Health Promotion: Strategies to Reduce Smoking During Pregnancy

This report evaluates various health promotion theories and strategies to reduce smoking during pregnancy. The Health Belief Model and Social Cognitive Theory are critically evaluated. The report emphasizes the importance of building healthy public policies, creating supportive environments, and strengthening community actions to address leading health challenges.

Health Promotion.

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
MAIN BODY...................................................................................................................................3
Questions 1.......................................................................................................................................4
Questions 2.......................................................................................................................................6
Questions 3.....................................................................................................................................10
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................13
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................14

INTRODUCTION
The concept of well-being promotion is generally involves a process which specifically
enables a people to enhance the control over as well as to enhance the well-being. It generally
moves beyond a concentration on the behaviours of the people towards a broad range of the
interventions such as social and the environmental. In this, as a core function of the public well-
being, the health promotion usually encourages the higher authorities, the societies as well as the
people to cope with and can effectively address the leading well-being challenges. This is
particularly attained by building the more healthy public policies, creating the supportive
surrounding environments as well as can strengthening the actions of the community and its
personal skills. The importance of the health promotions across the nation is on the
strengthening the well-being promotion capacity such as the financing as well as the
infrastructure, can promoting the urban well-being consisting the well healthy cities, growing the
other healthy settings as well as the healthy islands and improving the well-being literacy. The
smoking during the pregnancy is generally a well known cause of the decreased infant birth
weight, the preterm delivery as well as the enhanced prenatal mortality. It is very crucial that
cessation of smoking during the pregnancy can negatively impact the neonatal such as the
decreased birth weights and many more. So, it is important to develop as well as implement the
health promotion strategies so that the prevalence of smoking rates can be reduced. This report
will cover the evaluation of the various health promotion theories which will aid to improve the
well-being among population (Richardson, 2021). There is a discussion about the various health
promotion as well as the illness prevention strategies that can effectively aid to decrease the
prevalence of smoking among population.
MAIN BODY
The smoking is generally a severe public health challenge across the nation. It is
generally assumed that the dimension of an epidemic can effectively resulting in an enormous
disability, illness as well as deaths. In this, the tobacco can use an attributed towards more than
the 6 millions preventable deaths every year across worldwide. The use of tobacco is not only a
detrimental to the personal well-being but it can also results in various serious community costs
like the decreased productivity as well as the well-being care burdens, the family poverty as well
as the environmental damage. In this, to reduce the concept of smoking during pregnancy, it can
involve providing the screening as well as counselling during the very prenatal care visits can

effectively aid the pregnant women towards stop smoking (İMANCIOĞLU and UYAR HAZAR,
2021).
Questions 1
The main aim of the above mentioned article is to open a debate in between the
paediatricians as well as among the child health. In this, the piece of information for the very
adverse impacts of the poverty on the health of child is generally overwhelming as well as the
report of Acheson, along with its explicit concentration on the material as well as the child well-
being. The Acheson generally adopts the socio-economic model of the well-being as well as its
disparities. It generally traces roots of the ill health towards the determinants like education,
income, employment and the material environment as well as lifestyle. From the discussed
article, there are the very three essential areas which are being identified such as the policies that
are likely to have an influence over the well-being which must be evaluated in the specific terms
of the impacts over the well-being disparities. It generally involves a very elevated priority
which should be provided towards the health of the families with the children. And, the further
steps which must be taken to decrease the income disparities as well as enhance the living
standards of the very poor households (Jainurakhma, 2017). In this, the priority is generally
provided towards the families along with the children's because the childhood is generally seen
as a critical as well as the vulnerable stage where the poor socio-economic conditions
specifically contains the ever lasting effects.
In addition to this, the interventions which are generally associated towards the parents,
particularly the present as well as the future mother as well as the children are generally seen as
consisting the best chance of decreasing the future health disparities among the physical as well
as the mental well-being (The Acheson report: challenges for the College, 1999). In this, the
particular recommendations can involve the enhanced benefit levels for the families along with
children, can measures to enhance the well-being as well as the nutrition of the women as well as
the children's. It can also promotes the breast feeding, decreasing the prevalence of smoking
among pregnant women as well as the emotional and the social encouragement or support of the
parents. In this, the well-being is generally a state of complete mental, physical as well as the
social health and is generally not a merely the absence of the illness or the infirmity. It is
generally a specific as it advances the social model of the well-being (Nassikas and et. al., 2021).
Furthermore, the Alma Ata conference generally declares that the well-being is a fundamental

human rights as well as that the attainment of the very possible elevated levels of the well-being
which is generally an essential global social aim that specifically needs the actions of various
other socio-economic sectors but not simply the well-being care sectors. This particular
recognition has generally become a very crucial in establishing a wide spectrum of the
encouragement for the policy to point the various social determinants of the well-being in the
very current years. In this, there are the statements which can effectively underpins the strategies
are as detailed below:
 The well-being is generally a state of the complete mental, physical as well as the
emotional well-being and it is not just the absence of a particular illness.
 The gross inequality can generally exists in the well-being status of the people usually
among the developed as well as the developing countries.
 The development such as social as well as the economic is generally a crucial to the
fullest accomplishments of the well-being for all as well as towards the decrease of the
well-being disparities.
 People has the right as well as the duty to participate individually as well as collectively
in the both planning and implementation as well of their well-being care.
 The primary healthcare should recognize the national socio-economic as well as the
political context as well as can must points the key well-being issues.
 All the higher authorities must formulate the national policies ensure that the primary
well-being care can forms a part of a comprehensive national well-being systems.
In this, the Alma Ata is generally prompted a series of the policy programs as well as the
initiatives from the world health organization as well as the national governments, over the years
which usually followed (Schindler-Ruwisch and et. al., 2018). It can particularly points the
primary care development, the well-being for all the strategies as well as the social determinants
of the well-being consisting the well-being disparities. Such a shift in the direction as well as the
scope in the well-being system is specifically a major achievements which the other have been
generally unable to replicate. The Alma Ata declares that it can specifically generates the high
well-being outcomes, at a very reduced costs as well as with the elevated user satisfaction. In
this, the testaments of the article has been not only to reshape the well-being system across the
nation, but it can provide a pure justification as well as route the map to accomplish the increased

well-being, the more equitably as well as more participially and more collaboratively as well
(Douse, Seibenhener and Forehand, 2020).
Questions 2
The prenatal exposure of the cigarettes is generally a leading cause of an infant. Despite
the well documented risks of the usage of tobacco, the maternal smoking during the pregnancy
remains prevalent. The smoking during the pregnancy generally endangers not only the mother's
well-being such as the developing risks of cancer, or the cardiovascular illnesses, but can also the
well-being of the unborn child such as the developing risks of the premature birth weights, the
sudden deaths of an infants syndrome, the congenital disabilities as well as the metabolic
disorders. Though the smoking among the prenatal will remains a specific issue, the prevalence
of the smoking during the pregnancy generally has been enhanced for the several decades (Share
of pregnant women smoking at time of delivery in England from 2006/07 to 2019/20).
From the above image, in the period of 2019-20, approximately about 10% pf the
pregnant women in the England generally smoked at the time of delivery. In this, the share of the
pregnant women smoking usually has been reduced since 2006 when almost the 16% of the
women who are pregnant did so. As smoking during the pregnancy can generally lead to various
complications during birth, so it is specifically advised that the women's who are generally
Illustration 1: England: women smoking during
pregnancy 2006-2020

expecting the babies can effectively quit the smoking for the well-being of their babies
(Rahmawati and Salmarini, 2020).
Identify and critically evaluate the two health promotion theories.
The well-being promotion models generally concentrates on aiding the people to achieve
the greater levels of the health. It generally supports the well-being professionals so as to give
the very positive resources to aid the patients to achieve the particular behaviour change. The
people generally strive to control their own behaviour. The people can work to enhance
themselves as well as their environment. In this, the health promotion models are generally based
on various but there are two theories from them such as the social cognitive theory and the health
belief models. These can particularly aid the women to reduce the prevalence of smoking during
the pregnancy to reduce the chances of the birth defects or other baby related issues. Through the
specific theories or models, the people can effectively able to achieve the high level of well-
being (Brown and et. al., 2020). The theories can also supports the care professionals to give the
very positive resources to aid the people to attain the specific behaviour changes. The very two
theories are as detailed below:
Health Belief Model: The health belief models are generally a theoretical models which
are specifically used to guide the promotions of the well-being as well as the programs which can
effectively prevents illness. The model can specifically suggest that the belief of a person in a
personal threats of an illness with the person's belief in a effectiveness of the recommended well-
being behaviour or the actions which will simply predict the possibility that the person will
effectively acquire the behaviour. In context with smoking during pregnancy, the health belief
model generally predict that the people would quit the smoking if their preferences was generally
to avoid various illnesses such as the cancer, the cardiovascular illness and also if they believe
that the smoking would aid them effectively. The women smokers are generally one of the issue
among the several countries across the world that are facing.
It is mainly due to the well-being consequences of the smoking as well as its particular
impacts in association with the ethical norms specially concerning with the trait and the gender
among the communities with the very great references for the eastern tradition. In this, the
factors which generally influencing the behaviours of smoking among the adult women can
involve the desire that is to be accepted as well as become a part of the group of friends, the
parents or the other family members currently smoking, the very strong desire to try the

cigarettes, the very glamorous advertisement on the media about cigarettes as well as the belief
that smoking is not generally injurious to the health. The behaviour of smoking during pregnancy
is generally influenced by the very three main factors consisting the psychological, social as well
as the environmental factors. Yet, the women smoker specifically involve the tendency to
wanting to quit based on the self-encouragement. This particular support can be in the form of
awareness of the disease as well as the illness which is generally caused by the smoking or the
other various reasons associating with the gender and the social environment as well. Hence, the
formation of these particular factors as well as their influence on the desire of the women
smokers to cease were specifically determined through the building of the well-being belief
model (Health Promotion Methods for Smoking Prevention and Cessation: A Comprehensive
Review of Effectiveness and the Way Forward, 2016).
Social Cognitive Theory: The social cognitive theory generally intimate that the people
can acquire the particular behaviours by simply observing the others as well as choosing about
which particular behaviour to re-create. The behaviours which are generally rewarded are more
likely to be repeated whereas the behaviours which are censured are less likely to be repeated. In
this, the cognitive theory is generally an approach to the psychology which specifically attempts
to illustrates the human behaviour so as by knowing the thought processes. In context with the
smoking among pregnant women, despite the very adverse impacts over maternal, fetal as well
as the infant well-being risks, approximately about 22% of the female in the UK smoke during
the very three months early to the pregnancy as well as about two-third of them specifically
continues to smoke during the pregnancy. In this, among the female who generally quit the
smoking while the women is pregnant, more than that of the half will effectively relapse by
about 6 months post-partum and many more (Alipour and et. al., 2017).
In the social cognition, the intervention sessions which were specifically designed to
identify as well as address the social cognitive affective obstacles of the participants towards the
cessation of smoking in contrast with the post-partum adaptation and the pregnancy as well,
concentrating on the risk perceptions, the quitting self-efficacy, the benefits and non-benefits of
quitting, the self-regulatory strategies as well as an emotional distress. The women's particular
barrier to the cessation were generally determined by the cognitive-affective responses that is
elicited through the prompts as well as the role play exercises during the very initial sessions. In
this, the prompts as well as the role play exercises generally enables the pregnant women to

experience as well as assess the cognitive affective reactions towards the cessation of smoking
efforts, thereby anticipating the very potential barriers towards behaviour change (Pinheiro and
et. al., 2021).
Discuss the Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Strategies which will employ to aid create
the most impact in helping decrease the smoking prevalence among population of interest.
In this, the strategies that generally comprises the successful comprehensive tobacco
control programs can consist the elevated prices of tobacco, the specific information based
educational institutions programs, the mass media campaigns, the smoke free laws as well as the
policies and the sustained broad society efforts. In this, the prevention can be taken in the form
of the policy level measures like the enhanced taxation over the tobacco products, the strict
implementation of particular legislations generally regulating who can buy the tobacco products.
In this, the mass media campaigns are broadly used in order to expose the population to the
messages through the newspaper, radio as well as the televisions. In this, these such campaigns
can effectively produce the both negative as well as positive modifications in the well-being
related behaviour among the population. It is specifically a useful method for growing the
problems as well as can support the debate (Argalášová and et. al., 2017). The approach of mass
media campaign generally based on the theories of the social influences or the social learning
theory.
Identify and apply at least two communication strategies that will use in engaging relevant
stakeholders and in dissemination the information.
In this, the effective communication strategies which will be used in engaging the more
relevant stakeholders are such as the mass media and the health promotion campaigns. In this, an
effective communication about the particular harm of tobacco use is generally a central to the
comprehensive tobacco control. The marketing communication for control of tobacco over the
last years has generally centred over the very three main objectives such as reinforcing the
motivation of the pregnant women to quit, triggering the putting actions as well as making the
quitting more successful by mark the people to the most effective encouragement available
(Healthy Lives, Healthy People, 2011). In this, the mass media campaigns can effectively able to
decrease the use of tobacco among the pregnant women and the whole population. To decrease
or the delays of tobacco use initiation among the pregnant women. In this, such specific

campaigns can also able to decrease the consumption of the use of tobacco, enhancing the quit
rates as well as enhances the use of services that are involves in the cessation of tobacco use
(McLaughlin and et. al., 2018).
Questions 3
planning a health promotion programme.
There are some of the comprehensive tobacco control programs which are generally
coordinated efforts towards the implemented population level interventions to decrease the
appeal as well as acceptability of the use of tobacco, enhances the cessation of tobacco use. The
control programs can also decrease the second-hand exposure of smoke as well as prevent the
initiation of the use of tobacco among the women during their pregnancy. In this, the programs
generally combine as well as integrate the evidence-based educational, regulatory, the clinical,
social as well as the economic strategies at the local, state as well as the national levels. The
programs involve in tobacco control generally most often consist the administrative
encouragement, the surveillance, evaluation as well as the monitoring of the programs (Health
Promotion Methods for Smoking Prevention and Cessation: A Comprehensive Review of
Effectiveness and the Way Forward, 2016). In the UK, the programs are typically funded as well
as organized at the state level to give a platform for an effective implementation of the
components that are generally detailed as below:
The assistance towards society based organizations as well as the coalitions to pursue the
specific local programs as well as the policies to decrease the use of tobacco and the very
second-hand exposure of smoke (Karaçam and Çelik, 2021).
The Mass reach well-being communication interventions to inform the people as well as
the public attitude about the use of tobacco as well as the second-hand smoke.
The various services used for stop like the quit-lines, generally to aid the tobacco users in
their attempt to quit.
It can also involve the informations as well as the technical assistance to encourage the
diffusion as well as the adoption of the practices that are particularly based on evidences such as
the smoke free policies, the affordable as well as the accessible halt services, the elevated prices
of the tobacco products and, the reduced marketing as well as the availability of the tobacco
products (Kandasamy and Anand, 2018).

Discuss the resources you will require and the various stakeholders you will be working with to
deliver the initiative.
The resources as well as the stakeholders that will be working in order to deliver the
specific initiatives such as the well-being plans, the clinicians, the smoking pregnant women's as
well as the higher authorities who generally face obstacles towards the several activities involved
in cessation of smoking. These are the particular range from the well-being plans perceiving that
covering the counselling as well as the pharmacotherapy will enhance the costs without generally
producing the commensurate well-being care savings towards the unprepared feelings of the care
providers and the unpaid for the counselling (Weihrauch-Blüher, Schwarz and Klusmann, 2019).
Evaluation of the (possible) impact the health promotion programme which addresses the issue.
In this, the health promotion programs that generally addresses the problems such as
mass reach health communication interventions, the various services that are specifically used to
quit the smoking during pregnancy generally addresses the issue among women. The screening
of pregnant women can effectively aid to determine the various risks towards the health which is
caused by smoking. In this, carbon monoxide specifically affects the organs of the human body
such as lungs, the heart as well as the blood vessels. Smoking among the pregnant women
generally decreases the supply of oxygen towards the foetus. The amount of carbon monoxide in
the lungs as well as the blood is instantly and non-invasive measured. It can give a reduced cost
as well as the clinically proven way to determine the levels of carbon monoxide, and can
motivating the pregnant women to quit smoking as well as can effectively stay smoke free for
their healthier well-being (Zhang and et. al., 2019).
Compare the (possible) impact with that of a similar health promotion campaign carried out
either in another borough, England, UK or abroad.
The possible impacts with that of the similar health promotion campaigns are carried out
in order to reduce the prevalence of smoking among the pregnant women. The consumption of
tobacco is generally a great public well-being issue across world as well as its impact is
specifically devastating among the pregnant women. An effective control of tobacco should be
on a top priority among both as a well-being problem as well as the method to decrease the
poverty. The use of tobacco is generally deeply ingrained as a cultural practice and there are

particular a infinite types of tobacco. In this, needed are generally more visible as well as the
aggressive anti-tobacco campaigns consisting the enhanced public awareness of the tobacco
harms (Clapp and Bernstein, 2017).
CONCLUSION
From the above discussion, it is concluded that the smoking during the pregnancy is
generally associated towards the defects at the time of birth, the preterm birth as well as the
various sleep associated deaths among the infants. In this, providing the screening as well as the
counselling during the prenatal care visits can effectively aid the pregnant women to stop the
smoking. It is concluded from the above study that the promotion of well-being is generally
essential for the women as it can effectively aid the women to resist the illness during the
pregnancy as well as the after birth. It generally keeps the bones as well as the teeth's much
stronger and can effectively provide the strength to work. There is a discussion about the various
health promotion strategies which can positive impact over the pregnant women so that they can
quit the smoking during their pregnancy. In this, it is also summarized from the above study that
there are the well-being promotion theories which can positively affect as well as help the
women to improve their well-being and can effectively attain a positive or a healthy lifestyle.

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<https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4755211/>
Healthy Lives, Healthy People, 2011 [Online] Available through:
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