Impact of Covid-19 on ageing population

This dissertation explores the impact of Covid-19 on the ageing population. It discusses the concept of coronavirus, its effects on the elderly, and ways to mitigate its influence. It also examines the health challenges associated with ageing and provides recommendations for coping with the virus.

Dissertation

Table of Contents
Title: Impact of Covid-19 on ageing population.......................................................................3
Chapter 1....................................................................................................................................3
Introduction................................................................................................................................3
Background............................................................................................................................3
Research Objectives...............................................................................................................4
Research Questions................................................................................................................4
Rationale of study...................................................................................................................4
Significance of study..............................................................................................................4
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW...................................................................................7
Introduction............................................................................................................................7
To acknowledge the concept of coronavirus..........................................................................7
To identify impact of coronavirus on elderly population.......................................................9
To explore the personal protective equipments for mitigation of influence of coronavirus
on ageing population............................................................................................................12
To identify the effect of COVID-19 and other health challenges associated with ageing...13
CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY......................................................................16
CHAPTER 4: FINDINGS........................................................................................................20
CONCLUSION .......................................................................................................................26
RECOMMENDATIONS.........................................................................................................27
REFERENCES.........................................................................................................................29

Title: Impact of Covid-19 on ageing population
Chapter 1
Introduction
Overview
Coronavirus (CoV) is large family of viruses that is accountable for causing up illness
that range from common cold to the severe diseases such as SARS-CoV (severe acute
respiratory syndrome) and MERS-CoV (Middle East Respiratory Syndrome). This was
identified in humans previously. COVID-19 is caused due to the ongoing pandemic of
coronavirus. It is often seen that the viruses possessing challenges to public health leading to
various deaths throughout the world. The people who are ageing have faced more effects of
the pandemic due to the low immunity system they have. It is necessary for society to make
sure that they are facing the challenge and making sure that they are well protected from this
virus (Amsalem, Dixon and Neria, 2020). The spread of virus has led to death of more than
five lakh people throughout the world. The cases of Coronavirus till date have also been more
than 12.5 million. It is necessary for the ageing population to make sure that they are
successfully focusing upon their health so that they can take the challenge and tackle better
with the virus. The advance medicine as well as social economic development has also
reduced the mortality rate. It is a communicable disease due to which it becomes necessary
for people to make sure that they are not coming in contact with the patient who is already
suffering from the disease. It is necessary for people to make sure that they are keeping
distance and maintaining proper sanitisation to avoid the effect of coronavirus.
Background
NHS is umbrella term that is being used for publicly funded healthcare system and
they are funded under general taxation from 1948 as major social reform. It is based on the
founding principles that is based on providing people with free, comprehensive and universal
at point when services are being delivered. The organisation aims to treating their each
patient with relevant levels of respect, dignity, compassion and each individual is counted
equal while services are rendered (Cocco and et. al., 2020). Coronavirus is a pandemic
situation that has created a strong impact on the worldwide. The particular segment of society
that is older generation is impacted a lot, thus it becomes important to acknowledge what is
impact on them and how this can be declined in order to have better results.
Research Aim:

The major aim of report is “To investigate the effect of COVID-19 on the health of
ageing population” A Study on NHS. It is also necessary to highlight the increasing number
of diseases which are caused due to age of a person. Along with this various challenges to
healthcare services are also looked upon in the following report. Along with this ways in
which government can help elderly to cope with virus is also an aim of the report.
Research Objectives
 To acknowledge the concept of coronavirus
 To identify impact of coronavirus on the elderly population
 To explore the personal protective equipments for mitigation of influence of
coronavirus on ageing population.
 To investigate the effect of COVID-19 and other health challenges associated with
ageing.
Research Questions
 What is concept of coronavirus?
 What is the impact of coronavirus on the elderly population?
 What are the personal protective equipments for mitigation of influence of
coronavirus on ageing population?
 What is the effect of COVID-19 and other health challenges associated with ageing?
Rationale of study
Covid-19 or coronavirus has created a strong impact on different aspects of the
society and number people have lost their lives because of this virus. Thus, it becomes
important to understand what exactly it is, about the impact that will be created on the health
of ageing people as their immune system is not as strong as other group of people and the
ways in which it can be prevented (Zimmermann and Nkenke, 2020). The rationale is to
acquire precise knowledge through which precautions can be taken in order to protect from
impact of the virus.
Significance of study
The rationale of the study is to explore the impact that is created by the coronavirus
on the ageing group of people so that they can be prevented from the impact that will be
created on their health. In addition to this, knowledge will also be acquired from which an
individual can protect them from getting infected through the use of precautions that will be
illustrated.

Dissertation Structure
The structure of dissertation is imperative that will furnish relevant specifications with
respect to the project and this will further aid within carrying out project in appropriate
manner through which valuable outcome can be generated (Amsalem, Dixon and Neria,
2020). The structure of project is very crucial that will render adequate specification related
with the chapters that are needed to be involved within generation of outcome. The relevant
structure with reference to project that is impact of covid-19 on health of ageing population is
defined below as here all the essential areas that have to be covered are specified:
Chapter 1: Introduction
This denotes beginning as well as acts as central region for examination that will
provide concise identification in context of exploration as foundation and outline. With
reference to this, the clear as well as brief idea related with selected subject has been
provided, associated aim, objectives along with research questions will be clearly specified
for rendering assistance through which project can be completed appropriately. Furthermore,
the rationale for carrying out the project will also be disclosed for deciding rationale behind
implementing undertaking in enhanced manner.
Chapter 2: Literature Review
This implies second phase within the dissertation report that acts as a basic within
creation of hypothetical system that will aid within improvisation of individual
comprehension as per selected study region. The peculiar section of examination comprises
of optional sources such as online websites, books, articles and magazines. This is one of the
most critical aspect associated with the project that will lead to enhancement of recognition of
individual over particular subject through the assistance of relevant sources of the secondary
data.
Chapter 3: Research Methodology
This chapter comes after implementation of literature review, thereby, the choice of
approaches will be viable for management of complete examination in right manner for
drawing in substantial as well as solid outcomes. This part of dissertation comprises of
distinct applications that will involve PICO approach, research strategies, philosophies,
approaches, and sources of data gathering, research instrument, design, data sampling and
many more aspects that will aid within having precise results. Therefore, this acts as
imperative area through which valuable outcomes can be attained in the appropriate way.
Chapter 4: Findings

This is the another crucial segment within the examination as this is based on the
secondary data and according to this, discussions will be made with reference to the
discoveries of exploration. In addition to this, discussion needs to be created with respect to
the literature review and here; the general information will be reflected for producing
adequate results.
Chapter 5: Conclusion and recommendation
It is last part that will furnish the results that have been drawn from the investigation
that is being carried out as well as outcomes will be specified. This acts as significant
territory that will sum up the results within powerful way for speaking findings in adequate
way and accordingly some recommendations will also be furnished.

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
Introduction
The literature review refers to essential area that must be explored that will further
assist within investigating right direction through the assistance of adequate information. This
is regarded as one of efficacious part of the research project that will aid within carrying out
in-depth research through which final conclusion can be attained in precise manner. The
review will help within description, summary, evaluation as well as clarification of the
literature in the relevant way (Azarpazhooh and et. al, 2020). The section of investigation
comprises of research question where issue of research will be executed in effectual way.
This part of research will be accomplished via collecting information as well as data through
secondary sources like journals, online sites along with books. With reference to this part,
past research project will be considered that is related with similar topic of research plays
critical role within carrying out research in effectual way. For undertaking present research
that is dependent on impact of covid-19 on elderly or ageing population the previous work
will be considered through which the overview can be attained with reference to the
viewpoint of other researcher. The literature review is efficient as well as effective that will
render detailed analysis in identification of opinions of others who possess similar idea
related with the same. Thus, the critical rationale of literature review is to furnish adequate
support through development of theoretical knowledge where relevant study will be
implemented through analysis of aims along with objectives of dissertation (Azarpazhooh
and et. al, 2020). However, this is effective segment of the dissertation that will render
descriptive framework that will aid within exploration of understanding with respect to
peculiar research area.
To acknowledge the concept of coronavirus
According to Daoust, (2020), Coronaviruses implies the family of viruses that leads to
further cause illness like Middle east respiratory syndrome, severe acute respiratory
syndrome and common cold. It is caused via SARS CoV-2 and the first case of this disease
was identified in December 2019 in Wuhan China. From that time, it has spread worldwide
and is ongoing pandemic. The symptoms are variable but generally involves cough, fever,
breathing difficulties, loss of taste and smell. Symptoms can be seen from day 1 to 14 after
the exposure to virus. In addition to this, there are one in five affected people in whom any

kind of symptoms are not developed. Some people have symptom of ARDS (acute
respiratory distress syndrome) which might be precipitated via multi-organ failure, blood
clots, cytokine storms and septic shock. In addition to this, long term damage to some organs
also takes place generally heart and lungs (Balbo, Billari and Melegaro, 2020). It is found that
relevant number of people has been recovered from this virus but still they continue to
experience ample of effects and this is referred to as long COVID and this can be for months
after recovery.
The virus that is accountable for causing spread of COVID-19 is mainly when the
infected person gets closer with other person. Aerosols and small droplets that contains the
virus will spread from mouth and nose of infected person when they sneeze, speak, sing, or
even breathe. The virus might also spread because of contaminated surfaces but this cannot
be regarded as main route for transmission of the virus. In addition to this, the exact route of
the transmission is yet not proved but this is determined that this mainly takes place in case
when people are close or near to each other for longer frame of time. This usually spread as
early in two days before the infected individual that shows up symptoms and even from
individuals who have never experienced any kind of symptoms (Cunha and et. al, 2020). It is
found that individual remain infectious for around 10 days in case of moderate impact and if
the situation is severe than it can go up to a time frame of two weeks. In addition to this,
different testing methods will be developed for carrying out diagnosis of the disease. rRt-PCR
(real time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction) is standard diagnosis method from
nasopharyngeal swab. Most people that is around 81% will develop mild to moderate
symptoms that can be around mild pneumonia, on the other hand near about 14% will have
severe symptoms such as hypoxis, dyspnea or around more than 50% lung involvement with
respect to imaging. In addition to this, approximately 5% patients also have to go through
critical a symptom that involves shock, multiorgan dysfunction or respiratory failure.
Furthermore, it is determined that some people also do not develop the symptoms at any point
of time which means that the chances of spread from these people are high. They are
asymptomatic carriers who are not even tested as do not go through any kind of problem but
still is corona positive. But it is not sure that other people who get infected from such kind of
people will also not show any kind of symptoms. They might develop symptoms at latter
stage of the time that is referred to as pre-symptomatic or they can even have very mild
symptoms.
This is common with such kind of infections; there is some delay within this which
refers to incubation period among the moment that is a person will get first infected along

with their appearance for the initial symptom (Daoust, 2020). The median incubation time
frame for the coronavirus or COVID-19 is in between four to five days. With reference to this
virus, most of symptomatic people experiences different symptoms depending upon their
immunity and various other aspects along with this certain symptoms this can be one or more
before the twelfth day.
The virus can be destroyed from outside the human body with the usage of household
soap as this will burst the protective bubble. It is considered that the virus have zoonotic
origin and genetic analysis have revealed that it is genetically clustered with genus
Betacoronavirus within the subgenus lineage B (sarbecovirus) altogether with bat derived
strains. The structural proteins that are present within the SARS-CoV2 comprises of
membrane glycoprotein (M), spike protein (S), nucleocapsid protein (N) and envelope protein
(E). Each of them have different range and when silico analysis was carried out, it was
identified that MM protein within SARS-CoV-2 involves triple helix bundle which further
leads to formation of single 3-transmembrane domain (Garcia and et. al, 2020). In addition to
this, it is homologous towards prokaryotic sugar transport protein named as SemiSWEET.
COVID-19 is provisionally or generally diagnosed with respect to the symptoms as
well as confirmed through the usage of RT-PCR (reverse transcription polymerase chain
reaction) testing through secretions by infected person. Apart from this, laboratory testing
that comprises CT scans aids within carrying out diagnosis of the person who is having
symptoms of the virus or those who are highly suspicious with reference to the infection. The
prior infection can be detected through serogical tests that are liable for detecting antibodies
that are being produced via body as a response to the infection.
To identify impact of coronavirus on elderly population
According to Cocco and et. al., 2020, it is seen that risk of severe illness which is
caused due to COVID-19 is often increasing with the age and the older adults are at higher
risk of catching the virus. It is also seen that the patient who are having certain medical
condition are in severe illness and risk to catch this virus. The person who is severely ill due
to COVID-19 is required to be hospitalized as soon as possible. The virus has been impacting
the global population in a number of different ways. There are a number of countries in
which the older people are facing more threats and challenges due to this pandemic (García-
Fernández and et. al, 2020). Although the pandemic is equally effective on all the age groups
but the older people are at significant risk as they can easily develop severe illness due to the
physiological changes their body is facing while they grow old. It is often seen that people

who are aged enough have a number of different medical conditions. There are various heart
conditions which are making people vulnerable to the virus. Older people are more likely to
have various underlying conditions which include cardiovascular diseases, respiratory illness,
diabetic and so on. These old age people are more likely to have weaker immunity system as
compare to others. Due to this they can easily catch the infection of coronavirus when
compare to other individuals. It is also seen that according to world health organisation more
than 95% of deaths that have been caused due to Coronavirus are of people who are more
than 60 years of age. Also more than half of all the deaths occur to the people who are of
more than 80 years of age. According to Chinese centres of disease control and prevention
the data have been showing that the fatality rate due to COVID-19 is 3.6% of adults who are
more than 60 years of age while it is 8% and 14.8% in the adults who are of more than 70s
and 80 years of age (Holt and et. al, 2020). The older adults are often seen to have
significantly increased risk of various diseases due to which the infection of COVID-19 can
be easily seen in them. Some of the major countries as Canada, France, Spain, US and New
York have seen that the death occurred due to COVID-19 is more in the older adults as
compare to teenagers and the adults.
As per Gabrielle Martins Van Jaarsveld (2021), it is not clear that what will be the
complete extent of the impact that will be created by pandemic but it is evident that
psychological well-being have pessimistically impacted via COVID-19. The studies have
reported that there has been a significant increase within the people with issues of depression
and anxiety at the time period of extended lockdowns. These effects are magnified with
reference to elderly population as there is higher threat of the illness along with loss for the
social support. In addition to this, prior to the studies there were higher rates of depressive
symptoms within the ageing population which increases with respect to people who are
suffering from any kind of mental health conditions and they will be having adverse impact
on their psychological state. Apart from this, depression within the ageing population is
associated with subsequent cognitive decline which implies that there is higher threat that
mental health concerns will increase and this will further lead to have long-term impact (The
Effects of COVID-19 Among the Elderly Population: A Case for Closing the Digital Divide,
2020). This will be devastating due to the fact that stress as well as depression among older
generation leads to cognitive decline along with increased number of Alzheimer’s diseases.
This problem is further worsen when they are physically restricted in terms of not going out
of their homes, minimised exercises opportunities and minimum social interaction.

The studies illustrates that if any kind of exercise is done even from light to moderate
intensities then this will lead to creation of affirmative influence on the cognitive functioning
of the elderly population (Kashnitsky and Aburto, 2020). This will be generally seen in the
people who have some neuropsychiatric or cognitive impairment disorders. In addition to
this, the work done by other researchers illustrates that lack of socialisation, general mental
health issues and strains along with declined exercise have pessimistic impact on elderly or
ageing population. The fact is that the condition of lockdown is temporary but the impact that
will be created through this factor will be long lasting and this will further lead to pose
relevant risks on the quality of life that will be lived by the ageing population in the
upcoming years (Llibre-Guerra and et. al, 2020). At present scenario, the hospitals
haveCOVID-19 patients and for accessing the healthcare facilities for non-COVID disorders
can be risky. In addition to this, the risk will disproportionately impact elderly who possess
higher rates for health problems with reference to the younger population and even they are
encouraged that they should not visit the areas where they are likeable to have contact with
the virus.
As a response for this problem, the relevant shift has been taken place that involves
digital healthcare. For an instance, telehealth or the act that involves rendering healthcare
remotely as well as digitally have been became common in different countries. The recent
studies have specified that near around 40% of the elderly generation is not open to digital
resources. This is due to the fact that they lack relevant skills for efficaciously tilisation of the
technology. This further illustrates that the people aged n between 20 to 44 have opted to use
telemedicine but the fact is that elderly people have higher number of hospital visits in the
year. Different efforts have been made for creation of virtual geriatric clinics for supporting
elderly while pandemic conditions and this have varying success rate. Along with this the
different problems associated with usage of technology have also been eliminated (Meng and
et. al, 2020). The initiative is made with intent to aid ageing group of people to have
significant healthcare benefits or facilities.
There is a shift to digital realm which has been extended beyond the healthcare
industry. People can have access to almost all the requirements through the usage of digital
mediums so that they can cover the loss of having access to different resources in an effectual
way. But there is ageing group that is least benefited from this shift and the reason behind this
is that they do not know to make use of digital technology which makes them deprived of
essential necessities for the survival (Ng and Gui, 2020). This leads to creation of paradox
which also implies that this segment of the society is adversely impacted because of the

pandemic situation that is COVID-19. They are least likeable to even access resources that
are meant to mitigate the overall impact that will be created by the virus.
To explore the personal protective equipments for mitigation of influence of coronavirus on
ageing population
According to Zimmermann and Nkenke, 2020, During the pandemic of coronavirus
personal protective equipment have been an important subject in order to make sure that
people are avoiding various ways in which they can catch the virus. The following disease is
an airborne disease and the transmission of the disease between people is very easy. The
particles can travel at much longer distance as they are airborne and people have to take a
number of measures in order to make sure that they are avoiding disease. There are a number
of equipment available which can be logically used by people in order to make sure that their
avoiding the disease. Face mask is one of the common equipment used in order to avoid
coronavirus (Perrotta and et. al, 2020). There are a number of different varieties of facemask
present in the market which will help individuals to make sure that they are avoiding coming
in contact with the virus. It is necessary that people are successfully using hyphenation mask
which is enabling them to breathe fresh oxygen and avoid the spread of disease. Along with
this the sanitisation which people are using at various places they visit is one of the major
personal equipment that can help them to avoid the virus. These days in order to make sure
that people or not coming in contact with the virus they keep on sanitising their hands from
time to time. The door knobs, keys, mobile phones, pens, notebooks are various things which
people touch on their daily routine. It is necessary that everyone is successfully sanitising all
these products before their use in order to make sure that they can avoid the spread of virus.
PPE kit, face shield are some of the other personal equipment’s which are used by people
throughout the world during this pandemic in order to avoid the virus.
Healthcare professional who are engaged in the direct care of patient with COVID 19
are equipped with standardised personal protective equipment, considering suits, masks,
gloves, goggles, face shields and gowns. These healthcare professionals get training in the or
regarding the effective use of personal protective equipment and in minimising their exposure
to infection when caring for patients with corona virus issues (Rout, 2020). The practice
protocol also engaged working in pairs to mutually recognise the putting on and taking off of
PPE. When taking off personal protective equipment, healthcare professionals followed the
outside in rule, meaning that the outermost layer of PPE would be taken off first. As per the
view of Bonsall L. (2020), PPE is required where contact arises with patients, residents and

clients. The PRCs environment certainly considers physiotherapy departments, clinics and
physiotherapy treatment room in a long term care service. In this current corona virus
situation personal protective equipments like gloves, masks, goggles and gown are highly in
demand as they are need for everyone to protect them from the COVID 19. Contact
precaution PPE is effective for health care staff in the same room as patients with corona
virus infection, and where aerosol creating processes are not commenced but that stay more
than two meters from the patients. Droplet PPE is effective when caring for a patent or being
within two meters. Eyewear is added supported to a risk evaluation. The patient should also
wear a fluid resistant surgical face mask (Sanyaolu and et. al, 2020). Airborne precaution
PPD is suggested only when aerosol creating activities are being assumed and after this until
air exchanges have minimised virus sufficiently. It should be worn by all those in the room
during this period.
Healthcare employees are continually battling the COVID19 pandemic and they
require wearing the PPE. The Personal protective equipment may be important and highly
necessary when working in an atmosphere of free flowing body fluids of the patients.
Wearing of PPR does not and should not absolve one form distancing, no touch technique
and other precautions. According to Surg J I. (2020), any PPE should not be utilised without
an effective training and workshop. If the people of health care may not be good enough they
can suffer several issues. One of the key difficulties is break of PPE at work. There may be
several strategies to protect issues context of PPE. These may consider setting up a forum to
convey complexities and these may include any app team, any online meetings and direct
meeting in the workplace in context of address all difficulties associated to it. Another can be
developing a conversation platform between other healthcare professionals like doctors and
nurses to protect diverse cascading issues. Moreover, Training of PPE should consider the
use, management of and handle breach and time of quarantine or prophylaxis if break in PPE
happens (Sepúlveda-Loyola and et. al, 2020). The workers are needed to take the proper size
that may precisely fit and be comfy for each worker. It is sensible to follow set benchmarks
of WHO that also identify the sorts and also grams per square meter.
To identify the effect of COVID-19 and other health challenges associated with ageing.
As per the perspective of Sarah LaFave (2020), the COVID 19 pandemic highly
attack the old age people as compare to other age groups. It is considered that older people or
adults are more apt to already have implicit condition for example cardiovascular disease,
respiratory illness as well as diabetes (The impact of COVID-19 on older adults, 2020). The

all kind of disease leads old age people to the risk of severe COVID 19 situation as well as in
some case it also leads to the death. In addition to this, age age people have weaker immunity
system due to which it is hard for them to fight off infection of COVID 19. In respect of
World Health Organisation (WHO) data it is determined that more than 95 percent of COVID
19 death are among the people who are over 60 years old as well as it is also determined that
more than half of whole deaths are take place among those people who are above 80 years.
Moreover it is also challenge to protect and prevent old age people from being exposed from
the virus because they are not fully independent (Sharma and et. al, 2020). For example, it is
possible that a months can be rely on her adult son or daughter to come and help her with
medicines and groceries. Along with this, some old age people are depend on the help of
family members or friends with sending and sorting mails for paying bills. At respective
point of time, old age people need someone to come into home for help in doing those things
for several weeks. Furthermore, it is also essential for people to think different ways that
show how pandemic impact older people lives beyond the morbidity as well as mortality
from virus. The dependency on the social media channels are consider as tool which prevent
boredom, tediousness and loneliness among the young age people but for old age people the
requirement of social support, daily functioning as well as liveliness stay unmet. Moreover,
online technologies as well as digital sources are presently harnessed in order to provide
virtual digital social assist network and detected sense of belonging. On the other hand,
disparities for access to the literacy of new modern technicalities or social media are lost
among the most of the old age group population. The old age people have different source of
their entertainment which get impacted due to quarantine as well as transport restraint such as
walk and talk at parks, voluntary service, acquaintance meeting, social care, congregational
gathering, obstacle on accessing prescribed nutrition (Sheffler, Joiner and Sachs-Ericsson,
2020). Moreover, it also include medication, treatment, work for plants as well as animals
and many more. Along with this, further aggravating issues or challenges in the situation of
COVID 19 for mental health of the older people in community at every nation. Inadequate as
well as insufficient are been paid to the mental health of elder age group people in respect of
quality as well as timely psychological crisis intervention. COVID 19 pandemic have highly
impact psychological on a person. In respect of this the main issues are health anxiety,
adjustment disorders, panic, depression, insomnia, chronic stress and many more are
considered as main offshoots. In respect of this elder people are considered as especially
vulnerable as during this, the death rate of elder people get increase. Due to this they need to
be isolated which impact on their mental health highly (Singh and Adhikari, 2020). These are

some of the main challenges are experience by old age people due to COVID 19 and other
health challenges as they not able to get recover easily and properly.

CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research methodologies are undertaken as the most essential aspect of dissertation.
Moreover, it is mainly classified as systematized, textual analysis of methods that are
substantially utilised to research area as well as incorporates fundamentally abstractive or
analytical analysis of concepts body related with specific background of knowledge. In
addition to this, this is advantageous in developing essence of studies for facilitating an
effective guidance in creating proper option of methodologies efficient for attaining outcomes
which produce interest for researcher as well as for others (Cocco and et. al., 2020).
Respective chapter essentially concentrates upon several methods which guide the overall
investigation appropriately for forming relevant as well as accurate outcomes. Moreover, for
performing essential investigation upon particular topics researcher undertakes various
research onions layers like research type, philosophies, research approach, design, methods of
data collection, data process, and many more. Therefore, the chosen area of study is wider as
well as proper selection; valuable outcomes may be gained through directing whole
investigation in effective way.
Research philosophy: This is vital to ascertain how investigators evaluate as well as
analyse information. Moreover, the ontology, philosophy, axiology as well as research
philosophies of epistemology are several. In addition to this, Ontology explained the reality
quintessence. Mainly the epistemology assists investigators for identifying information
effectively. Along with this, the axiology permits investigators to concentrates upon the
impacts of beliefs as well as scheming upon job involvement as well as analysis
(Zimmermann and Nkenke, 2020). Evaluation may become competent for attaining goals
results through determining an epistemology hypothesis is vital into present research as well
as flow efficiently. Also, the research philosophies are usually categorised into two parts such
as positivism or interpretivism. Both are effectual as well as efficient to assemble data and
making decision of relevant information. For this research, interpretivism is undertaken as it
is qualitative in nature as well as it is effective for performing secondary research in effective
and efficient manner.
Research approach: The investigators utilise respective research onion layer for
evaluating quantitative as well as qualitative data. Moreover, this has been categorised in two
deductive as well as inductive to determine outcomes (Amsalem, Dixon and Neria, 2020).
Therefore, for respective research, inductive approach of research is undertaken as it

concentrated at quality information which outcomes in reliable and accurate work. Whereas
on other side, deductive approach is not helpful as it focused in determining information upon
particular topic as well as evaluate quantitative information which is not suitable for this
particular investigation.
Research strategy: Respective aspects of research onion aids investigators
accumulate data primary as well as secondary information through various strategies of
research. Moreover, there are various ranges of methods for research, along with case studies,
surveys, action analysis and many more (Azarpazhooh and et. al, 2020). In addition to this,
case study is used for performing the secondary research upon particular topic. As this
facilitates a concentration for investigation with efforts to highlights the problems that
centred upon the affect of research.
Research choice: There are various choices of research that researcher have to
perform several investigation practices in successful way. In addition to this, researcher
would accumulate as well as examine quantitative as well as qualitative information.
Moreover, quantitative analysis involves formal information gathering methods which drive
towards statistical or mathematical representation of data. Along with this, the qualitative
research involves systematized methods of data accumulation through analysing participants’
perceptions (Azarpazhooh and et. al, 2020). Additionally, qualitative investigation may be
undertaken into particular process of research as it assists researcher to facilitate relevant as
well as accurate data regarding particular topic. This would permit expected results of
investigation to be attained.
Research design: Respective layer of research onion is concern about research
strategy or framework and others where a investigation project could be performed as well as
tracked. Furthermore, research design may be explained as a plan of master that highlights
how investigation is conducted. In addition to this, the plan for several approaches as well as
procedures to be executed for accumulating and evaluating data from decision takers is
practical. Along with this, respective method of evaluation or gathering situation that is
effective developed for integrating value within business cycle evaluation. Thus, the overall
determination concern about sample aspects, those investigators utilise for analysing their
influences (Balbo, Billari and Melegaro, 2020). Respective dissertation is fundamentally
categorised into three aspects exploratory, experimental and descriptive. Within performing
research upon particular topic descriptive design is utilised through researcher for
accumulating effective data related to subject. Additionally, this definition is effective as
respondents profile, situation and attitudes is acceptable. Also, this permit individual’s

variable for preparing as well as compiling the extra data in systematised as well as relevantly
examined in economical manner. The data may be obtained from investigation. Along with
this, it is vital as this assists investigators develops relevant, quality or descriptive based
knowledge.
Data collection method: It is undertaken as the procedures of accumulating
information by accurate sources for determining the answers related to problems of
investigation, testing the hypothesis as well as analysing the outcomes. In addition to this,
data may be utilising tow methods that incorporates both primary as well as secondary
methods (Cunha and et. al, 2020). Moreover, within primary method, fresh information is
accumulated as well as whole data is new. In addition to this it facilitates relevant information
that is wholly concentrated upon aim of research. Along with this, the information utilising
through primary sources are only gathered through researcher when there is effective time
period as well as funds because this is time taking as well as also the cost is higher for action
performed. Also, there are various ways by that primary data is accumulated like focused
group, questionnaires and others. While on other side, into secondary method investigator
gathered the data that has been already collected by others. Additionally this method is very
useful as this aids investigators to determine the nature of investigation as well as also direct
the researcher related to guidance over which the further research should be represented. In
this, the information is fundamentally gathered from the sources such as articles, web pages
books and many more.
Therefore, in order to conduct present research upon respective topic secondary data
collection method is used as it helps them to accumulate information from online sources
through evaluating already published information like articles, journals and others (Daoust,
2020). It is so as online sources facilitate upgraded data which remain the data utilised into
present investigation.
Time horizon: Time is undertaken as the vital as well as essential aspects of research.
Moreover, there are two time horizon approaches such as cross sectional approach of time is
advantageous as well as helpful based upon recent investigation. As this aids investigators to
accomplish the research at pre-determined time duration. In addition to this, it concentrates
upon present circumstances as well as aids investigators systematically as well as on time
accomplishment of overall investigation (Garcia and et. al, 2020). While on other side,
longitudinal data is not helpful as it implies the observations for specific variable which are
available for various months, years and others.

Reliability and validity of research: For performing the research in successful
manner, the investigators should produce relevant or credible outcomes. Along with this, the
two aspects which are essential for investigation are valid and reliable. Moreover,
investigator should accumulate data by utilising effective sources for assuring validity. This
is both test as well as tolls for relevantly measures what have to be performed. Also,
reliability on other side is undertaken as optimistic or stabilise approximation of test
outcomes. Additionally, the explorations to that evaluation method are developed to be
attained stable as well as reliable performance (García-Fernández and et. al, 2020). Thus, this
is the accountability of investigator for ensuring relevant information of accumulation as well
as effective performance. The investigator is desired to assure valid and reliable standards of
investigation performance.
Ethical considerations: This is considered as the much essential research method
aspect as well as researcher should ensure that understanding is developed through that
interviewed. Moreover, researcher has not revealed respondents personal information as well
as facilitates them with specific field data. In addition to this, it is the investigators
responsibility for assuring that targets may be attained into inquiries. Whole legal standards
should meet appropriately while performing inquires. Along with this, by performing is,
relevant as well as effective information are gained from interviews for helping researcher to
attain goals (Holt and et. al, 2020). While conducting this particular research, investigators
should adapt several research ethics standards. Those values are trustworthiness, equality,
truthfulness and others. Also, they are whole main standards of research ethics which
investigators would use. It enables investigators to continuously as well as in ethical way
accomplish every research task effectively and efficiently.

CHAPTER 4: FINDINGS
The findings are based on the secondary method of data collection. The secondary
research is research method that consists using the existing data. It is summarised as well as
collated to enhance overall effectiveness of an investigation. There have been different
themes developed related to the literature review (Kashnitsky and Aburto, 2020). These
provides the detailed understanding regarding the specific subject area.
THEME 1: Coronavirus
The analysis stated that Coronavirus disease is infectious disease that mainly caused
through new discovered coronavirus. This virus is transmitted by the droplets which
generated when infected individual sneezes, cough and exhales. Droplets are too heavy to
hang in air and fall on surfaces or floors. An individual can be infected through breathing in
virus in case person is with the someone who has Coronavirus. In December 2019, cluster of
the patients were admitted to the hospitals with diagnosis of the pneumonia of unknown
etilogy. These are the patients linked to wet animal and seafood wholesale market in the
Wuhan, China, virus was mainly identified as coronavirus and names as the severe acute
respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. It is group of the RNA virus that mainly cause disease in
birds and mammals. It constitutes subfamily Orthocoronavirinae in family Coronaviridae,
realm Riboviria and order Nidovirales. COVID-19 is family of the virus that mainly cause the
illness for an instance severe acute respiratory syndrome and Middle East respiratory
syndrome (Llibre-Guerra and et. al, 2020). Virus is known as severe acute respiratory
syndrome coronavirus 2. Severity of the COVID-19 symptoms can range from mild to the
severe. Some of the people may have few symptoms and some have no symptoms. People
may be experience worsened symptoms for an instance worsened shortness of the breath.
Individuals who are old have more risk of the serious illness from the COVID-19 and risk
enhance with the age. People which have the existing chronic medical situations may have
the high risk about serious illness. The medical conditions which enhance risk about serious
illness from corona virus consists cancer, obesity, Type 2 diabetes, smoking and others. As
COVID-19, pandemic rapidly sweeps across world, this is inducing considerable degree of
the worry and also concern in population at large and groups in specific for an instance old
adults, providers and the people with the underlying health conditions (Meng and et. al,
2020). Other than this, in public mental health terms, main psychological impact to date is
effectively elevates stress rate. New measures are introducing mostly quarantine and its

impact on usual activities of several people. In context to public health, major psychological
impact to date is the elevated stress rate. The country is affected through COVID-19, elder
people will soon to be self- isolated for long time in all the world. Self- isolation will be
impact disproportionately the elder people whose social contact is out of home for an instance
day-care venues, worship and community centres (Ng and Gui, 2020). Regarding the old
people and those with the underlying health situation having been determined as vulnerable
to the COVID-19 and frightening and also fear inducing. Psychological impact for people can
consists anxiety as well as feeling stresses. It impacts can be complex for old people which
many experiencing the dementia or cognitive impairment. Some of the people socially
isolated already and experiencing the loneliness. This develops the impact on mental health
of people. on other side, there are several things that the old people can take initiate
themselves or with support of caregiver to protect mental health. These consists several
strategies that advocating across whole population like undertaking the physical activity,
creating the new ones and also engaging in the activities which provide achievement sense. It
is important to maintaining the social connection. Some of the old people may be familiar
with the digital methods that require proper guidance to use them effectively. In regards to
this, online technologies could mainly harness to give the social support networks and
belongingness sense, there might be the disparities in access to digital resources.
Interventions could consist telephone contact on frequency basis with the significant others,
friends, family or the health care professionals. The cognitive behavioural therapies could
mainly delivered online to reduce the loneliness and also make improvement mental
wellbeing.
THEME 2: Impact of coronavirus on the elderly population
From the analysis, it has been examined that all age group people are at the risk of
contracting the COVID-19, older people are mainly face the risk about severe illness. They
mainly contract disease because of physiological changes which come with the ageing health
situations. Corona virus poses risk not only to health of the old people who contracts disease
but also those without healthcare resources as well as social structure that mainly contribute
to wellness. More than 50% of all the fatalities consists people age 80 years or more than this.
8 out of 10 deaths are with one comorbidity in specific those with the cardiovascular disease,
diabetes and hypertension (Perrotta and et. al, 2020). Coronavirus is impacting global
population in the many ways. In several countries, old people are mainly facing many
challenges and threats in COVID-19. Challenges of COVID-19 pandemic are varied for
different socio demographic groups. Old people are already having the underlying conditions

for an instance respiratory illness, cardiovascular disease and diabetes. On the basis of World
Health Organisation data from April 2020. In this, more than 95% of Coronavirus deaths
were between the people more than age of 60 and also more than half of all the deaths are
occurred in people of more than 80 years of age.
Figure 1: Compared to young adults, old adults are require hospitalisation
(Source: Compared to younger adults, older adults are more likely to require
hospitalization if they get COVID-19)
From the above mention data, it has been examined that old adults are more risk of
needing the hospitalisation or dying if they are mainly diagnosed with COVID-19. The death
rate of old people is higher than the younger.
The old people are likely to have the dire outcomes from virus. This can be challenge
to prevent the old people from exposed to virus because they many not independent. UK data
from the intensive care hospitals wars stated that average patient which is ill aged 60. Most of
the men and other health conditions could put them at the more risk for an instance obesity
and heart issues. Estimation of 647 coronavirus related deaths are registered through Office
for the National statistics in the England and Wales up to week ending of 27 march, 44 were
aged between 45-65 and 7% of total. On the other hand, pandemic have the more impact on
mental health of older people. Panic, health anxiety, depression, insomnia and the adjustment
disorders are main offshoots (Rout, 2020). The uncertainty and misinformation provide rise
to the mass hysteria. Social isolation of the elderly as serious public health concern because
of bio-psychosocial vulnerabilities. In context to this, social distancing by main strategy to be
fight with COVID-19 is main cause of the loneliness. Mental health is cornerstone of the
public health in old people. As requirement for viral cure eclipses importance regarding the

mental health, global panic helps in enhancing spread. Warrant sensitization at all level of the
early detection regarding mental health care requirements and plan intervention mainly for
vulnerable old age population. More than 95% deaths occurred in older than the 60 years.
Support for the old people, families and caregivers is necessary part of the comprehensive
response of countries to pandemic during quarantine and isolation, old people require safe
access to the nutritious food, money, basic supplies and medicine in order to support physical
health. Dissemination of the relevant information is necessary to assuring that old people
have the clear messages about physically and mentally stay healthy during pandemic.
Response of panellists highlighted significance of maintaining healthy lifestyle while in the
isolation and self-quarantine (Sanyaolu and et. al, 2020). Old people are dependent on
support from the communities in maintaining the daily routines, eating nutrition’s, staying
active and also balanced meals., the metal health at the anxious times is main consideration.
Finding the way to socially stay connected is more necessary for old people as several old
people do not have access to the digital platforms.
THEME 3: Personal protective equipment’s for mitigation of influence of coronavirus
on ageing population.
By conducting analysis, it is determined that at the time of COVID 19 pandemic
personal protective tool or equipment are considered as essential subject for making sure that
all people are safe from getting infected from virus. The respective disease is the airborne
disease as well as it also gets transmitted from one person to another so easily. There are
numbers of tools or equipment’s present in the market which are logically adopted by people
in order to prevent themselves from COVID 19. From which one main and common is face
mask in order to prevent from this virus. There are wide variety of face mask present in the
market that help a person in making sure that they are avoiding the contamination of COVID
19. In respect of this it is essential for people to use hyphenation marks that enables a person
to breath fresh oxygen as well as avoiding spread of disease. In addition to this, it is essential
for people to use proper sanitizer in order to protect themselves from COVID 19 virus. These
days in order to make sure that people are not coming in contact with the virus they are
sanitising their hands from time to time (Sepúlveda-Loyola and et. al, 2020). The door knobs,
keys, mobile phones, pens, notebooks are various things which people touch on their daily
routine. Along with this, it is also essential for everyone to do proper sanitisation of the
products which they purchase from outside as well as it is also necessary for people to wear
PPE kit, face shield and mask before going to at public area. In order to prevent people from
the getting infected World health organization develop guidelines and it is essential for

everyone to follow it properly. It is so because that will help in protecting themselves from
the COVID 19. It is essential to have personal protection in order to deal with the situation of
COVID 19 pandemic. It has been analysed that PPE kit is required for health care provider or
employees. This is highly required by the health care employee when they are conducting
healthcare practices as well as working in the environment which includes free flowing of
body fluids. Personal protective equipment can be effective and correctly used when proper
training is provided to use PPE kit (Sharma and et. al, 2020). There are various issues and
problems that could be faced by person such as break of PPE while working.
THEME 4: Effect of COVID-19 and other health challenges associated with ageing.
COVID-19 pandemic and resulting the economic recession have negatively impacted
mental health of the people and developed the nee barrier for the people suffering already
from the mental illness and disorders. Coronavirus is mainly attack old age people as
comparison to younger people. Coronavirus 2019 encompasses wider clinical spectrum that
caused through severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. Old people experienced the
more adverse impacts from pandemic consisting severe complication, concerns regarding the
disruptions and high morality to daily routine and access care. Concern pertained to the old
adults both are the residential care facilities, caregivers became limited, contact with the
friends etc. COVID- 19 pandemic has led to dramatic loss of the human life in all over the
world and also presents unprecedented challenge. COVID- 19 impact on the mental health of
people. This virus can impact on throat, lungs and nose that cause asthma attack and lead to
the acute respiratory disease. Pandemic has negatively impact on mental health at global level
consisting high loneliness that resulting from the social distancing and depressions. Same to
respiratory epidemics for an instance traumatic stress disorder symptoms in various
population groups consisting the general public, patients, quarantine people and healthcare
workers. Although all the age groups are at contracting risk of COVID-19, old people face
the more risk about developing the severe illness if they are mainly contract disease because
of physiological chances which come with the aging and other health situations (Sheffler,
Joiner and Sachs-Ericsson, 2020). Old people are at the high risk of needing hospitalisation if
they are diagnosed with the COVID-19. Necessary way to minimum risk of old family
members catching the COVID-19 is to limit the in-person visits. But it may complex for the
old people who cherish the time spent with the family members. Covid-19 has highlighted
vulnerability of the aging people to this emerging diseases. It is related to the disease and
death is main issue for vaccines development. Other than this, COVID-19 adds complexity of
the substance use disorders as this impact people with the SUD because of accumulated

economic, social and the health inequalities. Health consequences related to the substance
use disorders are respiratory disease, immunosuppression, cardiovascular disease and the
central nervous system depression. These all are the health issues enhance risk for the
COVID-19. The coronavirus public health mitigation measures can be the exacerbate
loneliness, withdrawal symptoms, metal health symptoms and the psychological trauma.
Other than this, online technologies are harnesses to give the virtual digital social network
and also detect the belongingness sense (Singh and Adhikari, 2020). Disparities for the access
regarding literacy of advanced technicalities are lost among many old age people.
Entertainment source is different of the old people that affected because of the quarantine and
transport restraints for an instance doing voluntary service, social care, congregational
gathering on accessing the prescribed nutrition.
Figure 2 Average Share of Adults Reporting Symptoms of Anxiety or Depressive Disorder During the COVID-19 Pandemic,
May-July 2020
(Source: The Implications of COVID-19 for Mental Health and Substance Use)
From the above mention data, it has been stated that people face the symptoms of
depressive disorder or anxiety which mainly occur more than half of days each day. It has
been analysed that more than one in the three adults have reported symptoms of depressive or
anxiety disorders during COVID-19. The presented symptoms of the depressive disorder and
anxiety consists adults with the symptoms of both. Data showed that May month is average
of following weeks of the data. May 7-12, may 14-19 and June 2, average data of June 4-9,
11-16 June, June 18-23 and June 25-30.

CONCLUSION
By conducting evaluation of above mentioned topics it can be summarised that
Coronavirus (CoV) is one of the huge virus which impact people around the world. It si also
accountable for the cause of illness which range through common cold to numbers of diseases
like SARS – CoV (severe acute respiratory syndrome) as well as MERS-CoV (Middle East
Respiratory Syndrome). The respective virus mainly presents in the human around the world.
It is determined that respective virus leads to several challenges to public health which also
lead to several deaths around the world. In addition to this, individual who are at the old age
experienced several challenges as they have weak immunity system as well as they also not
able to protect themselves from virus independently. So it is essential for the society to ensure
to help old age people during respective pandemic as that will help these people in
conducting their activities properly. Due to COVID 19 virus there is death take place at huge
level which is more than five lakhs at the world wide level. The cases of Coronavirus till
date have also been more than 12.5 million. It is necessary for the ageing population to make
sure that they are successfully focusing upon their health so that they can take the challenge
and tackle better with the virus. The disease cause by COVID 19 is communicable disease
due to which it is necessary for people to not make contact with those people who are
positive with this virus. In addition to this people who have COVID 19 impact must make
sure to keep themselves isolated as that is consider as best way to protect themselves as well
as others in proper way. In addition to this, the mostly impact age group is old age people
who are more than 60 years. These people have mainly weak immune system as well as they
are also having past record of several diseases such as cardiovascular disease, respiratory
illness as well as diabetes. Due to which these age group people easily get impacted from the
COVID 19 virus. Moreover, these age group people are somehow dependent on other as they
need to be quarantine in order to protect themselves. So due to this it is considered as
responsibility of society or young age people to ensure that old age people not experience
issues. In respect of this, it is essential for the young age people to help old age group in
grocery shopping, medicines purchasing, paying bills and so on. It is so because that will help
old age people in avoiding going out for doing any work. The COVID 19 is considered as
wide topic so in order to gather information related to that the best method for the
investigator is adopt secondary technique because that is time as well as cost effective. This

will also help researcher in understanding as well as evaluating perspective of other author on
same topic which leads to gathering of authenticate and reliable information or topic.
RECOMMENDATIONS
By analysing the above discussed topic it is determined that there are several
recommendations related to the topic i.e. To investigate the effect of COVID-19 on the health
of ageing population. In respect of this ageing people need to considered several aspects as
well as it is also essential for the society to also take care of some aspects. Below some of the
main recommendations are given which need to follow by ageing population in order to
protect themselves from COVID 19: -
 Follow guideline offer by World health organization (WHO) – According to the
guideline for the old age people, their families and friends, healthcare provider,
caregivers, long term care providers (LTC) as well as national/ community/ regional
leaders. According to this guideline it is essential that where old age people receive
care must practice IPC as well as prevent social isolation of old age group. It is also
recommended to communities that they must continue to offer integrated care in order
to support old age people. In addition to this, national as well as regional leader must
strengthen its efforts for the new normal mainly for older age by enhance promotion
related to self-care, community based care, usage of information technology, age
friendly environment and many more. This will help in preventing old age people
from getting infected from the COVID 19 virus.
 Staying well at the home – It is determined that old age people are experiencing issues
in living at home during COVID 19 pandemic. It is so because due to it physical
distance and lock down conducted which impact on the old age people regular
activities. But it is recommended to the old age people to stay at their home as well as
avoid going out for any things because they have weak immune system due to which
they may get affected by COVID 19 virus so easily. Moreover, it is recommended to
society people or family members to stop old age people when they go out as well as
it is also responsibility of community to take care of these people need. It is so
because when they get all essential things at home then they hardly go out.
 Community based integrated care – Staying connected to others is considered as key
aspect of maintaining health as well as well being. Moreover, there are several

welfare centres as well as other social service centre get disrupted at the time of social
isolation of the old people is reason of increase concern. It is generally happen
because older people are experiencing difficulties in using digital technology. In
respect of this it is recommended that it is essential for old age people family
members and other care person to teach them about the use of digital technology so
that they can pass their time effectively. In addition to this, by using this, old age
people also consult with their integrated care centre.
 Wear mask and wash hand – It is one of the main recommendation for the old age
people in order to prevent themselves from the COVID 19 virus. In respect of this it is
essential for old age people to always wear mask while contacting or communicating
with other. In addition to this, it is also essential for them to wash their hand regularly
or use sanitizer. It is so because that will help them in preventing from virus and it is
especially need to do when they communicate with someone or get any products from
outside.

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