THE HEALTH CARE TIMELINE NAME

Review the Topic Material, "Timeline for the History of Public Health and Epidemiology" to complete this assignment. Using this resource as an example, create your own timeline in a Word document with significant dates that influenced and changed the health care delivery systems. You are required to add a minimum of 10 significant dates to this timeline in order to receive a passing grade.

Running Head: HEALTH CARE TIMELINE 1
Health Care Timeline
Name
Institution

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Health Care Timeline
Introduction
Recent research on various diseases has significantly improved the health sector not
only by preventing and reducing the spread of the diseases but also getting the cure of
such ailments and providing the solution to the related diseases. Establishment timelines
on different epidemiology are one of the contributing factors of such success, moving a
great milestone towards the achievement of a healthier environment (Haveman-Nies, et.al
2017). Between the 20th and 21st century various changes have been done including but
not limited to industrialization, urbanization, and technology that helped in the realization
of new methods of fighting diseases and achieving goals of different disease
epidemiology. Epidemiology may be viewed for sourcing tools for health workers and is
also referred to as basic science of public health (Gouda & Powles, 2014). Therefore, the
article sheds the light on various timelines from 1989 to date by discussing the
epidemiology history of public health.
Antiquity Timeline for the History of Public Health and Epidemiology
1989
Dr. Mitchel Gail invented a model that was used in assessing and
calculating the risks of breast cancer in women. The algorithm
considered personal information such as medical history, family
background, medical history and reproductive history of the woman
through biopsies and hyperplasia (Nioi, 2016). The algorithm used
by Gail also adjusted the onset of the menstruation cycle and the

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live birth of the child in the same age group.
1990
Lynch syndrome was realized as the first onset of cancer. On the
same Li-Fraumeni was discovered after various death certificates of
more than 600 patients known to have rhabdomyosarcoma were
reviewed (Buckley, et.al, 2018). The condition had a germ mutation
of p53 whose main role is to control and prevent genomic mutation
1992
CARET and ATBC trials showed dietary vitamins and cancer have
a relationship. It well indicated that there were more deaths
associated with patients with lung cancer who are taking vitamin A
with beta carotene. During the same year, BRCA 2 was said to
have raised the chances of getting breast and ovarian cancer.
1994
1994 Center for Disease Control and Prevention, due to the
prevalence of the Human Immune Deficiency Virus, in the
transplant of the organs or during the surgery, the organization
distributed some guidelines to follow to prevent the transmission of
the virus. The guidelines required donor screening, which included
screening for the signs. In the associated with HIV. The donor’s
blood and organs to be transplanted were to be screened for HIV

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("Guidelines for Preventing Transmission of
HumanImmunodeficiency Virus Through Transplantation of
Human Tissue and Organs", 2020). Besides, the recipient was also
to be screened for HIV before the transplant.
1997
1997, more than 50 diseases were designated and were notifiable at
a national level. A disease is recognized as notifiable if it is
regular and its information on from the individuals is
necessary for prevention or control. The Marine Hospital
Service collected reports of various diseases such as yellow
fever, cholera, and plague (Adams et al., 2017). The main
intention of the report is to have strategies in the prevention
of diseases in the United States.
1998
World Health Organization established an international Consortium
in Psychiatric Epidemiology which was to carry out comparative
studies and research on mental disorders, this was because mental
disorders are among the most prevalent illness among young
people, covering almost 50% of the total population of the young
people.
2004
In 2004 a computational Research Laboratory (CARL) was
developed in Texas to conduct researches on various disease
epidemiology. Through the university programs, there is a

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beneficial impact to promote health and assist in preventing the
spread of diseases in the region (Pilling, 2015). The University
objectives are to facilitate a training program for the understanding
of the pathological process of various diseases and provide a
solution to the illness through research. Besides the university
provides epidemiology, genetics, biology, microbiology, and
design therapeutic intervention programs.
2009
.
Influenza proved that epidemiological investigation of the
pathogens may provide useful information for its control. Through
an understanding of the pathogens (influenza), it has enhanced
research of the possible treatments, diagnostic tests, and the
invention of better preventive measures of diseases related (Cheng,
et.al, 2012). The research equally helped in the control of future
similar pandemics
2010
The molecular pathology epidemiology was developed and used
by Shuji Ogino. The main aim of MPE was to examine the function
of genetic variants of various pathogens on tumor subtypes. The
molecular pathology epidemiology is used for prevention and cure
various ailments (Inamura, 2017). Using the MPE framework one
can understand innate and adaptive immunity, its role and how it
protects human health against infections. Essentially the purpose of

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MPE was meant to improve the health care of the world at large by
assisting in decision making.
2012
it was realized that pathogens evolve rapidly and are relevant to
epidemiology. Therefore, there is much to be gained when disease
control strategies are considered. When pathogens attack the human
body, the body responds by fighting the disease-causing organism
and hence the immune system becomes stronger. Equally, in the
future, the body can respond to the same pathogens without
struggle due to innate immunity (Bliven & Maurelli, 2016). In the
same way, due to pathogens evolution invention, pathogens related
infection has gotten a cure, and people educated on disease
prevention.
Conclusion
It is clear from the article that epidemiology is a source of information on where
health workers can rely upon in solving their day to day problems. Epidemiology
information assists in decision making at all levels in health professionalism. This is
because epidemiology can identify how diseases are distributed, the cause of such
infections and how they can be controlled. Epidemiology is focused on the people at risk
of various epidemics, and which concept addresses the population health needs, and
through the research, health problems are solved.

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References

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Adams, D., Thomas, K., Jajosky, R., Foster, L., Baroi, G., & Sharp, P. et al. (2017). Summary of
Notifiable Infectious Diseases and Conditions — the United States, 2015. MMWR.
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 64(53), 1-143. DOI:
10.15585/mmwr.mm6453a1
Bliven, K., & Maurelli, A. (2016). Evolution of Bacterial Pathogens Within the Human Host.
Microbiology Spectrum, 4(1). doi: 10.1128/microbiolspec.vmbf-0017-2015
Buckley, A., Ideker, T., Carter, H., Harismendy, O., & Schork, N. (2018). Exome-wide analysis
of bi-allelic alterations identifies a Lynch phenotype in The Cancer Genome Atlas.
Genome Medicine, 10(1). DOI: 10.1186/s13073-018-0579-5
Cheng, V., To, K., Tse, H., Hung, I., & Yuen, K. (2012). Two Years after Pandemic Influenza
A/2009/H1N1: What Have We Learned?. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 25(2), 223-
263. DOI: 10.1128/cmr.05012-11
Guidelines for Preventing Transmission of HumanImmunodeficiency Virus Through
Transplantation of Human Tissue and Organs. (2020). Retrieved 21 February 2020, from
https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00031670.htm
Gouda, H., & Powles, J. (2014). The science of epidemiology and the methods needed for public
health assessments: a review of epidemiology textbooks. BMC Public Health, 14(1). doi:
10.1186/1471-2458-14-139
Haveman-Nies, A., Jansen, M., Van Oers, J. A. M., & Veer, P. (2017). Epidemiology in public
health practice. Wageningen Academic Publishers.

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Inamura, K. (2017). Renal Cell Tumors: Understanding Their Molecular Pathological
Epidemiology and 2016 WHO Classification. International Journal Of Molecular
Sciences, 18(10), 2195. DOI: 10.3390/ijms18102195
Nioi, P. (2016). Archive for the ‘CANCER BIOLOGY & Innovations in Cancer Therapy
’Category. N Engl J Med, 2016(374), 2131-2141.
Pilling, B. (2015). Academic Program Review Self-Study Report (Doctoral dissertation, Georgia
State University).