Health in all policies

This article discusses the concept of health in all policies and its impact on homelessness and housing issues. It explores the Kingdon theory and its application in solving social problems. The article also examines current agendas policies and strategies suggested by stakeholders. Additionally, it highlights the usefulness of the Kingdon theory in addressing homelessness and housing challenges.

Running head: HEALTH IN ALL POLICIES
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Health in all policies
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Professor
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Introduction
Kingdon theory is a model applied in examination and evaluation of the issues affecting
the lives of people. The theory was developed for the purpose of explaining the process of
formulating the policies in literature and social settings. The Kingdon theory was applied in
theoretical frameworks since the year 1984 up to the present (Howlett, 2019 p.773). Historically,
the model has been used in many parts of the world but the USA has declined to use the model.
This is one of the theories best to use when evaluating homelessness and housing issues. The
theory helps in understanding the impact of homelessness and housing issues and the strategies
taken to solve. The theory was developed in 1984 by a philosopher known as John Kingdon. His
theory was classified as a three-stream model because it was an influential model in public
policies. His model mainly defined the agendas policies such as the problems associated with the
government on homelessness and housing issues. The theory involves three different types of
political streams that determine the effectiveness of the issues to the agenda identified. The three
political streams include policies, politics, and problems (Breton and de Leeuw, 2010 p.134).
The theory suggests that each of the identified streams is independent on one another. Through a
combination of the three streams, issues such as homelessness and housing are solved. The
theory opens opportunities for the initiatives taken to solve the homelessness and housing issues.
The three streams identified have different characteristics that enable them to operate differently
from one another.
There is the development of the stream of policies that offer solutions to the issues
discussed. Homelessness and housing issues are tested through local and national government

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replication. In addition, the policy streams are very different from the politics streams (Baldry,
McDonnell, Maplestone and Peeters, 2016 p.20). This is because there is an effect of the power,
pressure, and influence affecting the ideas of the theory. The decision making in this theory
regarding homelessness and housing is evidence that supports the idea of the strategies taken to
solve the issues. In this report, the theory will be applied to analyze the homelessness and
housing issues. There are proposals made regarding the generation of the specialists’
communities in regard to the stream policies and debate. In reflection of the theory, there are
reasons for homelessness and housing issues such as sudden loss of the jobs especially when the
housing levy is high (Soroka, 2019 p.763). People in such situations may find themselves unable
to pay the rent.
Current Agendas policy
This is the policy area identified in the report regarding homelessness and housing in
connection with kingdon theory. In his theory, Professor John Kingdon established agendas
policy that defined the public process making the decision. The agendas policies developed
influenced the timely solving of the problem identified. The agendas stream is marked as the
transition between the homelessness and housing government politics involved in fixing the
issue. Based on the kingdon theory, the issue changes the private challenges/issues to public
issues. This is well illustrated when the system of the state changes (Johnson, Parkinson, and
Parsell, 2012 p.1). The stakeholders identified in this policy include the government officials
establishing the policies. Other stakeholders are the non-governmental management team which
helps in the reduction of the identified issue. The international team also contributes greatly to

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the eradication of the identified challenges. In connection with this, there is an indicator for
homelessness and housing issues, their unintended policies and cost in solving the problem
(Darab and Hartman, 2013 p.348). It has been so expensive process to solve the homelessness
and housing issues because of high demand capital. The policy has an influence on national
issues regarding homelessness and housing issues. It defines the causative of the homelessness
and housing problems within the nation. In addition to this, it also brings the idea of how the
challenge will be solved by the use of the available resources. In connection with the Australia
policy on homelessness and housing issues, the magnitude of the problem is accessed. In
addition, the Australian policy on homelessness and housing indicates that the national
government is aware of the issues. The changes made regarding homelessness and housing are
identified through the application of the agendas policies developed in the theory.
The agendas policy defines the effectiveness of kingdon theory in the discussion of
homelessness and housing challenges. The issue reaches to a point whereby the government
officials are forced to give the definition of the problem as well as paying much attention to it
than any other government activity (Chamberlain and MacKenzie, 2012 p.274). The Australian
government policies have set well-structured frameworks that will be applied to solve the
homelessness and housing challenges. In regard to the identified policy, the government
determines the cause of the problem before implementing better strategies to solve the same. The
government is guided by the indicators that bring the attention of people regarding their housing
situations. The government officials set the frameworks to deal with the homelessness and
housing challenges affecting their people (Minnery and Greenhalgh, 2017 p.641). Generally, the

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issue is causing problems in many countries by a high increase of chronic mental challenges as
well as health problems. It has been discovered that most of the homelessness people are facing
health issues. This is because they are unable to afford the financial standards to live in better
houses.
Development of Current Agendas policy
There are some reasons as to why the current agenda's policy was established in the
evaluation of the homelessness and housing issues. The reason as to why the policy was
established is because it was discovered that most of the homeless people overuse most of the
emergency services of the national government (Johnson and Chamberlain, 2018 p.563). The
policy was established to address the impacts of homelessness and housing issues within the
country. The policy is highly concerned with the high cost of treatment. There are some of the
factors identified as the main causative of the homelessness and housing issues. These include
poverty, unemployment, inadequate wages, insufficient provision of wages and
underemployment. The main concern in this section is the determination of how poor housing
results in homelessness. Some of the factors which are influenced through the application of this
policy are the health issues and social standards of the people affected. The health issues end up
being worse in a situation whereby the victims are exposed to poor housing and homeless. This
is because there are other factors that are vulnerable to people with health challenges.
Generally, homelessness and housing issues result in poor hygienic conditions. This will
influence the poor living standards and health complications to the affected people (Bailie and

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Wayte, 2016 p.178). The reason as to why the policy was implemented was for the purpose of
establishing the strategies employed to stop the homelessness and housing challenges. Basically,
the policy has come up with some evidence-based frameworks suitable to be applied to end up
the issue. The policy was found to be more effective over other policies such as public policies
and alternative policies. The agendas policy is found to be effective generally because it is useful
in supplying the prism in the analysis of the political federal government. In addition, there are
other social and health-related factors found to be causing the homelessness of many residents
within the country. These factors include mental illness, domestic violence, and drug addiction.
These factors are contributing greatly to why there is so much homelessness in many countries.
The expensive housing is another factor that has contributed greatly to homelessness and housing
issues even to the employed people. Some of the structures and forces influencing the
development of the issues concerning the health policies at national, local and global levels
contribute so much on the enhancement of the lives of people. Taking an example in Australia,
the better health conditions have been established for everyone within the country regardless of
the financial status. Some of the health policies indicate clearly that there is no individual who
should be exposed to vulnerable conditions causing diseases. These forces have contributed
greatly to the reduction of the housing levies within the country. In connection with this, the
government has been forced to set the standards housing pricing to cater to the affordability of
every resident. This is one strategy that has contributed much in reducing homelessness and
housing issues.
Strategies suggested by stakeholder groups

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There are other alternative strategies that are suggested by the city council officials
stakeholders regarding the solving of the issue identified. The stakeholders are pushing the
government officials to establish new housing policies and set the standards that will cover the
capability of all people within the country (Sabatier, 2019. p.3). The suggestions established by
the city council stakeholders involve setting the new housing policies regulating the housing
framework within the country. The other alternative strategies suggested by the other
stakeholder's group include payment of a certain percentage of the housing levy. In this case, the
government should contribute towards the simplification of the life of people by paying to
sponsor the housing rents o the citizens. It is suggested that the outcomes of the established
strategies will be directed to the benefits and improvement of the residential living standards. In
the application of the alternative strategies suggested being established the health conditions of
the citizens will be improved. The setting of government policies regarding the standardization
of the housing pricing will facilitate the capability of every individual to have well housing. This
will reduce the homelessness impacts on people. On matters concerning the health conditions of
people, the hygienic conditions will be improved through government contribution to health
matters. In connection to this, health improvement related issues will be established catering for
the needs of the people.
The current Australian policies state that every resident should be living in a better
hygienic environment regardless of the financial status. The policies are developed through the
establishment of proper housing to the Australian citizens. The health standards are improved in
residential areas. The other policy agendas shape the Australian policies on issues through

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supporting the frameworks and strategies taken to achieve them. On appraising the public health-
related policies, free medication is provided to the health complication vulnerable groups such as
aged and poor people. In addition, the housing support is provided to these groups of people to
cater for their better living standards.
The usefulness of the kingdom theory on the discussion of the homelessness and housing
issues
The chosen framework is useful for a number of advantages regarding how the issues
should be solved. The theoretical framework has identified some of the impacts regarding the
homelessness and housing issues involved in the social setting of Australian residents. Generally,
the theory indicates some of the impacts on issues on health matters. The housing model is
applied in the framework chosen in these sections regarding dealing with the issues concerning
housing issues. The theoretical frameworks have helped in the identification of the various things
that the government should do reduce the issues. In connection with this, there are some
limitations faced in the eradication of the issues (Blackman, 2015 p.148). The changes to be
made by the government regarding the reduction of the issue are faced by various limitations.
The whole process is highly costly and there its demands for the government investments on the
issue. Through the calculations, there is an approximate of about $234 million to be used in
solving the issue. Other related limitations in this theoretical framework applied to involve public
participation in the improvement of the housing standard of people. The cooperation within
various stakeholders involved in the framework becomes a major limitation in the established
strategies.

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Generally the local, national and regional decision-making process depends largely on
Australian policies established regarding the solving of the issues identified. The formulation of
the policies especially in national requires the involvement of the various groups of the
stakeholders. Generally, the government official should present the issue to the government
parliament ally seating for discussion. There city council stakeholders should also contribute to
strategies on reducing homelessness and housing issues as discussed in the report.

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References
Bailie, R.S. and Wayte, K.J., 2016. Housing and health in Indigenous communities: Key issues
for housing and health improvement in remote Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander
communities. Australian Journal of Rural Health, 14(5), pp.178-183.
Baldry, E., McDonnell, D., Maplestone, P. and Peeters, M., 2016. Ex-prisoners, homelessness
and the state in Australia. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 39(1), pp.20-33.
Blackman, V.S., 2015. Putting policy theory to work: tobacco control in California. Policy,
Politics, & Nursing Practice, 6(2), pp.148-155.
Breton, E. and de Leeuw, E., 2010. Multiple streams theory in Sweden: an error III. Health
promotion international, 25(1), pp.134-135.
Chamberlain, C. and MacKenzie, D., 2012. Understanding contemporary homelessness: Issues
of definition and meaning. Australian Journal of Social Issues, 27(4), pp.274-297.
Darab, S. and Hartman, Y., 2013. Understanding single older women’s invisibility in housing
issues in Australia. Housing, Theory and Society, 30(4), pp.348-367.
Howlett, M., 2019. Rejoinder to Stuart Soroka,“Policy Agenda-Setting Theory Revisited: A
Critique of Howlett on Downs, Baumgartner and Jones, and Kingdon”. Canadian Journal of
Political Science/Revue canadienne de science politique, 32(4), pp.773-779.
Johnson, G. and Chamberlain, C., 2018. From youth to adult homelessness. Australian Journal
of Social Issues, 43(4), pp.563-582.
Johnson, G., Parkinson, S. and Parsell, C., 2012. Policy shift or program drift? Implementing
Housing First in Australia. AHURI Final Report, (184), pp.1-21.

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Minnery, J. and Greenhalgh, E., 2017. Approaches to homelessness policy in Europe, the United
States, and Australia. Journal of Social Issues, 63(3), pp.641-655.
Sabatier, P.A., 2019. The need for better theories. Theories of the policy process, 2, pp.3-17.
Soroka, S., 2019. Policy agenda-setting theory revisited: A critique of Howlett on Downs,
Baumgartner and Jones, and Kingdon. Canadian Journal of Political Science/Revue canadienne
de science politique, 32(4), pp.763-772.