Health care Policy Development

This article explores the development of health and aged care policy in Australia, with a focus on the Aged Care Act 1997. It discusses the impact of ideologies and assumptions, interest groups, and environmental factors on policy development. It also highlights the importance of ethical and legal considerations in policy formulation and implementation. The article concludes with a discussion of the challenges facing the healthcare system in the future.

Running head: Health care Policy Development
Health care Policy Development
Student Name
University Name
Date

Health care Policy Development
Contents
Introduction......................................................................................................................................3
Health and aged care policy development.......................................................................................3
Conclusion.....................................................................................................................................11
References......................................................................................................................................13
2

Health care Policy Development
Introduction
Social equity is rooted in the notion that everyone is equivalent as well as has absolute privileges
because the Australian government uniquely integrates social, spiritual, financial, and political
individuality. Simultaneously the realization of the impossibility of the equality and inequality
produced. Recent changes in Australian health care systems include the federal government’s
commitment to major funding for health services and organizational reforms that have been
incorporated into the National Health Reform Agreement (NHRA) and accepted by all countries
and regions in 2011 and give equal heal care opportunities to everyone. Health care and public
policies are comprehensive and understandable, and cross-disciplinary explanations of health
care policy (medical, social, economic) goals and government policy tools (cost-benefit analysis,
entry barriers, competition) that can be used to ensure scarcity are not wasted resources
moreover do not require poor social groups that are deprived from basic and affordable medical
services (Gama Colombo, 2010).
Health and aged care policy development
Aged care policy: Aged healthcare policy for senior citizens Aged care act (1997)
The Aged Care policy is the framework for the aged health care in Australia. This policy allows
the public as well as government to provide financial help to elderly citizens who need medical
care and need health care service providers, in order to make that all the Australians who need
health care are capable to easily access it. This policy provides a sustainable framework of aged
health care for the aging population of Australia, meet the upcoming future need for services and
also give older individuals people choice to improve to health care options (Palmer & Short,
2010).
3

Health care Policy Development
Ideologies & assumptions shape public spending on wellbeing & on aged care policy
development. When anyone analyzes health care policy of Australia then Australia's health
policy is also explored by using a novel, problem-oriented approach. It shows the problem-
solving techniques used in policy formulation and shows the techniques for analysis and
decision-making. Australia is close to the end of the decade of the national plan for the elderly
care policy and the phased reform. Although the motivation for action is economical, and in
particular the need to control growth at a high cost, Commonwealth-funded accommodation care
ends, but reforms are based on widely recognized dissatisfaction with residential and community
care provisions (Marmot, Friel, Bell, Houweling& Taylor, 2008).
The Pensions Act for aged people as well as empowerment legislations of 1997 which includes
principles and decisions for elderly medical care provide regulatory frameworks for the
Australian management fund aged care provider moreover provide the protection for the elderly
care recipient. Legislative frameworks stipulate the needs of Australian government-sponsored
providers of age care approval, distribution of elderly care facilities, approval or the
classification of the care recipient, certification of the services, furthermore subsidies also paid
by the government of Australian. Framework stipulates provider's responsibility in the quality
and compliance of aged care. Based on the different social and economic capabilities that
provide community care, the problem of inequality between different regions and in
disadvantaged groups has not yet received the full attention of the central government and it is
not possible to care about “constituted” communities rather than “concerned” communities
(Baillie, 2013). The related national financial responsibility is reduced because the same capital,
administration, housekeeping and care resources required to provide individuals with residential
care are not usually transferred to the individual or community care sector, which is considered
4

Health care Policy Development
as the abolition of national responsibility and the shift in economic efficiency towards more
Cost-effective service type. Both direct and indirect spending also provides the federal
government with means to provide universally popular social ambitions or goals for public
wellbeing, public education, social welfare and income security. However, choice of the finance
social projects through indirect and direct expenditures is related to income distribution, social
benefit goals, and the relationship between government and market forces (M. Garrett & M.
Baillie, 2010).
A relationship between politics as well as power in the construction of Aged Care Act 1997
for aged care is comprehensive. People are increasingly aware that growth of the evidence-
inform wellbeing policies is not a technical issue of understanding exchange and translation
nevertheless political challenges. However, a political group are strongly believed that nature of
the political system, the role of the institutional structure, as well as political debate on policy
problems, are central to knowing policy decision, these problems are still unsuccessful by the
scholars through evidence-based policymaking. Explore. Outside the public health field, policy
research disciplines have extensively explored decision-making processes; illustrate how various
political system influence government's ability to formulate effective policy. The political system
elements also include the geographical structure of country - whether they are single and
abandoned country level of the democracy and bureaucracy (J. Mason, K. Leavitt & W. Chaffee,
2012). A centralized political system may have fewer acceptances of research findings than a
decentralized system. Finding the concentration of power prevents multiple debates and therefore
requires proof to hold up competing perspectives. In contrast, they have been arguing that in
nations that formulate policies through specific issues, specific problem coalitions moreover
federal systems that formulate policies at the provincial stage, "it is necessary to study as
5

Health care Policy Development
legalization and ammunition" to defend policy decision. And protect them from criticism from
opponents. Australia's senior citizens show the same diversity in terms of race, religion,
language, gender, health status, economic status, and geographic location as compared to the
wider Australian population (KerridgeI, M & C, 2018).
The concept that the interest groups exert power as well as influence in the area of the
formulation of Aged Care Act 1997 is wide. Interest groups are associations based on one or
more individuals or organizations of common concern, usually by lobbying government
members to attempt to influence public policies. The influences of interest groups on decision-
making are not itself a corrupt moreover illegal activity, however key elements in decision-
making processes. But, disproportionate or opaque interest groups influences can lead to
inappropriate influence, administrative corruption, as well as national capture, biasing exacting
interest group at expense of the public interests. The influences of interest groups on decision-
making are not itself the corrupt and illegal activity, but a key factor in the decision-making
process(Maddison &Denniss, 2013). However, the advantages and disadvantages of the impact
of interest groups depend on how much interest is it and how much power has been divided. For
example, due to illicit effects of business groups, there may be an inappropriate influence and
national captures. In this case, the relationship between policymakers and interest groups adopts
the good moral code that distinguishes community democracy from inappropriate influence (E.
Morrison & Furlong, 2014). There is some evidence that interest groups can take concrete
advantage to make a decision. Generally, interest groups can improve their decision-making
methods by providing valuable knowledge and insights on special issues. They also represent
interests, which may be influenced by poor public policy review(Buse, Mays & Walt, 2012). If
6

Health care Policy Development
the illicit and harmful interest group influences can be affected, administrative bribe, political
corruption, wrong impression and the state can be captured (Wilkinson & Marmot, 2003).
Historical, structural as well as environmental factors affects Aged Care Act 1997 health
and aged care policy development moreover translation in a broad way. In the summary, the
impact of health and social and cultural events (the timing of life processes, the impact of the
cumulative expression and the place (many exposure levels). The context in which social and
cultural variables affect health outcomes is usually called social and cultural environments.
Certain cultural symbols related to the exclusion of history and social marginalization make
individuals and groups structurally vulnerable to economic security and health care. Most
research on the health and health related uses of Mexican descent includes the control of cultural
adaptation or interview language to uncover the most significant aspects of cultural and
structural assimilation (Althaus, Bridgman & Davis, 2013). In developed countries, the level of
poverty and their effect on health have been significantly worse than the health effects of
poverty, which are unique to developing countries. However, this does not make inequality less
important, nor does it mean that the affluent countries have defeated the health effects of
inequality. Although all the social groups in the United States have relatively higher access to
health care, yet there is serious health inequality on the basis of race and wealth. Poverty and
incomplete medical care spoil the entire community. The lack of adequate insurance is mainly
due to the increased risk of cancer death and serious illness due to delayed diagnosis and
treatment. Public health careknowledge practice is well known. It also highlights the importance
of using different types of evidence to promote effective health promotion. Despite this, in
practice, interventions are often on short-term occasions, the lack of the most effective methods,
thus limiting the effect of health promotion strategies. It analyzes obstacles and resolves the
7

Health care Policy Development
factors achieved by most parties and analyzes the background of each country's policy. The lack
of local useful and convincing evidence, lack of evidence and lack of general understanding are
typical obstacles; the characteristics of a user and the role played by the media are also assigned
as factors affecting (Althaus, Bridgman & Davis, 2013). Focusing on personal and social factors
within the policy can be the key to improving the use of permanent evidence. It is recommended
to develop and evaluate the customized methods affecting the combined production of
networking, personal relationships, support and evidence ("The Ottawa Charter for Health
Promotion", 1986). In addition, the features of network decision-makers and organizational
backgrounds, such as role managers ignore policy decisions. In addition, in the policy
development report in the stakeholder, it is difficult to find out the use of evidence in the policy
process, or the process closes itself very much (Reymond, Israel & Charles, 2011).
The global development of Aged Care Act 1997 and the organizational patterns of Aged
Care Act 1997 services are related to the WHO commitment to the primary health care.
Aged Care Act 1997 became the core policy of the WHO 1978 “Alma Declaration” and the in
1997; the World Health Assembly extended its commitment to the global health improvement,
especially to the disadvantaged people. This also led to “Health for everyone in the 21st
Century” healthcare policy and plan, which reiterated its commitment to the development of
primary health care (Barraclough & Gardner, 2008) Although the history of the development of
this policy within WHO shows a clear continuity, due to the epidemiology, macroeconomic and
structural changes in countries and related organizations, the current review work has begun. In
specific health problems and health conditions continue to transform rapidly, new health issues
for example HIV/AIDS have emerged, and non-communicable diseases in the developed, as well
as developing countries, have reached an epidemic proportion, chronic diseases are now facing
8

Health care Policy Development
challenges, and most health systems do not have the equipment. As the ages of developed and
developing countries in the world have grown, the demand for long-term care services has
increased dramatically. Older people with some physical disabilities have become an important
issue in Australia (Paolucci, Paolucci&Ergas, 2011). 1-3 Australia is recognized as an aging
society by the World Health Organization, 1997 the forecasted proportion of people over the age
of 65 in Australia will double in 2017. The rapid growth of the elderly population has brought
about its own complicated influence and impact and has caused challenging problems in the
long-term care system in Australia. Certification nurses who form the majority of direct care
providers in most facilities require adequate training to strengthen the direct care team (Reay,
1991).
There is lack of awareness of ethical as well as legal dilemmas and constraints included in
formulating furthermore enacting Aged Care Act 1997 aged care policy. The current policy
agenda and the developing healthcare culture increasingly encourage exposure and debate on
ethical and legal issues (Avkiran&McCrystal, 2013). The development of ethics review
mechanisms within the clinical governance mechanism and changes in professional ethics
governance have highlighted the importance of ethical issues and contributed to a more open
discussion of culture. In an increasingly litigious culture, the interface between health care and
the law has also become more and more important. Professional practitioners need to be able to
participate in these issues in a consistent and confident manner (Burkett, McNamee &Potthast,
2011).
Most of the challenges facing healthcare system in a coming future will be associated to the
general challenge of the quality and the balance between safety and efficiency. Although most of
the ACA has not been accepted by the seizures, there is still a need to pay attention to the issue
9

Health care Policy Development
of basic medical services for everyone. Another challenge faced by policymakers in genomics
and policy is R&D. Sources of funding, whether private or public or both, can affect the
affordability and availability of research results and their relevance to local needs. There is
currently a large amount of private investment in the area of genome research and development,
mainly due to the high costs involved. Universities and other non-profit organizations also
participate in the basic research of genomics and even engage in the commercialization of their
products and services. It is very important to formulate national policies that encourage
interaction among different actors(Salomon, 2012). It encourages innovation and strong research
that ultimately helps solve social-related health needs. This interaction is part of a complex
system that depends on several factors, including the technical capabilities that exist within each
department (Resnik, 2007).
The impact of Aged Care Act 1997 is more on disadvantaged groups in society because a
large proportion of disadvantaged group’s elderly care is managed by the family: In 1994, 60%
of families took care of elderly family members, and 70% of family members took care of the
elderly in 2000 (McDonald, 2010). Although this seems ideal, older people will not be dragged
into the clinic. This will necessarily mean better care for the elderly and physical frailty, and the
family may not be able to provide them. In addition, experts from multiple fields have to work
jointly to start training and education to more professionals to study and better assist the health of
the elderly population because of social conditions, diet, and exercise in disadvantaged groups.
And technology changes are needed. This multidisciplinary approach to elder care is called
geriatrics. The Australian government provided 15.2 billion Australian dollars for the aged care
industry in 2014-15, and 16.2 billion U.S. dollars for 2015-16. The Australian government
10

Health care Policy Development
funded aged care services to help the infirm Elderly, and elderly caregivers to stay in homes and
residential aged health care services (Montalban, 2017).
There are several workplace practices that are bound by the Aged Care Act 1997 policy.
There are more than 350,000 elderly care workers, including nurses, personal care workers,
paramedics, and allied health professionals. Labor training and education are common
responsibilities between the government and the industry. Providers are obliged under this law to
ensure that there are a sufficient number of appropriate technicians to meet the personal care
needs of residents. Volunteer workers also make significant contributions throughout the
industry. The policy document also provides guidance for all corporate activities and provides
criteria for measuring and evaluating efficiency. If the employer lacks the necessary rules and
regulations to regulate the behavior of employees and other roles, then if these people misbehave
and use this situation, then they will not have any sympathy. Health policy formulation is a work
carried out by the academic community. It is appropriately reviewed by different stakeholder
groups and is endorsed by the legislature for implementation by the executive branch. Based on
the stated clarity, the biggest challenge is implementation. This is why; there is no clear policy
that is the policy of many governments. This may be due to the lack of commitment and
decisiveness of the ruling party to its declaration and the lack of adequate enforcement resources
or conflicts between stakeholders (Bryson, Duclos & Jolly, 2010). This was previously
unanticipated. The incompleteness of policy is another most important challenge. Although the
goal is comprehensive, it may have completely missed some of the socially relevant groups or
issues that were later noticed by the critics. Conflicts with other policies and maintaining
inclusivity are another challenge (Baldwin, Chenoweth & Dela Rama, 2015).
11

Health care Policy Development
Conclusion
The Australian government aged care services effectively provided to indigenous residents and
Torres Strait Islanders. The aging of the Australian population and the increasing diversification
of elderly care needs, socioeconomic status is putting pressure on the flexibility of Australia's
aged care system. There are also overlapping between other public policies such as education
policies, tribal policies, drug policies, and hospital policies. Achieving the right degree of talent
orientation is another challenge. There is no single acid test to assess the philanthropy of the
policy. This can be done through social auditing mechanisms. Developing a suitable
interpretation model for school health policy analysis is a challenge. A model explains the
relationship between the system and the elements of the health system and defines them in a
broader way, including all the institutions and institutional mechanisms involved in improving
the health of the community.
12

Health care Policy Development
References
Althaus, C., Bridgman, P., & Davis, G. (2013). The Australian policy handbook.
Avkiran, N., &McCrystal, A. (2013). Intertemporal analysis of organizational productivity in
residential aged care networks: scenario analyses for setting policy targets. Health Care
Management Science, 17(2), 113-125. doi: 10.1007/s10729-013-9259-6
Buse, K., Mays, N., & Walt, G. (2012). Making health policy. Maidenhead, Berkshire, England:
Open University Press.
Baldwin, R., Chenoweth, L., &dela Rama, M. (2015). Residential Aged Care Policy in Australia
- Are We Learning from Evidence?.Australian Journal Of Public Administration, 74(2),
128-141. doi: 10.1111/1467-8500.12131
Baillie, H. (2013). Health care ethics. Boston: Pearson Education, Inc.
Barraclough, S., & Gardner, H. (2008). Analysing health policy. Sydney: Churchill
Livingstone/Elsevier.
Bryson, M., Duclos, P., & Jolly, A. (2010). Global immunization policy making processes.
Health Policy, 96(2), 154-159. doi: 10.1016/j.healthpol.2010.01.010
Burkett, B., McNamee, M., &Potthast, W. (2011). Shifting boundaries in sports technology and
disability: equal rights or unfair advantage in the case of Oscar Pistorius?.Disability &
Society, 26(5), 643-654. doi: 10.1080/09687599.2011.589197
E. Morrison, E., & Furlong, B. (2014). Health Care Ethics: Critical Issues for the 21st Century
(3rd ed.).
Gama e Colombo, D. (2010). Closing the gap in a generation: health equity through action on the
social determinants of health. Final report of the Commission on Social Determinants of
13

Health care Policy Development
Health. Revista De DireitoSanitário, 10(3), 253. doi: 10.11606/issn.2316-
9044.v10i3p253-266
J. Mason, D., K. Leavitt, J., & W. Chaffee, M. (2012). Policy & Politics: in nursing and health
care (6th ed.). St Louis, Missouri: Elsevier Saunders.
KerridgeI, M, L., & C, S. (2018). Ethics and Law for the Health Professions (4th ed.).
M. Garrett, T., & M. Baillie, H. (2010). Health care ethics : principles and problems.
Marmot, M., Friel, S., Bell, R., Houweling, T., & Taylor, S. (2008). Closing the gap in a
generation: health equity through action on the social determinants of health. The Lancet,
372(9650), 1661-1669. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(08)61690-6
Montalban, M. (2017). A critical analysis of the Australian Defence Force policy on maternal
health care. Australian And New Zealand Journal Of Public Health, 41(4), 399-404. doi:
10.1111/1753-6405.12646
McDonald, T. (2010). Building capacity for aged care policy reform: Aspirations and issues.
Journal Of Care Services Management, 4(2), 157-166. doi:
10.1179/175016810x12670238442066
Maddison, S., &Denniss, R. (2013). An introduction to Australian public policy. Port Melbourne,
Vic.: Cambridge University Press.
Paolucci, F., paolucci, F., &Ergas, H. (2011). Providing and financing aged care in Australia.
Risk Management And Healthcare Policy, 67. doi: 10.2147/rmhp.s16718
Palmer, G., & Short, S. (2010). Health care and public policy.
Reay, B. (1991). Alan Atkinson, Camden: Farm and Village Life in Early New South Wales,
Oxford University Press: Melbourne, 1988. Rural History, 2(01), 113. doi:
10.1017/s0956793300002648
14

Health care Policy Development
Reymond, L., Israel, F., & Charles, M. (2011). A residential aged care end-of-life care pathway
(RAC EoLCP) for Australian aged care facilities. Australian Health Review, 35(3), 350.
doi: 10.1071/ah10899
Resnik, D. (2007). Responsibility for health: personal, social, and environmental. Journal Of
Medical Ethics, 33(8), 444-445. doi: 10.1136/jme.2006.017574
Salomon, J., Wang, H., Freeman, M., Vos, T., Flaxman, A., Lopez, A., & Murray, C. (2012).
Healthy life expectancy for 187 countries, 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the
Global Burden Disease Study 2010. The Lancet, 380(9859), 2144-2162. doi:
10.1016/s0140-6736(12)61690-0
The Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion. (1986). Retrieved from
http://www.who.int/healthpromotion/conferences/previous/ottawa/en/
Wilkinson, R., & Marmot, M. (2003). Social determinants of health. Copenhagen: WHO
Regional Office for Europe.
15