HEALTH CITIES AND URBAN COMMUNITIES.

Hello, For this assignment i have selected the place City of Moreland being obesity is the health issue. If you ok this place you can continue to start the assignment on this city and health issue. Otherwise regarding the choice of city and health issue , you need to choose a place where you can get sufficient data to argue that the issue is a problem for that community. Note: Here I have attached one sample assignment for format purpose and don't use that matter and that city and she got less marks for that assignment. just use the format how she done. please be careful about referencing it should be harvard style and references from government reports (eg: AIHW ), Organisational reports, Journal articles. i need in text citation for each and every para . if you take matter from one reference you need to write that reference only instead of that don't use other references. writing style should be easy and understanding way as don't use complex words and don't write the matter

Running head: HEALTH CITIES AND URBAN COMMUNITIES
HEALTH CITIES AND URBAN COMMUNITIES
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author Note

1HEALTH CITIES AND URBAN COMMUNITIES
Table of Contents
1.0 Executive Summary...................................................................................................................3
2.0 Introduction................................................................................................................................3
2.0.1 Location and Government..................................................................................................3
2.0.2 Statistical and Demographic information...........................................................................4
2.0.3 Age and Life expectancy....................................................................................................4
2.0.4 Co-morbidities of Obesity..................................................................................................5
2.0.4.1 Diabetes.......................................................................................................................6
2.0.4.2 Psychological Distress.................................................................................................6
2.0.4.3 Other Co-morbidities...................................................................................................6
2.0.5 Purpose of the report...........................................................................................................6
3.0 Health Issue: Obesity.................................................................................................................7
3.1 Affected Group......................................................................................................................7
3.2 Demographic data..................................................................................................................7
3.3 Reason for selecting young and adults (24-45 years) as affected group...............................9
3.4 Determinants of Health..........................................................................................................9
3.4.1 Social Determinants........................................................................................................9
3.5.2 Environmental Determinants........................................................................................11
4.0 Healthy Setting Approach and Recommendations..................................................................12

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4.1 Healthy setting approach.....................................................................................................12
4.2 Recommendations................................................................................................................13
4.2.1 Taxation on Sugary Beverages and foods....................................................................13
4.2.2 Empowerment...............................................................................................................14
5.0 Conclusion...............................................................................................................................16
References......................................................................................................................................18

3HEALTH CITIES AND URBAN COMMUNITIES
1.0 Executive Summary
Moreland city is comprised of 51 square Kilometre area of Melbourne. Moreland
population has been counted up to 162,558 approximately as per the Australian Bureau of
Statistics census of 2016. The aim of this assignment is to develop the idea about the obesity and
the Co-morbidities of obesity as well. The focus of the obesity and the effects of obesity can be
identified in the Moreland city population. The factors affecting the health condition of the
people of this community would be assessed along with the effect of obesity as well. On this
context the findings would be used for the development of the recommendation of better health
outcome plans. The plans would be used for the betterment of the health condition of the
community and also providing sustainable ways that can help the procedure of the health care
and also reducing the amount of obesity of the Moreland people. It has been found by the
assessment that the community is comprised of 43 per cent obese people and developing a
number of chronic disease including cancer and diabetes. The factor of the socio-economic
structure and the lack of health literacy are the primary causes of the obesity development among
the people. The recommended plans for sustaining against this condition are hike in taxation for
the sugary food and beverages and also BMI tool implementation with empowerment for the
people of the community.
2.0 Introduction
2.0.1 Location and Government
Moreland city is located in Melbourne and it is a local government area. It has been
established in the year 1994. This is city is comprised of 51 square Kilometre area of Melbourne.
Moreland city can be found comprised with 16 suburbs (Moreland.vic.gov.au, 2019). Mayor of

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this city is Natalie Abboud. The city is found under the governance of the Victorian state
legislation and under the Moreland Municipal City Council (Moreland.vic.gov.au, 2019).
2.0.2 Statistical and Demographic information
Moreland population has been counted up to 162,558 approximately as per the Australian
Bureau of Statistics census of 2016 (Quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au, 2019). Among these
79,507 people are male that is 48.9 per cent and 83,051 are female which is 51.1 per cent of the
total population. Moreover, 815 people are Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander people who
comprise 0.5 per cent of the total population (Quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au, 2019). Total
number of families in the city is 40,056 and count of children per family is 1.8 per cent
(Quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au, 2019).
2.0.3 Age and Life expectancy
Moreland city population comprises of different age range. Among the total population
children aged 0 to 4 years are 10,264 that is 6.3 per cent, adults aged 25 to 29 years are 17,930
that is 11 per cent, mid aged people that is 5 to 49 years are comprised of 10,274 that is 6.3 per
cent of total population and elderly people of 85 years or above are comprising of 4,311 which is
2.7 per cent of total population (Quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au, 2019). The median age of the
population is 34 and the life expectancy rate of the community for males is 78.6 years, and for
females, it is 84.2 years (Www2.health.vic.gov.au, 2019).
Age 0-4 years 25-29 years 45-49 years 85 years and
over
Population
(number)
10,264 17,930 10,274 4,311
Table 1: Age Based Population of Moreland

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Source: (Quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au, 2019)
Education Pre-school Year 9 or below Advanced
diploma
Bachelor
degree or above
Population
(Number)
2,499 10559 11,425 45,881
Table 2: Education of Moreland Population
Source: (Quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au, 2019)
Employment Full-time Part-time Away from
work
Unemployed
Population
(Number)
50,039 26,309 4,004 5,915
Table 3: Employment of Moreland People
Source: (Quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au, 2019)
2.0.4 Co-morbidities of Obesity
The co-morbidities include type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and stroke and colon
cancer. All these diseases can be classified as chronic diseases.
Figure 3: Rate of Chronic Diseases of Moreland Population 2014

6HEALTH CITIES AND URBAN COMMUNITIES
Source: (Moreland.vic.gov.au, 2019)
2.0.4.1 Diabetes
According to health and wellbeing report of Moreland City Council 2006 to 2011, it has
been seen that diabetes among the Moreland population increased by 161 per cent
(Moreland.vic.gov.au, 2019). Thus the city has been highlighted as ‘Diabetes Hot Spot’ by
Diabetes Australia. In 2014 the rate of diabetes increased by 5.7 per cent among the people, and
there is a decrease in diabetes rate reported (Moreland.vic.gov.au, 2019).
2.0.4.2 Psychological Distress
Moreland people showed more psychological distress, and the rate of the psychological
distress of people increased from 2011 to 2014. 64.6 per cent of people are affected with Low
level of psychological distress (Moreland.vic.gov.au, 2019). A high level of psychological
distress rate can be seen among 14.4 per cent of people (Moreland.vic.gov.au, 2019). 24.8 per
cent of people are moderately psychologically distress rate was (Moreland.vic.gov.au, 2019).
2.0.4.3 Other Co-morbidities
The rate of heart disease, stroke, cancer, arthritis and hypertension are 5.9 per cent, 4.9
per cent, 6.4 per cent, 19.5 per cent and 23.4 per cent respectively (Moreland.vic.gov.au, 2019).
On this context, it can be seen that the health condition of the city is in a negative state.
2.0.5 Purpose of the report
Moreland is considered as the moderately healthy city as the rate of life expectancy is
moderate. However, one-fourth of the population is overweight, and about one-fifth of the
population is obese. The number sums up to 43 per cent among adult population is obese or
overweight (Moreland.vic.gov.au, 2019).The co-morbidities of obesity include type 2 diabetes,
cardiovascular disease, hypertension and stroke and colon cancer. Based on the assessment of the

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health condition of the community the recommended health care settings would be developed as
well for the betterment of the health outcome of the people of Moreland. Finally based on this
assessment and recommended plans the situation should be changed in future for the people of
the community.
3.0 Health Issue: Obesity
3.1 Affected Group
It has been seen that 25 per cent of young and adult people (24-45 years) were
overweight and 18 per cent of young and adult people (24-45 years) obese among the total
population. A significant amount of change in the number of obese people has been seen with
time as 3 adult people among 5 were obese in 2012 (Moreland.vic.gov.au, 2019).
3.2 Demographic data
The number of overweight people increased from 2008 to 2012 by 4.3 per cent, and the
number of obese people decreased by 0.5 per cent. According to the Moreland City Council
document about health and wellbeing of the city 9.4 per cent decrease in overweight people and
0.3 per cent decrease of obese people has been reported in 2012 (Moreland.vic.gov.au, 2019).
According to the 2016 census total of 43 per cent of people are overweight or obese collectively
(Moreland.vic.gov.au, 2019).

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Figure 1: Moreland Obesity rate 2008
Source: (Www2.health.vic.gov.au, 2019)
Figure 2: Obesity rate Moreland 2008-2014
Source: (Moreland.vic.gov.au, 2019)
Thus one-fourth of the population is overweight, and about one-fifth of the population is
obese. There are several co-morbidities of obesity can be found among people with obesity or
overweight. The co-morbidities include type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and stroke and

9HEALTH CITIES AND URBAN COMMUNITIES
colon cancer. All these diseases can be classified as chronic diseases. Furthermore, on this
context it can be highlighted that the rate of obesity among the Australian adult population is 31
per cent (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2019). According to government data 25 per
cent of young and adolescent people are also obese and 8.4 per cent of disease in the Australian
continent is occurring due to obesity (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2019).
3.3 Reason for selecting young and adults (24-45 years) as affected group
It has been seen that the obesity rate of the population fluctuated with time and there are
different chronic diseases affected the health condition of the community. The factor of the
multiethnic culture and the condition of the health along with life expectancy rate refers that the
adults are more affected by the disease. This is the reason why the adult population are selected
for this assignment.
3.4 Determinants of Health
The following factors can be highlighted as the determinant factors of obese condition of
Moreland population:
3.4.1 Social Determinants
3.4.1.1 Behavioural factors
It has been found that 63.1 per cent of people of the community reported their health to
be ‘excellent’ or ‘very good’ (Moreland.vic.gov.au, 2019). This statistical value showed that the
belief of the people regarding their health status had affected the health condition (Farrell et
al.2016). Reduction of obesity and the process of the health outcome improvement have been
affected through this as well. Based on the survey of 2011 to 2012, the people of Moreland stated
that they were doing daily physical activities to meet the national guidelines, and the rate was
63.2 per cent (Moreland.vic.gov.au, 2019). Whereas, in 2014, the rate decreased to 38.3 per cent

10HEALTH CITIES AND URBAN COMMUNITIES
and the insufficient daily physical activity reported, which highlighted the increase from 29 per
cent to 52.3 per cent (Moreland.vic.gov.au, 2019). The behaviour regarding good health and not
doing adequate physical activities lead to the malpractices such overeating and putting on
weight. These aspects affect the health condition and develop obesity among the people.
3.4.1.2 Individual factors
The genetic factors can also be the cause of the obesity of the people. On the other hand
the aspect of the change in the genome and specific mutagenic activity or mutations can cause
the obese condition development as well. On this context it can be also be highlighted as one of
the effective causes of obesity development among the adults and young people (Australian
Institute of Health and Welfare, 2019). The genetic aspect leads to negative or ineffective
digestive system which can lead to weight put on as the foods are not properly digested. Hence,
leads to obesity.
3.4.1.3 Socio-economic Structure and Life Expectancy Rate
The socio-economic structure of the community can be highlighted as a middle or low-
income category. 34.5 per cent of the household is classified as a low-income household as per
annum income is lower $33,500 (Www2.health.vic.gov.au, 2019). The life expectancy rate of the
community for males is 78.6 years, and for females, it is 84.2 years (Www2.health.vic.gov.au,
2019). On the other hand, the total population is comprised of 15 per cent of people with age
above 65 years (Moreland.vic.gov.au, 2019). Hence, it can be stated that the life expectancy rate
is moderate in the community. However, the condition of health is not in good terms; that is why
the rate of elderly people is low.

11HEALTH CITIES AND URBAN COMMUNITIES
3.4.1.4 Addictive Nature
The alcohol consumption rate of the people of this population has been seen to be 15.8
per cent among the males (Www2.health.vic.gov.au, 2019). Whereas the female alcohol
consumption rate is higher, that is 31.3 per cent (Www2.health.vic.gov.au, 2019). Thus the
cultural effects have also been highlighted by this data. It has also been found that the daily
smoker amount of this population 24.4 per cent.
Moreover, the socio-economic structure, culture, belief and addictive habits along with a
low level of awareness about wellbeing healthy living practices, accounted for the condition of
the health outcome in a negative pattern (Lal et al.2017). The addictive nature can account to the
blood toxicity development. Thus it helps in development of the ineffective enzymatic condition
which leads to improper digestion, overweight and obesity development. Hence, proper
awareness development and also the development of the proper health care access are required
primarily to develop the health condition of Moreland people. On this context, the plans of the
Moreland municipal council should be considered to develop a proper and concise and cost-
effective plan.
3.4.2 Environmental Determinants
3.4.2.1 Food Intake
Food up take of people also has a stake in the obesity development among the people.
The food habit and also the food portion intake by the adult people also have a key role in the
process of the obesity development. According to government data it has been seen that 18 per
cent adults are overeating in Australian context and out of 3 people 2 people are overweight as
well (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2019). Inadequate dietary intake and overeating

12HEALTH CITIES AND URBAN COMMUNITIES
is one of the prominent causes of obesity as the accumulation of excessive food can cause
overweight development.
3.4.2.2 Food marketing effects
According to Watson et al. (2017), there are junk food advertisements showed in a drastic
amount almost every day. It has been seen that 16 hours of two weekdays and 22 hours of two
weekend days comprised of food advertisements. These can be highlighted as the factor of the
obesity development among the people of Australia. Food marketing is effective in the
overconsumption of unhealthy foods and this leads to weight put on and eventually obesity.
4.0 Healthy Setting Approach and Recommendations
4.1 Healthy setting approach
Healthy setting approach is the development of a program for better outcome of selected
population. According to World Health Organisation health promotion involving the
multidisciplinary method and action development against the risk factors would be helpful. In
terms of Moreland city obesity prevention “Healthy Cities” approach would be helpful which
refers to the health literacy development for the social, physical and environmental condition
strengthening of the city (World Health Organization, 2019). “Healthy Cities’” would be
focusing on preparation for challenges regarding health and changing the ecological condition
without restricting any opportunities for the health outcome improvement. The “Healthy Cities”
setting would be dependent on different approaches and values that which is implemented in
many countries and it would help in changing the approach towards different health issues
(World Health Organization, 2019). Hence, the implementation of this setting would help in
addressing the challenges in developing a healthy city. The values would be as follows:
 Health literacy development

13HEALTH CITIES AND URBAN COMMUNITIES
 Motivate people
 Focus on the social determinants and develop awareness of people
 Health equity development
 Health access development
4.2 Recommendations
Popular and cost effective ways for the “Healthy city” approach should be implemented
for the betterment of the condition of Moreland obesity. The target population for this health
promotion program would be young and adult population ranging from 24 to 45 years. Based on
the values, factor of the cost effective strategies for the obesity reduction in Moreland city is as
follows:
4.2.1 Taxation on Sugary Beverages and foods
Reduction of obesity can be achieved by the reduction of high calorie food intake. Thus,
moderate to high health statute can be achieved as well. On this context it can be found that the
process of the food and beverage intake with high calorie content plays a crucial role. Hence, the
reduction in this kind of food uptake can effectively helpful for the development of the proper
health status development (Nosadini et al. 2016). On this context it has been found that the
approach of implementing higher taxation on the sugary beverage and foods effectively lessened
the consumption of this kind of foods. Thus, it leads towards a healthy condition for the people
with obesity. According to Miller et al. (2019), a study in South Australian context had been
found that the food intake majority of the obesity cases formed due to the overconsumption of
sugary beverage and sugary food accounted for 60 to 88 per cent of obesity among young and
adult people. Hence, it can be stated that reduction of these kind of food intake would reduce the
rate of obesity. Other than this it has been found that this strategy has been supported for the

14HEALTH CITIES AND URBAN COMMUNITIES
support development for the obesity prevention by 77 per cent of the participants. Hence, this
strategy can be highlighted s the most effective way for the reduction of the unhealthy food
intake and also the development of awareness among the people against obesity (Allender et al.
2015). On the other hand the factor of the taxation for sugary beverage and food would lead to
the development of financial support in the context of chronic disease reduction. It has also been
seen that this strategy helped reduction of Chinese obesity prevalence rate which is now lower
than 10 per cent (Heise et al. 2016). Hence, higher taxation on the sweetened beverage and foods
would lead to lower consumption among the middle to low income people and it will be effective
in terms of the Moreland population as the population is comprised with 4.5 per cent of low to
middle income people (Www2.health.vic.gov.au, 2019). Moreover, the context of the taxation
hike would also be helpful in the revenue collection for the government which would be helpful
in the health care providence to the people affected with obesity (Baker et al. 2017). Hence, the
primary health care facility can be developed in an improved way and provided to the people of
Moreland city that is the health care access can be developed for obesity reduction as well. Based
on this context the process of the taxation can be implemented for the healthy city setting
approach.
4.2.2 Empowerment
In order to achieve health improvement regarding the obese condition and other co-
morbidities, the people of Moreland should be educated about the causes and effects of obesity.
The health promotion should be focused on the properly highlighting the effects of the disease
such as the ill conditions arising from obesity including diabetes, colon cancer, hypertension,
depression, fatigue, anxiety and cardiovascular diseases. The health promotion would be done in
regular intervals targeting the obese people (Croyden et al.2018). The interaction with targeted

15HEALTH CITIES AND URBAN COMMUNITIES
people and showing them the differences in the healthy and fit physical condition and the obese
condition would motivate them to opt for daily physical activities and proper diet maintenance
(Waters et al.2018). The health care professional would effectively conduct the process of the
health promotion program. The changes after the health promotion by the BMI index calculation
of the people would determine the progress of health promotion. The process of health
promotion would also focus on all the people of the Moreland to literate them about primary
health care access (Hayes et al.2016). The wellbeing processes as well to reduce the smoking
habit, alcohol consumption and other unhealthy habits that play a role in the process of obesity
and other disease development. Moreover, the health literacy program would target the young
and adolescent people as the rate of addiction, and unhealthy habits are higher among these age
range (Croyden et al.2018). The training of physical activities would also be provided for the
development of motivation and attitude for physical activity every day as this can reduce the rate
of obesity and overweight among people effectively (Kim et al.2017). According to Lobstein et
al. (2015), the BMI indexing data helped in the idea development of the condition of obesity
among Mexican people that 25 per cent of male are obese and 28 per cent women are obese as
well. It has been seen that the BMI tool implementation and empowering about the condition and
effect of obesity showed effective changes that is 8 Kg weight loss among adults. Hence, it can
be stated that the empowerment with the evidence of the BMI tool usage helped in the
improvement of the people (Lobstein et al. 2015). Moreover, based on the study among the
Mexican people the effects of the empowerment showed significant change and it can be
implemented for the Healthy city setting for the Moreland population as well. According to
Kable et al. (2015), education is an important aspect for the development of better health

16HEALTH CITIES AND URBAN COMMUNITIES
outcome of the people of the community. Hence, the empowerment with proper partnership
would be required with highest priority in order to reduce the obesity rate of the population.
5.0 Conclusion
Based on the above discussion it can be concluded that the obesity rate of Moreland city
population is close to number of half of the population. This can be highlighted as the chronic
and severe condition of the health of the people of the community. On this context it has been
found that the rate of other diseases are high as well including diabetes, cardiovascular disease,
hypertension, psychological distress and others. Thus it can be seen that the effect of the obesity
is affecting the health condition of the people and the rate of elderly people in the community is
low as well. Thus it can be stated that the requirement of action regarding reduction of obesity is
required with highest priority. The obesity reduction can be done with the help of the health
promotion program focusing on the health literacy development reduction of sweetened food and
beverage intake. The health literacy development with the engagement of the health educator
should be considered with highest priority as the health promotion is based on the “Healthy city”
setting. On the other hand the process of the health care should be developed with the help of the
subsidised care providence as it will be helpful in the process of the reduction of the negligence
to health. It has been seen that the social determinants of health on this context are the health
literacy, culture, belief, socio-economic structure of people and also the health access of the
people of the community. Thus it can be stated that the survey for the change in the rate of the
obese condition of people after the health promotion program would be done as well for the
better assessment and also the knowledge development about the required steps that can help in
the reduction of the obese condition of people in a rapid way. The factor of the development of
the plan would be solely dependent on the government and third party financial investors.

17HEALTH CITIES AND URBAN COMMUNITIES

18HEALTH CITIES AND URBAN COMMUNITIES
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22HEALTH CITIES AND URBAN COMMUNITIES