Health Promotion Assignment PDF

Running head: CANCER
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Name of the student:
Name of the university:
Author note:

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Introduction:
Breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer in the nation of United States after
skin cancer. In order to reduce the suffering of patients and manage the diseases burden of breast
cancer successfully, health professionals need to develop skills and knowledge on effective
management of breast cancer and thereby plan health promotion programs with a proper
framework (Yarbo et al., 2016). This assignment would be discussing such aspects in details.
Goals of healthy people for breast cancer:
The main goal of Healthy People initiative of 2020 has been in reduction of the number
of new cancer cases and manage the illness, disability and even death caused by cancer. The
Cancer Objectives for Healthy People 2020 had described about the importance of monitoring
the trends in cancer incidence as well as mortality and even survival for the better assessment of
the progress made towards reducing the burden of cancer in the nation of U.S
(healthypeople.gov, 2019). On close analysis, it has been found that the objectives are set in
ways by which they can reflect the importance for promoting different evidence based screening
for colorectal, cervical as well as breast cancer by the measurement of the use of the screening
tests (Paterson et al., 2016). The objectives for 2020 are set with the perspectives that it would
help in highlighting the importance of monitoring the incidence of not only invasive cancer like
that of colorectal and cervical cancer but also the late stage of breast cancer that are actually the
intermediate markers of cancer screening success.
Some of the specific objectives that had been found to be intricately associated with
breast cancer management in the nation is increasing the proportion of survivors of breast cancer
who are living for 5 years or longer after diagnosis. Increase in the mental and physical health

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related quality of life of breast cancer patients and increase in the proportion of women who are
receiving a breast cancer screening on the most recent guidelines are the other specific objectives
set for breast cancer management cases. Also increasing the proportion of women who have been
counseled by their providers regarding various tests like PAP tests, mammorgrams as well as
similar others tests are also aimed to be incorporated in breast cancer management under the
initiatives of Healthy People 2020 (Mishra et al., 2015).
Definition of breast cancer: signs and symptoms, pathology, histology: 250
Breast cancer takes place when mutations occur in the genes that regulate cells growth in
the breast regions. This form of cancer occurs when the cells in the breast tissue start growing
and dividing in an uncontrolled manner without reaching the phase of cell death. As they grow,
the accumulation of the abnormal cells results in the formation of lumps that ultimately results in
development of tumors in the breast (Henrikson et al., 2016). However, it should be noted that
not all lumps result in development of breast cancer. However, it is true that all such lumps or
thickenings observed or felt by individuals in their lumps need medical attention for determining
whether they are benign lumps or have developed into cancerous growth.
There may be different types of breast cancers with various pathophysiologies behind
them. One of the most common types of breast cancer is the ductal cancer that accounts for about
80 percent of all the breast cancers. These cancers originate in the breast ducts which help in
carrying milk to the nipples. Other types of breast cancer are the lobular cancers that are found to
occur in around 85 of the cases of all breast cancers. This form of cancers is seen to originate in
the gland lobules that help in production of the breast milk (Jung et al., 2017). When the cancer
is seen to be confined within the cells of the lobules or within the breast duct, the cancers are

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called as the in-situ. Cancers which are seen to break through the wall of the duct or that from the
cells of the lobules and then spread into the surrounding tissues of the breast are called
infiltrating or invasive breast cancers. Another type of cancer is the inflammatory breast cancer
that does not show any lumps but the affected breasts are seen to become swollen, inflamed as
well as red in appearance. Another form is the Paget’s diseases of the breast that involves the
skin of the nipple mainly the darker part of the skin around the nipple and is rare. Stage IV
cancer is the cancer that is seen to begin in the breast and spread through the distant organs like
that to the brain, liver, lungs and even bones. 5 to 6 percent of most of the first diagnosed cases
are usually found to be metastatic in nature (Jorgensen et al., 2015).
Various signs and symptoms are seen to be intricately with breast cancers. Besides the
initial sign of the development of the breast lump, breast pain is another sign and symptoms.
However, many of the studies are of the opinion that breast cancer is mainly painless in the
earlier stages and pain in the breast can be caused by different non-cancerous breakage
conditions. Noticeable change in the shape or size of the breast is also observed. Dimpling of
skin is also seen to take place on part of the breast along with redness or rash-like appearance to
the skin of the breast. Many of the studies opine that these may look like mastitis as well as
infection in the breast and this may affect women who are mainly breastfeeding (Jacobsen et al.,
2015). Besides, inward turning nipple, crusty and flaky skin around the nipple and nipple
discharge are also found to be quite common in affected individuals.
Statistics of breast cancer
About 1 in 8 in US women accounting for about 12.4% is seen to develop breast cancer
over the course of their lifetime. As the data found in the year 2018 in the month of January, it

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has been seen there was about 3.1 million women were found to be having a history of Breast
cancer in US. This was seen to be including the number of people who are currently under
treatment and those who have also finished their treatment. It has been also found that less than
15% of the women who had been diagnosed with this cancer have one family members
diagnosed with it. It is important because the risk of breast cancer develops in women who have
a first degree relative like mother, sister, daughter and others who have been diagnosed with
breast cancer (Foy et al., 2017). About 5 to 10% of the breast cancers are linked to different
gene mutations that are inherited from mother or father like as in BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes.
With BRCA1 mutation, lifetime risk increases by 72% and with BRCA2 mutations, the risk is
about 69%. Estimates provided by the American Cancer society had provided us an estimate of
around the women who might be diagnosed with cancer in 2019 (American Cancer society,
2019). About 268600 new cases of invasive breast cancer have been diagnosed in women and
about 62930 new cases of carcinoma in situ cases will be diagnosed where CIs means non-
invasive and the is the earliest form of breast cancer. it is also stated that about 41, 760 women is
believed to be dying from breast cancer in the year 2019. In the recent years, incidence rates are
found to be increased slightly by 0.4% in every year.
Risk factors as well as prevention 250
Huge number of risk factors is seen to be intricately associated with the disorders of
breast cancer. One of the risk factor for this disorder is the gender where women are highly prone
to develop the disorder in comparison to that of the males. Age is also risk factor as risks of
breast cancer increases with age. Personal history of different breast conditions also make
individuals highly prone to develop breast cancer where individuals who had a breast biopsy and
had found lobular carcinoma in situ or have found atypical hyperplasia of the breast can develop

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the disorders. Individuals having family histories of breast cancer like mother, sisters as well as
daughters are found to be more vulnerable to the risk of cancer development in individuals
(uptodate.com, 2018). Inherited genes like that of the mutations of BRCA1 and BRCA2 from
parents to children increase the risk of development of the disorders. Many of the studies also
opine that radiation treatment that might have been received by individuals in their childhood or
even as adults on their chest can increase the risk of breast cancer (Piacentine et al., 2016). On
the other hand, obesity is seen to increase the risk of breast cancer. Moreover, menstrual cycle
beginning a very early age before 12 is also seen to increase the risk of breast cancer. Moreover,
having children at younger age, having menopause at the older age, never being pregnant or
having post menopausal hormone therapy can also increase the chances of the disorder. Drinking
of alcohol also increases the chance of breast cancer.
Diagnosis:
Screening tests are always advised to women who appear to be healthy and are not aware
of their chances of having breast cancer. Their main rationale behind it is to identify whether the
patient has developed any vulnerability towards development of breast cancer or to identify
breast cancer early before any signs and symptoms start developing so that cancer becomes
easier to treat. Here, the healthcare professionals would first conduct the breast examination.
The doctor would check both of the breasts as well as lymph nodes in the armpit and feel out
whether any lumps or other abnormalities are present or not. The second test is the mammogram
test. It is an X-ray of the breast and is used for screening of breast cancer. When a screening
mammogram identify any abnormality in the breast , the healthcare professional also
recommend a diagnostic mammogram for further evaluation of the abnormality found in the
breast (Braybrooke et al., 2015). Another screening method is the breast ultrasound procedures.

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Studies describe that ultrasound utilizes sound waves for producing various images of structures
that are deep within the body. Ultrasound helps in identifying whether a new breast lump is a
solid mass or that it is a fluid filled cyst.
Evaluation after discovery a suspected mass: Biopsy, MRI
Diagnostic tests are the tests that are advised to people who are suspected of having a
breast cancer either because they are found to be vulnerable for developing breast cancer by
analyzing their risk factors or because of abnormalities in breast found in the screening sessions.
These tests are used for determining effectively whether or not breast cancer is present in the
individuals and if present, whether it had travelled outside the breast regions. Diagnostic tests are
used for gathering more information about the disorder for guiding their decisions about the
treatment. Biopsy is one such method using to make diagnosis of the breast cancer. During the
time of biopsies, the doctor utilizes one of the specialized needles devices which usually remains
guided by X-ray or another imaging test. This is mainly done for extracting a core of tissue from
the suspicious areas. A small metal worker is left at the site within the breast region so that the
area can be easily identified with the help of the future imaging tests. The biopsy samples are
then sent to the laboratories for analyzing whether the cells are cancerous or not. This sample
also helps the professionals in analyzing the type of the cells that are involved in the breast
cancer along with the aggressiveness of the cancer (Bayliss et al., 2017). It also helps to analyze
whether the cancerous cells have hormone receptors or any other type of receptors that might
influence the treatment options. Another important testing technique is the breast magnetic
resonance imaging which is also called the MRI. Here, the MRI machine is seen to use a magnet
as well as the radio waves for creation of the interior of the breast. Before conducting the breast

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MRI, individuals are seen to receive an injection of the dye. Unlike other types of imaging tests,
MRI does not use radiation for creation of the images.
Breast cancer treatment:
Surgery is one of the treatment procedures where the first intention is to take out the
tumor. A surgery called lumpectomy helps in removing only the part of the breast that has the
cancer. it is sometimes also called the breast conserving surgery. In a mastectomy, doctors are
seen to remove the entire breast. However there are many debates about its health outcomes as
many studies have found that taking out the tasks would not help in living the life longer.
Another treatment is the radiation therapies. These treatments are seen to involve high energy
waves for killing the cancer cells. It has been found that many women who are above 70 and had
undergone lumpectomy are often advised to get radiation therapy. This helps in killing all cancer
cells that the surgeon might have been not able to remove. Professionals also advise to take this
therapy when the cancer had metastasized to other cells. Radiation can come from machines
from outside the body or individuals might also get tiny seed of radiation placed inside the breast
where the tumor is present (Von et al., 2015). Another treatment is chemotherapy. During this
treatment, drugs are taken in the form of pills as well as through the IV for treating the disorders
throughout the body. Many of the patients are given this for killing the cancer cells that are left
behind professionals can also advise of this treatment before that of surgery for making tumors
smaller. Chemo works well against the disorder but is also affects healthy cells negat8vely along
with other side effects. Hormone therapy is also used. Many studies opine that hormones like
estrogen and progesterone can cause the cancer cells to grow and hence this intervention helps in
blocking the hormones in creating such impact. Targeted therapy is another therapy that fight
the changes in the cells that lead to cancer. There are some cells that have too much of protein

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that make them grow too much. The drugs can block how such proteins work. Such treatments
have fewer side effects than those that affect the whole body like chemo.
Coping with the treatment:
Individuals might face from different types of side effects which are hair loss, nausea as
well as mouth sores. Individuals are also seen to suffer from emotional as well as social effects
as well as different physical effects after cancer diagnosis. This might involve dealing with differ
rent difficult emotions like that of sadness, anger, anxiety as well as managing the stress levels.
Sometimes, patients also face problem in expressing about how they feel to their loved one or
their loves ones fail to respond to them sufficiently. In such scenarios, healthcare professionals
should share their feelings with a member of the healthcare teams (Galan et al., 2018). The
patients might be referred to counselors as well as provided with number of resources that they
can follow they cope with the cancer outcomes. Family members and friends can play one of the
most important role in taking care for the patient and nurses need to educate them about how to
treat such patients (Wagland et al., 2015). Arranging for relaxation therapies, yoga, and
meditation and similar others can help the individuals to reduce anxiety and overcome stress.
Nursing professionals can also advise them, to join online social groups of cancer survivors and
families where patients can also develop coping strategies from the experience of other survivors
and also develop the motivation to live. They can also learn benefitting information from them
that help them in managing their concerns and issues (Chiu et al., 2016).
(Mobilize, Assess, Plan, Implement, and Track) for BREAST CANCER
Healthcare professionals need to develop health promotion programs that would help in
educating and developing health literacy of women about breast cancer and importance of

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screening programs. Health promotion program can be well developed with the MAP IT strategy
provided by Health.gov in United States. The first stage would be mobilizing. Here interested
healthcare professionals would form a team and work collaboratively in facilitating community
inputs through events, meetings as well as advisory groups. Developing health education and
training sessions, leading fundraising and policy initiatives about the breast cancer prevention
and providing technical assistance in planning and evaluation would be its key agenda. The
assessing stage would be assessing the needs and assets in the community to prevent breast
cancer rate increase, working together to coalition o set priorities as well as staring to collect
state and local data for painting realistic picture of the community network. The third stage
would be the planning stage of the health promotion initiatives for prevention and management
of breast cancer incidences in the nation (McGinty et al., 2016). A good plan for the health
promotion needs to be having clear objectives as well as concrete steps in achieving them,
consideration of the intervention points as to where the changes can be done as well as about
thinking ways by which proper measurement and evaluation of the initiatives can be dome. This
would help in understanding how breast cancer prevention programs are working. The next step
would be the implementation stage that would include creating a detailed work plan that would
include a concrete action steps and thereby identifying who is responsible for completing them
and thereby setting a time as well as deadlines. Developing a communication plan for advertising
the campaigns and reaching it to all individuals is important. The stage of tracking should
include evaluating the specific initiatives taken and then finding out whether it satisfied with the
goals et by the Healthy People 2020 (Olsson et al., 2017).
Conclusion:

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Breast cancer prevention and management through early screening and quality treatment
is extremely important as the prevalence rate of breast cancer in US is quite high. With the goals
set by healthy people 2020 programs, healthcare professionals need to develop knowledge and
skills required for managing the disorder. This would be followed by using the MAP-IT
framework in developing health promotion programs, implementing and evaluating it. This
would help in reducing the prevalence of breast cancer in nation.

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