma, M 2016, Theoretical foundations of health education and health promotion, Jones &
Bartlett Publishers.
Snelling , M 2014, Introduction to Health Promotion, John Wiley & Sons.

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