Health Determinants

This article discusses the various factors that determine the health of individuals and communities, including social and economic factors, prevalence and population distribution, and access to health services. It also explores the historical aspect of health determinants and their implications for creating a healthy society. The key determinants of health, such as biological, social and economic, and environmental factors, are examined in detail. The article concludes with a discussion on the ethical and political debates surrounding health determinants and the need for intersectoral action to address them.

Running head: HEALTH DETERMINANTS
HEALTH DETERMINANTS
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1HEALTH DETERMINANTS
Introduction to health determinants
Health of individual and the community are affected by many factors. Their health is
determined by circumstance and atmosphere where they live. Factors such as education, genetic,
income, environment and relationship pose great impact on health of individual (Stevens et al.,
2016).
The major determinants of health are:
Social and economic environment- People with high income and status have better health
causing health inequality (Marmot, 2015).
Prevalence and population distribution- With rise in population, there is has been limitation in
space and scarcity of resource. Peoples are not able to get adequate physical environment leading
to bad health
Health service- Access to health service and its use help to prevent disease thus influence health.
Historical aspect
The fact that social factors have great impact on the health of people is the long-standing
view commenced on 19th century in Europe. In the mid of 1800, Engel and Virchow showed
explicit connection between the living condition and heath (Kuntsche & Ravens-Sieberer, 2015).
They also regarded political and economic factors as major cause of heath inequalities. In 1948,
intersectional action on health determinants was the prime to primary health (Clark &
Vissandjée, 2019). The debate on the action and effectiveness of determinants of health where
negative impact emerged in many settings. In 1990, neoliberal economic was applied and debate
was going on development and globalization (Talbot, 2016).

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Key health determinants
The key health determinants are underline in following heading
Biological determinants- The biological determinates of health tends to play great role
in determination of health. Genetic change in human body which include single-gene change,
chromosomal aberration and other are the directly linked with the health. Some health can be
inherited which are genetic in nature. The body structure which comprises of height, weight,
bone density and waist-hip ratio may be the risk factors which is associated with propensity for
the health and related disease. Body function which includes biochemical function, blood
pressure, movement and balance, blood pressure and organ functioning are related with the
health risk whose changes determine the health of individual (Northwood et al., 2018).
Social and economic determinants- The social and economic factor are the important
factor for determination health. The social factor such as culture, religious belief, gender and
health cognition influence the health of the society. The economic determinants that is known to
influence the health are education, literacy, employment and income. These factor are the major
cause of health inequality. Highly educated and high income people have better health than the
poor people. Men and women undergo different type of changes leading different diseases.
Various cultural belief of the community are causing adverse effect on health (de Andrade et al.,
2015).
Environmental determinants- The physical environment of the community is
responsible for determining the health of individual and the society. The factors like air, water,
sanitation, climate, geography are posing impact on health of the community. Safe and pure
water and air give better health. Healthy and safe house, workplace and environment contribute

3HEALTH DETERMINANTS
to good health. People who are working in good environment tends to be healthier. If the climate
is too hot or too cold, are connected with various disease and health issues (Peters et al., 2017).
Implication for creating healthy society
The ethical and political debates regarding the social and behavioral determinants are
creating great impact in the health of society. Ethical believes on behavior of individual like non-
consumption of alcohol, maintenance of hygiene, physical activity and use of health service are
promoting health of the society (Paillé et al., 2016). However, debates on such facts which
included political involvement resulting in health inequalities. Difference in income, access to
education and cultural difference are hold by politics. It is the collective responsibility which is
causing health inequality. However, individual responsibility on social and behavioral pose
positive impact on health.
Various determinants and their interaction regulate health of the society. Like social,
economic and physical determinants are inter-related. Poor social condition of people are
because of low income and unemployment and do not have access to the healthy environment.
Thus, their relationship are manifestation of ill-health. Key health determinant can be identified
by examining the health of society and accordingly effective intervention need to be taken
(Marmot & Bell, 2016). Governmental and political help can be an approach towards it. It should
be the sole responsibility of every individual to assess, manage and control health issue related to
environment. Initiative for clean environment should be put forward by government as well as by
peoples. However, health inequalities is observed in outside of jurisdiction of health sector, this
calls for engagement of health sector, government and community to address the health
determinants. Therefore, intersectoral action is required to maintain their wellbeing (Donkin et
al., 2018).

4HEALTH DETERMINANTS
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