Health Promotion: Socioeconomic Influences, Models, and Campaign Planning

This report explores the impact of socioeconomic factors on health, focusing on the case study of Daniel and Fatima, a family who migrated to the UK from South Sudan. It analyzes the effects of poverty, lack of education, and social environment on their health outcomes. The report further examines various models of health promotion, their links to government strategies, and the roles of different health professionals in achieving health promotion targets. It also delves into theories of health behavior, the influence of health beliefs on behavior, and the potential conflicts between local industries and health promotion campaigns. Finally, the report outlines a health promotion campaign plan to address drug and alcohol abuse, highlighting its objectives, strategies, and evaluation methods.

HEALTH PROMOTION

Contents
INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................................................3
TASK 1 UNDERSTAND THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC INFLUENCES ON HEALTH..................................4
BROCHURE.............................................................................................................................4
1.1 EXPLAIN THE EFFECTS OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC INFLUENCES ON DANIEL AND FATIMA’S
HEALTH...................................................................................................................................6
1.2 ASSESS THE RELEVANCE OF GOVERNMENT SOURCES SUCH AS REPORTS/RESEARCH
REPORTING ON INEQUALITIES IN HEALTH IN RELATION TO THE CASE STUDY.....................8
1.3 DISCUSS REASONS AND ANY POSSIBLE BARRIERS TO DANIEL AND FATIMA ACCESSING
HEALTH CARE.........................................................................................................................9
TASK 2 UNDERSTAND MODELS OF HEALTH PROMOTION.......................................................10
2.1 ANALYSE THE LINKS BETWEEN GOVERNMENT STRATEGIES AND MODELS OF HEALTH
PROMOTION.........................................................................................................................10
2.2 EXPLAIN THE ROLE THAT THE DIFFERENT PROFESSIONALS IN HEALTH AND SOCIAL
CARE HAVE ON MEETING GOVERNMENT TARGETS FOR HEALTH PROMOTION.................12
2.3 DISCUSS THE ROLE OF ROUTINES IN PROMOTING HEALTHY LIVING............................13
TASK 3 UNDERSTAND FACTORS WHICH INFLUENCE HEALTH PROMOTION...........................15
3.1 IDENTIFY THE THEORIES OF HEALTH BEHAVIOUR AND EXPLAIN HOW HEALTH BELIEFS
ARE TRANSLATED INTO BEHAVIOUR....................................................................................15
3.2 DISCUSS THE POSSIBLE EFFECTS OF POTENTIAL CONFLICTS WITH THE LOCAL
INDUSTRY ON HEALTH PROMOTION...................................................................................17
3.3 EXPLAIN WITH EXAMPLES THE IMPORTANCE OF PROVIDING RELEVANT HEALTH
RELATED INFORMATION TO THE PUBLIC.............................................................................19
TASK 4 BE ABLE TO PLAN A HEALTH PROMOTION CAMPAIGN...............................................21
POSTER.................................................................................................................................21
4.1 PLAN A HEALTH PROMOTION CAMPAIGN TO MEET SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES..................22
1

4.2 EXPLAIN HOW THE HEALTH PROMOTION CAMPAIGN SUPPORTS HEALTH PROMOTION
STRATEGIES..........................................................................................................................23
CONCLUSION............................................................................................................................24
REFERENCES.............................................................................................................................25
APPENDIX.................................................................................................................................28
2

INTRODUCTION
The process of health promotion refers to the measures taken by society and health
promoters to make the people aware about the health problems they are facing and
assisting them to maintain control over their health and improve it. The health promotion
activity is focused on the extensive series of social and environmental involvement
(Edelman, et. al. 2017). This assignment is focused on the case study of Daniel and Fatima
who are migrated to the UK with their 5 children from South Sudan which is a war-torn
country. Being a sufferer of malnourishment and starvation, they made the nearby
overweight neighbours their role model and started eating high fat-contain food and within
few years, the family became obese. The focus of this report is on the influence of socio-
economic factors on all the members of the family and a part of this report is also focused
on the health promotion model along with its link with government strategies. Different
health theories are also discussed.
3

TASK 1 UNDERSTAND THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC INFLUENCES ON
HEALTH
BROCHURE
4

5

1.1 EXPLAIN THE EFFECTS OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC INFLUENCES ON DANIEL AND
FATIMA’S HEALTH
The social and economic factors have a huge impact on the health of a person and
community. The economic conditions for a person are concerned with his financial abilities
and situations whereas social conditions of a person are concerned with community,
workplace, family, neighbourhood, etc. (Kumar, et. al. 2014). Daniel and Fatima migrated
from their country to the UK because South Sudan is a war-prone area where the social
conditions were not favourable for them to live. Because of being migrated from their
country, they were not financially capable of renting a good house and lived in the council
flat of a deprived area of London. Lack of education made them considered people living
nearby healthy and prosperous because of their excess weight. Daniel and Fatima along
with their 5 children became obese and made way for many diseases and health problems
for them. Following are the factors discussed that are influencing the health of Daniel,
Fatima and their children:
 Employment – Daniel and Fatima both were not well educated because of the
regional areas they were belonging to which made them unemployed or not having
proper employment which resulted in the health queries (Fernández-Alvira, et. al.
2015).
 Housing– As they were migrant, they lived in the council flat of a deprived area of
London where they saw nearby people living very unhealthy life and found that
trend.
 Education– Illiteracy and lack of education made them unaware of the problems
caused by gaining excess weight.
 Income– Low level of income hindered them by participating in healthy activities and
have a healthy and balanced diet (Mueller, et. al. 2015).
6

 Lifestyle– As the lifestyle followed by the family was unhealthy; this was the main
reason for their health problems.
7

1.2 ASSESS THE RELEVANCE OF GOVERNMENT SOURCES SUCH AS
REPORTS/RESEARCH REPORTING ON INEQUALITIES IN HEALTH IN RELATION
TO THE CASE STUDY
Every country’s government plays a very important role in the development and health care
of the citizens. They have a significant role to play in the assessment of the health level of
citizens and planning activities for the health promotion of a particular community of the
region. The government along with its legislatures and agents are responsible for taking
appropriate decisions for planning and organizing the health campaigns according to the
needs and requirements of the community (Bartley, 2016). The government sources
through which the information can be collected on the inequalities in health in context to
Daniel and Fatima’s case are as follows:
 Communal Health Inquiry Foundations and Organizations – These are some
government organizations focused on the health inquiry with the help of public
researchers. These organizations compare the occupied investigated information on
the basis of different communal factors related to health and safety (Rosen, 2015).
 Community Health and Management department of government– This is a
government controlled department focused on the investigation of the health and
safety of a particular community (UK health forum, 2018).
 Public Hospitals and Medical Services – The government hospitals treating patients
suffering from serious health issues having a low income are considered as public
hospitals and medical service providers (Rosen, 2015).
 Autonomous Investigation Surveys/Health and Lifestyle Surveys – The surveys
conducted on the basis of lifestyle followed by the people, community or individuals
(Rosen, 2015).

8

1.3 DISCUSS REASONS AND ANY POSSIBLE BARRIERS TO DANIEL AND FATIMA
ACCESSING HEALTH CARE
According to the case study of Daniel and Fatima, following are some reasons and can be
plausible barriers for them to access health care:
Education level: To access the health care campaigns, it is very important for Daniel
and Fatima to have knowledge and education about related measures which was not
known to them before their children’s teacher made then aware of the problems
that can be caused because of excess weight and obesity (Greenwood, et. al. 2015).
Social environment: Community plays a significant role in the hindrance and
fostering of the development a person. As Daniel and Fatima were in the myth that
the people having excess weight are considered as wealthy and more prosperous,
this was the main reason they maintained a diet which caused them health problems
(Hacker, et. al. 2015).
Lifestyle: The lifestyle followed by Daniel and Fatima was not appropriate. They
included diet having a high portion of fat and fizzy drinks. They didn’t consider their
standard and believed in show-off (Brownson, et. al. 2017).
Health care system: The system of health care and campaigns were not organised in
the communal area of Daniel and Fatima which can consider as the barrier for them
to get proper access of health care (Hacker, et. al. 2015).
Income: As they are migrant and do not have a good amount of income, they cannot
afford a large amount of investment for the access of private health services
(Brownson, et. al. 2017).
Technological factors: Lack of technological information and access to the internet
can result as the barrier for them to get knowledge of proper diet and physical
activities for solving the obesity problem (Brownson, et. al. 2017).
9

TASK 2 UNDERSTAND MODELS OF HEALTH PROMOTION
2.1 ANALYSE THE LINKS BETWEEN GOVERNMENT STRATEGIES AND MODELS
OF HEALTH PROMOTION
The models of health promotions can be selected on the basis of different elements such as
behavioural outcomes, technological development, education level, communal area,
demography, etc. The government and other organizations serving health care nationally
propose various policies for health care and health education for communal people. The
health promotion models are focused by the government to analyse the needs and
requirements of for the health knowledge in a particular community or people suffering
from various health problems (Eldredge, et. al. 2016). In the case study of Daniel and
Fatima, the deprived section of the London is focused by the government to provide health
benefits and programs. Following are some models:
Beattie’s model of health promotion – The Beattie’s model of health promotion is focused
on the 4 promotional paradigms legislative action, community development, and personal
counselling and health persuasion. The government adopts various strategies considering
each quadrant for making communities and individuals aware of the problem and taking
necessary precautions (Knittle, et. al. 2018).
10

Figure: Beattie’s model of health promotion
[Source: https://promosiikesehatan.wordpress.com/2015/10/18/beattie-model-of-
health-promotion/]
Health and Education Model – this model is based on the enhancement of the health
education level among people to make them understand the health problems and its
dangers in future.
Medical Model – This model is designed for the individuals according to their needs and
requirements of the health program. The medical professionals decide the medical priorities
of every individual for designing the medical model.
Health Belief Model – This model is used as a health promotion model and is interpersonal
theory used to strategize involvement and hindrance programs (Green and Murphy, 2014).
11

2.2 EXPLAIN THE ROLE THAT THE DIFFERENT PROFESSIONALS IN HEALTH AND
SOCIAL CARE HAVE ON MEETING GOVERNMENT TARGETS FOR HEALTH
PROMOTION
Different health professionals play important role in meeting the government target of
health promotion and support campaigns of health promotion for making the communities
and people aware of the unknown problems they are facing. Volunteer doctors are an
example of professionals who help government for checking and attending unhealthy
people and suggest them proper treatment. Apart from this, medical representatives such
as nurses also play a volunteer role in the development of the people's health (Edelman, et.
al. 2017). Some volunteer students surveys and get information about the deprived areas
and people suffering from different diseases and health problems there. Some of the other
health partners are as follows:
 Primary care trust: It is a UK based trust known for providing primary services to the
people suffering from dangerous health problems. Trusts are having devoted teams
working hard to decrease the health and social problem from communities and also
to reduce the health and social inequalities (Boulware, et. al. 2016).
 General Practitioners: These are the people appointed by the government to
analyse the areas and conditions faced by the people regarding bad health. They are
liable to hear the problems of the people related to health and take some necessary
actions.
 NHS Centre: It is a national health and social care centre designed by the
government which is in access to people and serving unhealthy people of different
age groups with proper policies. They also provide special care and tips to people to
maintain their health (Carpenter and Kenward, 2016).
 Health promoting hospitals: These are government designed hospitals providing
health and care services to the unhealthy people for free or at very low cost.
12

2.3 DISCUSS THE ROLE OF ROUTINES IN PROMOTING HEALTHY LIVING
Daily routine adopted by a person plays a very important role in a person’s healthy life. The
standard of living and routine followed describes the way a person leads his life (Blue, et. al.
2016). A healthy routine helps a person to live a healthy and stress-free life. In case of
Daniel and Fatima, it is not easy to adopt a healthy routine in a day or two to cope up with
the problem of obesity. As the case study suggests, it was because of the unhealthy routine
and diet adopted by the family, they are facing such as dangerous health problem. This
clearly shows that how routine can affect the health of a person in negative as well as
positive way. As the family took a great time to gain the weight, now to reduce the weight
and become healthy, there will be a need of time and proper routine (Blue, et. al. 2016).
As the teachers of the Daniel and Fatima's children suggested, the family should adopt a
proper routine of healthy diet, cut out their food having the high-fat amount and adopt
physical activities. Apart from these, the family can also take help from various centres
providing public as well as private services to the patients dealing with obesity. The
suggestions taken from professionals will be helpful to the family for avoiding the
consequences of the problem and also to minimize the obesity. NHS is a local authority
group in the UK providing services to the patients suffering from various dangerous diseases
(NHS, 2018) for this the family can contact to NHS. National mapping of weight
management services is an authorisation designed by UK government inspecting in local
areas for the people and especially children suffering from obesity and taking measures for
making them adopt healthy routine activities such as healthy diet and proper physical
activities on regular basis at possibly minimum cost (Coulton, et. al. 2015). The family can
also contact the organization for the proper adoption of the healthy routine.
13

The properly designed and adopted routine will help the family of Daniel and Fatima in
following ways:
 The properly design schedule and timetable will be helpful for them to adopt the
procedures strictly with related rules and regulations.
 This will also help them to understand the importance of health safety and
consequences of obesity.
 The properly adopted healthy routine will be helpful for children to become more
responsible towards themselves and society.
 Routine will help them to achieve a great lifestyle and personal health safety via
exercise and other physical activities
(Maller, 2015)
14

TASK 3 UNDERSTAND FACTORS WHICH INFLUENCE HEALTH
PROMOTION
3.1 IDENTIFY THE THEORIES OF HEALTH BEHAVIOUR AND EXPLAIN HOW
HEALTH BELIEFS ARE TRANSLATED INTO BEHAVIOUR
STAGES OF CHANGE
MODEL
THEORY OF
REASONED ACTION
HEALTH BELIEF
MODEL
MAIN FOCUS/
CONCEPTS
Social and biological
influence
Understanding the
individual’s voluntary
behaviour
(Collins, et. al. 2015)
To predict the
behaviours of
individuals on the
basis of their health
(Moattar, et. al.
2014)
PROPONENTS
James O. Prochaska
and Carlo Di
Clemente
(Frank Pan and Chen,
2010)
Martin Fishbein and
Icek Ajzen
(Collins, et. al. 2015)
Irwin M. Rosenstock,
Godfrey M.
Hochbaum, S.
Stephen Kegeles, and
Howard Leventhal
(Moattar, et. al.
2014)
CRITICISMS
The model does not
intervenes on the
cessation and
collaborating with
health issues and not
tailoring behavioural
change at every
stage
The model was
considered to ignore
the connection
between persons,
both the personal
and communal
relationships they
are acting, and the
wider communal
arrangements which
The model was not
concerned with the
habitual health-
related behaviours
or also people having
health problems
because of the
reasons unrelated to
health
15

administer
communal exercise.
(Moattar, et. al.
2014)
PRACTICAL
APPLICATIONS TO
HEALTH AND SOCIAL
CARE
Health promotion
program, the
influence of social
and psychological
factors in behaviour
change
(Frank Pan and Chen,
2010)
Perceiving
behavioural control
and diagnosing the
reasons for health
problems like
obesity, Sexual
behaviour, etc.
(Collins, et. al. 2015)
To provide
knowledge to
individuals for the
risks associated with
the diseases and
recognizing the
common obstacles,
for example,
fluctuating food
intake or bodily
activity
(Moattar, et. al.
2014)
The theories of health belief model were designed to explain that the person’s beliefs
related to his health are based on many influencing factors. Considering the case of Daniel
and Fatima, their health belief was based on the perception that their neighbours are
overweight and that is why they are considered as wealthy and prosperous people. The
concentration of them was to become obese avoiding the future consequences of the
problem. Their myth related to weight became their behaviour and made them suffer from
obesity. This shows that the health myths change the perception and behaviour of a person
and also can result in negative effects on their health.
(SEE APPENDIX)
16

3.2 DISCUSS THE POSSIBLE EFFECTS OF POTENTIAL CONFLICTS WITH THE
LOCAL INDUSTRY ON HEALTH PROMOTION
EXAMPLES: AREAS
OF DEBATE
INDUSTRIES
PERSPECTIVES
HEALTH PROMOTION
CAMPAIGNERS PERSPECTIVES
ALCOHOL  High excise tax
 Economic instability
 High chances of
unemployment
 Lack of funding
 Decrease in the alcohol
drinking rates after
incrementing of the tax
prices
SMOKING  High excise tax
 Banning the
manufacture’s right
of advertising
 Prevent many young
people from buying
tobacco
 Losing the high amount of
tax money because of
conflict will create a
problem for government
to provide free health
services
SUGAR IN FOOD  Adding the higher
amount of sugary
preservatives
abolish the food
acts
 Decrease amount of
sale of the products
containing less
sugar
(UK health forum, 2018)
 Impact on the heart
disease and obesity
research
 Concentrate more on the
wealth creation, financial
development and
employment
(Friedman and Friedman,
2016)
PHARMACEUTICALS  Increased
manufacturing and
 Increased revenue of the
health care professionals
17

operational cost of
medicines
 High chances of
unemployment
 Results in exploring of
various diseases
obligating the health care
professionals in
prioritising the health
concept
In context to health promotion, different industrial conflicting issues impact the health
promotional outputs differently. Considering the example of banning the alcohol sale for the
people belonging to the age less than 18 years are creating conflicting in the alcohol
industry. It has directly resulted in the increased amount of excise tax. This has also caused
the companies in the minimization of the sale which has resulted in the loss of the high
amount of tax return for a government which the government was using in promoting
campaigns and organizing health care services.
[Source: http://www.ias.org.uk/What-we-do/Alcohol-Alert/January-2016.aspx]
The same was the conditions applied in case of smoking which caused the industrialists to
lose their right of advertisement. As considering the case of Daniel and Fatima and other
such people suffering from obesity, the promotional campaigns based on the banning of
sugar in food caused the food companies to pay a large amount of excise tax and reduced
their selling.
18

3.3 EXPLAIN WITH EXAMPLES THE IMPORTANCE OF PROVIDING RELEVANT
HEALTH RELATED INFORMATION TO THE PUBLIC
EXAMPLES: AREAS
OF PUBLIC HEALTH
CAMPAIGNS
EXPLAIN THE EFFECTIVENESS OF
CAMPAIGNS
WHAT ARE THE LIMITATIONS
AND PITFALLS
SEXUAL HEALTH  Increased knowledge of
consequences of early
age sexual activities to
teenagers
 The decrement of the
sexually transmitted
diseases
 Same campaigns do not
work in different
communities having
different perceptions
 The single campaign
does not cover every
aspect related to the
sexual problem
(WHO, 2018)
STOP SMOKING  The decrement in the
number of smokers
 Formation and
alterations in the
regulations and laws
related to health
promotion
 Only fewer people are
concentrating on
campaigns
 Smokers rely only on
rehab centres for
quitting smoking
CHILD OBESITY  Increased personal level
of responsibility towards
health maintenance
 Adults become aware to
avoid the chances of
obesity in their children
(UK health forum, 2018)
 Unavailability of
substitutes
 Relies only on
professional health
workers
 not affordable for
everyone
19

Providing health-related information to the public with the help of campaigns and other
methods is very helpful in the reduction of the health problems in particular community and
area. Considering the case of Daniel and Fatima, they became obese because of the lack of
education and knowledge about the problem and they made their children suffer from the
same problem. If the teachers of their children will not have given knowledge about the
problem, they will have continued the same routine and habits which may have caused
them to suffer from dangerous diseases in future.
Adoption of health-related campaigns and programs works in an effective manner to
provide knowledge to people regarding the health problems they are inviting knowingly and
knowingly. The health campaigns are also useful for the public to overcome the problems
and make them aware of different techniques and plans to be adopted according to their
health stage and financial ability to gain health services.
20

TASK 4 BE ABLE TO PLAN A HEALTH PROMOTION CAMPAIGN
POSTER
21

4.1 PLAN A HEALTH PROMOTION CAMPAIGN TO MEET SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
Introduction
The plan of health promotion campaign is designed to increase the awareness of the
problems associated with the intake of drugs and alcohol.
Objective
The objective of this health campaign is to increase the healthiness in the community by
making people reduce their habit of higher intake of alcohol and drugs.
The strategic actions involved
 Using cognitive therapy (talk theory)
 Cognitive behavioural therapy
 Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR)
 Creative Therapies (using music and art)
 Dialectical Behavioural Therapy (DBT)
Evaluation of the campaign
The evaluation of the Drug and alcohol rehabilitation and health promotion campaign will
be done in the London among the deprived area community. The comparison of the number
of people in taking drugs and alcohol before and after the adoption of the campaign will be
analysed and output will be the advancement of the campaign. The results will be
considered to adopt alteration and revisions of the campaign.
22

4.2 EXPLAIN HOW THE HEALTH PROMOTION CAMPAIGN SUPPORTS HEALTH
PROMOTION STRATEGIES
The designing of the health promotional campaign program will be fulfilled with the
dynamic involvement of the people of the deprived area of London. The main focus of the
program will be on the people under age 20 and are considering to be suffering from the
habit of drug intake and absorption of alcohol.
The health professionals, fitness instructors, advisory doctors, medical service providers,
etc. are considered to contribute in educating people related to the problems and
consequences and health benefits of the adoption of the program (McKenzie, et. al. 2016).
The health promotional campaign designed will promote the reduction in the intake of the
drugs and alcohol within a designed time period and the observation of the professionals
will be concentrated on the people suffering and their personal participation and
contribution towards getting rid of the habit (Eldredge, et. al. 2016). The observations will
make the professionals describe the change requirements according to the fitness level and
considerations (McKenzie, et. al. 2016). The designed time period for the successful
completion of the plan for a single person is two years.
23

CONCLUSION
This assignment concludes that there is a high need for health promotional activities to
make the people aware of various health issues such as obesity to avoid the uncertain
problems and consequences in future. The changing lifestyle, economic problems and
curiosity to compete in the world has made people ignore their health-related issues. This
assignment has concluded that government and its designed strategies play a very
important role in promoting health and implementing healthy routines for the public.
24

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27

APPENDIX
FIGURE 1
[Source: https://in.pinterest.com/explore/health-belief-model/?lp=true]
FIGURE 2
28

[Source: http://amactraining.co.uk/resources/handy-information/free-learning-
material/models-and-theories-of-health-behaviour-change-index/models-and-theories-
of-health-behaviour-4/]
FIGURE 3
[Source: https://www.wespath.org/center-for-health/resources/stages-of-change/]
29