Health Information and Data

This article provides information on recommended dietary intake, barriers to having inadequate servings of vegetables and fruits, and strategies to increase F&V intake. It also discusses the four guiding principles for the conduct of human research and the Health Literacy Questionnaire (HLQ) in a sample of men with prostate cancer.

Running head: HEALTH INFORMATION AND DATA
Health Information and Data
Name of the student
Name of the university
Author’s note

1HEALTH INFORMATION AND DATA
Table of Contents
TASK A...........................................................................................................................................3
Question 1........................................................................................................................................3
Part i.............................................................................................................................................3
Part ii............................................................................................................................................3
Part iii...........................................................................................................................................4
Part iv...........................................................................................................................................5
Question 2........................................................................................................................................5
Part i.............................................................................................................................................5
Part ii............................................................................................................................................5
Part iii...........................................................................................................................................5
Part iv...........................................................................................................................................6
Question 3........................................................................................................................................6
Part i.............................................................................................................................................6
Part ii............................................................................................................................................6
Part iii...........................................................................................................................................7
Part iv...........................................................................................................................................7
Part v............................................................................................................................................7
TASK B...........................................................................................................................................7

2HEALTH INFORMATION AND DATA
Question 4........................................................................................................................................7
Part i.............................................................................................................................................7
Part ii............................................................................................................................................8
TASK C...........................................................................................................................................8
Part i.............................................................................................................................................8
Part ii............................................................................................................................................8
Part iii...........................................................................................................................................8
Part iv...........................................................................................................................................8
Reference.......................................................................................................................................10
Appendix........................................................................................................................................11
Abstract..................................................................................................................................11
Objective................................................................................................................................11
Method....................................................................................................................................11
Results....................................................................................................................................11
Conclusion..............................................................................................................................12

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TASK A
Question 1
Part i
The recommended guideline for fruit and vegetable was measured in serves per day.
For both males and females in the age group of 19 – 50 years the recommended fruit serves was
2 per day.
For males in the age group of 19 – 50 years the recommended vegetable serves was 6 per day,
while for females was 5 per day.
Part ii
25.5% of Australian males 18 years and over, take 2 serves of fruits per day. 56.1% of the males
in the age group take less than recommended fruit serves per day. On the other hand, 18.4% take
more than the recommended fruit serves per day.
97.3% of Australian males 18 years and over, take less than the recommended vegetable serves
per day. Moreover, 2.8% of males in the age group take the recommended vegetable serves per
day.
32.8% of Australian females 18 years and over, take 2 serves of fruits per day. 44.7% of females
in the age group take less than recommended fruit serves per day. On the other hand, 22.5% take
more than the recommended fruit serves per day.

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89.9% of Australian females 18 years and over, take less than the recommended vegetable serves
per day. It is found that only 10.2% of females 18 years and above take the recommended
vegetable serves per day.
Part iii
Age Group 18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74
Male 39.2 39.2 42.8 41.1 46.4 52.6
Female 46.9 51.5 49.6 56.2 59.9 68.5
The above table presents the relation between age group and gender meeting recommended age
group. It is found that while 39.2% of males in age group 18-24 met the recommended fruit
intake, it was 46.9% females in the same age group. Similarly, it is found that 52.6% of males in
age group 65-74 met the recommended fruit intake, it was 68.5% of females in the same age
group.
18–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Adequate Fruit Intake
Male Female
Age Group
Percentage of Population

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Part iv
Analysis of the above table shows that more than 50% of males in the age group of 18 – 64 years
do not meet the recommended fruit serves. Hence it can be recommended that the Australian
Government should focus more on males to advise them on taking the recommended serves of
fruit.
Question 2
Part i
This is a quantitative study which can be seen from table 2. In table 2 the numerical data is
presented.
Part ii
The primary barrier to having inadequate servings of vegetables was the belief that “they have
already consumed enough vegetables.”
The barrier to have less than 2 servings of fruits per day was habit.
14% of the respondents found cost to be a barrier in vegetable consumption. Similarly, 29% of
the respondents found cost to be a barrier in fruit consumption.
Part iii
According to research having adequate amount of vegetables provides a person with a higher
level of protection than fruits. Moreover, having recommended amount of vegetable would
reduce the risk of cancer.

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Part iv
From the discussion section it is found that most of the respondents believe that they have
adequate amount of fruits and vegetable. The research found that there is a huge gap in the
recommended intake of F&V and actual intake. Social media marketing has been able to increase
the amount of servings by 0.5 to 1 servings, however the increase in not substantial.
Question 3
Part i
The four guiding principles for the conduct of human research are:
1) Beneficence
2) Justice
3) Non-maleficence
4) Respect for Persons or Autonomy
Persons should provide a written consent to agree to human research. The written consent forms
a part of respect for the person.
Part ii
The key areas where there is lack in knowledge of the requirements of fruits and vegetables are:
1) How much constitutes a portion?
2) Should the potion of F&V be based on amount of minerals and vitamins?
3) The quantity that is expressed as portion. (“does two orange means two portion.”)
4) Difference between a fruit and a vegetable
5) Difference between F&V and pizza or sandwich

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6) The serve of vegetable is more as compared to fruits
Part iii
The study participants had different view of what a portion is. Some thought that quantifying the
servings in grams would be better while other preferred in as tablespoons. Still others, believed
that a servings depended on the size of the palm. The knowledge of what is a serving also varied
across FV. The study participants thought that servings differed across different fruits – they
were different for apples and berries.
Part iv
According to the research it was found that there was no information regarding the size of
portion available in a pack of packaged food. Further, it was found that there are ambiguity
regarding a portion in FV due to variations in amounts.
Part v
In the study 3 focus groups constituted of females only. The FV requirements of females is less
than males. Thus FV estimations may be overestimated.
Further, it sis found that the age range in group 5 and 6 is from 19 – 55 years. On the other hand,
the age range in FG 3 and 4 is 19 to 21 years. Thus the intake might be underestimated.
TASK B
Question 4
Part i
Recommended dietary intake information increases the intake of Foods and vegetables.

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Part ii
Does providing information on recommended dietary intake increase the intake of Foods and
vegetables?
TASK C
Part i
PUBMED was searched for accessing the article
Part ii
The term used to search the article was “health literacy.”
Part iii
Goodwin, B.C., March, S., Zajdlewicz, L., Osborne, R.H., Dunn, J. and Chambers, S.K., 2018.
Health literacy and the health status of men with prostate cancer. Psycho
‐Oncology, 27(10),
pp.2374-2381.
Part iv
Based on the readings of the two articles some strategies which might help in increasing the
F&V intake are:
Mass media campaign – “The Go for 2&5 F&V social marketing campaign consisted of mass
media advertising on television, magazine, radio, online and in shopping centres (poster boxes
and shopping trolleys) to encourage people to eat the recommended two serves of fruit and five
serves of vegetables F&V (Chapman et al., 2016, p.296).”

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Investment is marketing campaigns – “to date there has been little investment in F&V social
marketing campaigns in Australian jurisdictions compared to other health issues (Chapman et al.,
2016, p.296).”
Awareness of F&V – “unaware that potatoes were not classified as a vegetable (Rooney et al.,
2017, p. 3).”
Awareness of quantity of Portion Size – “lack of awareness surrounding PS for FV (Rooney et
al., 2017, p. 3).”

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Reference
Chapman, K., Havill, M., Watson, W.L., Wellard, L., Hughes, C., Bauman, A. and Allman-
Farinelli, M., 2016. Time to address continued poor vegetable intake in Australia for prevention
of chronic disease. Appetite, 107, pp.295-302.
Goodwin, B.C., March, S., Zajdlewicz, L., Osborne, R.H., Dunn, J. and Chambers, S.K., 2018.
Health literacy and the health status of men with prostate cancer. Psycho
‐Oncology, 27(10),
pp.2374-2381.
Rooney, C., McKinley, M.C., Appleton, K.M., Young, I.S., McGrath, A.J., Draffin, C.R.,
Hamill, L.L. and Woodside, J.V., 2017. How much is ‘5‐a‐day’? A qualitative investigation into
consumer understanding of fruit and vegetable intake guidelines. Journal of Human Nutrition
and Dietetics, 30(1), pp.105-113.

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Appendix
Abstract
Objective
To test the Health Literacy Questionnaire (HLQ) in a sample of men with prostate cancer and
examine the components of health literacy that are most strongly associated with mental and
physical health‐related quality of life in men with prostate cancer.
Method
Members (N = 565) of a state‐wide prostate cancer support network in Queensland, Australia
(Mage = 71.14, SD = 8.68) completed the HLQ along with the Medical Outcomes Study, 36‐item
short‐form health survey (SF‐36). Confirmatory factor analysis was employed to assess the
internal structure of the HLQ. The effects (bs) of each of the nine health literacy factors on
mental and physical health status were graphed and compared using Fishers exact test for
comparing parameter estimates.
Results
Fit indices including RMSEA (0.069, CI = 0.066‐0.072), CFI (.853), and TLI (.839), alongside
item loadings and internal consistency (Cronbach alphas >0.80) for the nine‐factor model,
supported the robustness of the HLQ for use in this prostate cancer sample. Health literacy
factors reflecting social and health provider support, navigating health systems, finding and
understanding health information, and active engagement with providers shared small to

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moderate associations with mental health status and little to no association with physical health
status.
Conclusion
Findings provide support for the use of the HLQ as a valid and reliable measure of health literacy
in men with prostate cancer. Although further research is required to establish causality,
interventions that aim to improve skills in connecting and effectively communicating with health
care services and providers might lead to better mental health related quality of life for men with
prostate cancer