A framework for the critical evaluation of health and safety management in the transportation of oil and gas products in Nigeria

This research project is a detailed evaluation of health and safety management practices in transportation of oil and gas products. The major purpose of the project is to evaluate health and management practices followed and implemented by oil and gas organizations when transporting the petroleum products.

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Dissertation
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author Note

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Abstract
This research project is a detailed evaluation of health and safety management practices in
transportation of oil and gas products. The major purpose of the project is to evaluate health
and management practices followed and implemented by oil and gas organizations when
transporting the petroleum products. The introductory chapter of the dissertation presents a
detail background to the significance of health and safety requirements in transporting oil and
gas products in Nigeria. From the background of the study has been found that health and
safety has become a mandatory requirements in the sector as there is a rapid increase in
number of accidents when transporting the products. The major objective of the study is to
investigate the accidents occur during the transportation of petroleum products and its impact
on stakeholders involved. Likewise, two other significant objectives have been formed. The
study uses a qualitative method in which qualitative data has been analysed. For qualitative
data analysis, secondary data has been collected from books, journal articles and newspaper
articles. The study uses a non-probability sampling method to select the journal articles for
the data analysis. The findings of the study indicates that during the period 2004 to 2014, the
number of accidents in all modes of transportation such as by rail, by pipeline and tankers has
increased by a great number. On the basis of different modes of transportation, it is found that
transportation through pipeline is more convenient than other mode of transportation. Major
responsbility of FRSC should include monitoring, certifying as well as enforicng compliance
regulations governing safety oeprations of articulated vehicles in the nation. Similarly, there
are several safety measures imposed by Nigeria government have been found and they are
presented in the findings.

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Table of Content
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................4
1.1 Background................................................................................................................................4
1.2 Aim of the Study..................................................................................................................5
1.3 Research Questions...................................................................................................................5
1.4 Research Objectives..................................................................................................................5
1.5 Rationale of the study................................................................................................................5
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW...............................................................................7
2.1 Theory of Accident Causation..................................................................................................7
2.2 Nigeria’s health and safety management plan.........................................................................9
2.3 Probable causes of accidents and transportation of petroleum products by road..............10
2.4 Constraints and inefficiencies in distribution of petroleum products.................................12
2.5 Safety, Fatalities and dependence of petroleum products....................................................13
2.6 Occurrence of tankers accidents............................................................................................13
Enforcement of Swiss model, laws and rules...............................................................................14
2.7 Summary..................................................................................................................................16
CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY.................................................................17
3.1 Introduction.............................................................................................................................17
3.1.1 Qualitative Method...............................................................................................................17
3.2 Research Onion.......................................................................................................................18
3.3 Research Philosophy...............................................................................................................19
3.4 Research Approach.................................................................................................................19
3.5 Research Strategy....................................................................................................................20
3.6 Sampling Technique................................................................................................................21
3.7 Data Collection Methods.........................................................................................................21
3.8 Data Analysis...........................................................................................................................21

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3.9 Research limitations................................................................................................................22
3.10 Ethical Considerations..........................................................................................................22
3.11 Summary................................................................................................................................22
Chapter 4: Data findings and Results..................................................................................23
4.0 Findings and analysis..............................................................................................................23
4.1 Introduction...........................................................................................................................23
4.2 Findings from peer-reviewed journals...................................................................................23
4.2.1 Capability...........................................................................................................................23
4.2.2 Conduct..............................................................................................................................23
4.4 Different modes of tranporting petroleum products..............................................................24
4. 5 A comparison on casualty rates from tanker and pipeline accidents....................................26
4.5.1 Safety requirements for transportation of petroleum products: federal road safety corps
(frsc)...........................................................................................................................................30
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION..........................................32
5.1 Introduction.............................................................................................................................32
5.2 Conclusions..............................................................................................................................32
5.3 Recommendations...................................................................................................................33
5.4 Limitations...............................................................................................................................34
5.5 Further areas of research........................................................................................................34
5.6 Summary..................................................................................................................................34
References...............................................................................................................................36

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Topic- A framework for the critical evaluation of health and safety management in the
transportation of oil and gas products in Nigeria
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
This study presents a detailed evaluation of health and safety management in
transportation of oil and gas products in Nigeria. It is certain that energy plays a great role in
economic, socio-political as well as environmental spheres of every nation and its
significance can be observed in every facet of life. Particularly, in Nigeria energy generation
is widely dependent on petroleum products; thereby, the used of petroleum products and its
operation in the nation has rapidly increased. Thereby, transportation of petroleum products
has been a significant concern as number of accidents when transporting the products has
increased by a great number. Inadequacy of robust safety management systems is one of the
major reasons behind the increasing of rate of accidents constituting a serious threat to
petroleum products in Nigeria.
Thus, health and safety management has been mandatory requirement for oil and gas
organizations in Nigeria. Safety management systems holistically deal with firm’s safety
activities, policies and responsibilities to prevent accidents to make sure risk is reduced as
low as reasonably practicable. One of the significant challenges in Nigeria petroleum sector is
the lack of proper information regarding the incidents. This means that incidents do happen
but concerned companies withhold information about the occurrence and this makes it more
difficult to analyse (Li et al. 2013). Perrons and Jensen (2015) performed a competitive study
of oil and gas industry as well as US counterpart maintained that oil companies in Nigeria
require more hazard analysis and risk assessment as most areas of Nigeria satisfy the criteria
defined in US as High Consequence Areas for oil spills. Thus, this study particularly

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investigates the accidents in transportation of petroleum products and analyse the health and
safety policies and procedures managed by organizations in response to the accidents.
1.2 Aim of the Study
The aim of the study is to evaluate health and safety management in transportation of oil and
gas products in Nigeria. This study also investigates accidents that occur when transporting
the petroleum products. The following are the key objectives to meet the stated aims.
1.3 Research Questions
 What is the impact of accidents in transportation of oil and gas on stakeholders?
 What are the existing health and safety management practices in oil and gas sector?
 What is the current regulatory framework for health and safety practices in oil and gas
sector?
1.4 Research Objectives
 To investigate the accidents occur during the transportation of petroleum products and
its impact on stakeholders involved
 To evaluate health and safety management practices developed by organizations in oil
and gas sector in Nigeria
 To analyse the regulatory frameworks for health and safety management practices in
oil and gas industry in Nigeria
1.5 Rationale of the study
This research paper is particularly intended to serve as the basis for discussion of
transportation of oil and gas products in Nigeria in meeting health and safety frameworks.
The purpose of this paper is to evaluate health and safety management practices applied in
transporting the petroleum products in Nigeria. It is certain that use of oil and gas products

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are rapidly increasing in Nigeria due to increasing number of manufacturing plant in the
nation.
Transportation of petroleum products is a serious concern, as it causes the maximum
number of accidents compared to the number of accidents occurred due to manufacturing and
spills from pipeline. Schneider et al. (2013) mentioned that types of accidents occur in
transportation are because of human factors such as reckless driving, wrongful overtaking,
speed violation, armed attacks, improper supervisions of tanks before transporting, etc. So,
due to such factors, number of accidents in transportation is increasing; thereby, health and
safety has become a major concern. It is highly necessary to investigate and evaluate the
health and safety procedures followed by oil and gas organizations.
This study helps to identify how and what health and safety framework is applied to
mitigate the risks and harm caused by accidents. The analysis presented in the study uncover,
how and to what extent stakeholders are safe from the occurrence or what actions in terms of
health and safety are businesses are taking to protect their internal and external stakeholders.
Significance of this study also lies in the analysis of regulatory framework for health and
safety measures in oil and gas organizations. Furthermore, this study also helps the ongoing
research project being undertaken in health and safety in oil and gas sector with respect to
current regulatory framework and health and safety management practices in the industry.

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Chapter 2: Literature review
2.1 Introduction
The causation of accidents involving the tankers that transport oil and gas products
are included in this literature section along with the various theories related to the health and
safety management plan. There are various theories including the Swiss Cheese model and
constraints associated with the delivery of oil and gas products by tankers from one place to
another in Nigeria. The Swiss cheese model will be used as a theoretical framework, to
analyse the literature reviewed, in relation to the evaluation of health and safety management
in the transportation of oil and gas products in Nigeria (Badiru and Osisanya 2016). Nigeria
holds an abundant supply of natural resources and petrol is one of the major resources that
has contributed largely to the growth in the economy of the place. The various downstream
activities managed within the oil and gas sector include treatment of gas, converting crude oil
and gas into refined petrochemical products and managing the transportation of these
products to distribute those in different market segments. Ehinomen and Adeleke (2012) also
argued the fact that there are various issues or problems associated with the oil and gas
industry including the scarcity of petroleum products, low capacity refining activities,
destruction of pipelines, increased smuggling activities, etc. (Ehinomen and Adeleke 2012).
The investment opportunities are quite lower compared to other countries within the oil and
gas industry, which has also created complexities in distributing oil and gas products properly
in the marketplace.
2.1.1 Theoretical Framework
The causation of accidents involving the tankers that transport oil and gas products
are included in this literature section along with the various theories related to the health and
safety management plan. There are various theories including the Swiss Cheese model and

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constraints associated with the delivery of oil and gas products by tankers from one place to
another in Nigeria. The Swiss cheese model will be used as a theoretical framework, to
analyse the literature reviewed, in relation to the evaluation of health and safety management
in the transportation of oil and gas products in Nigeria (Badiru and Osisanya 2016). Nigeria
holds an abundant supply of natural resources and petrol is one of the major resources that
has contributed largely to the growth in the economy of the place. The various downstream
activities managed within the oil and gas sector include treatment of gas, converting crude oil
and gas into refined petrochemical products and managing the transportation of these
products to distribute those in different market segments. Ehinomen and Adeleke (2012) also
argued the fact that there are various issues or problems associated with the oil and gas
industry including the scarcity of petroleum products, low capacity refining activities,
destruction of pipelines, increased smuggling activities, etc. (Ehinomen and Adeleke 2012).
The investment opportunities are quite lower compared to other countries within the oil and
gas industry, which has also created complexities in distributing oil and gas products properly
in the marketplace.
2:1:1:1 The Swiss Cheese model
Swiss cheese model is the most widely used accidental analysis framework which was
developed by Reason in 1990. The safety layers in the model are used in the study while
holes in the safety layers correspond to deficiencies due to latent errors. This means when the
holes in the defensive layers align, the hazard leads to an accident; the following figure shows
the same. The figure shows Swiss Cheese model that represents the causation of accidents
and safety plans that are beneficial for preventing the accidents.

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Figure 1: Swiss cheese model (Underwood and Waterson 2014)
Taylor, Bogdan and DeVault (2015) arguably mentioned that even though this model
includes some certain limitations but still it can provide a detailed insight into the system. In
addition, the major characteristics of this model are the latest condition that interacts with
local triggering conditions in the case of safety challenges. This framework helps to
understand the series of stages of potential hazards we see but ignore before the big accident
occurs.
The use of tanker, being one of the major modes of transportation for oil and gas
products and services in Nigeria and with high accident rate as well, there is a need for
enforcement of various policies, laws, rules and regulations associated with the management
of safe transportation services involving delivery of oil and gas products from one place to
another. As stated by Larouzée and Gunieri (2015), the Swiss cheese model has been an
evident choice for enforcing theories into practices and maintaining safety all throughout
considering the transportation of oil and gas products from one place to another in Nigeria. It
has been seen that the accidents often happen due to stress on the driver’s mind and due to
motion sickness or because of diversion of focus. It is a kind of human error and it often
causes the accidents that becomes the subject of harm to people present near the scene and
has even caused environmental damage too. The tankers, when involved in accidents, create

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fire all around and affect the community and environment, which also has deteriorated the
health and wellbeing of people surrounding by. In such cases, the mental and physical
activities that fall in the planned sequence become difficult to achieve, which in turn, often
has affected the ability to achieve the desired outcome, furthermore contributing to the
intervention of some major policy changes and mitigation procedures’ implementation.
As stated by Larouzée and Guarnieri (2015), there are various reasons of choosing
Swiss Cheese Model and few of these have been the ability to analyse the risks associated
with the causation of accidents and managing risks along with management of layered
security. The human systems are sliced in the form of Swiss cheese and put side by side that
showed the risks of threat getting transformed into reality and how it has been mitigated. This
kind of model serves as a great framework that designs mitigation procedure and has created
defence to prevent a single point of failure and made sure to identify the failure domains at
earlier stages to prevent further issues afterwards. Larouzée and Guarnieri (2015) also stated
that by using the Swiss cheese model, the organisations that are associated with the transfer
of oil and gas products, using the tankers, have created defensive actions against the risks and
failures that are represented as sliced cheese blocks. The causation of accidents related to the
spilling of oil from tanker, tanker explosions are represented in each of the holes though the
severity depends on the size and position of the holes within the cheese slices.
2:2 Theory of Accident Causation
Cowlagi and Saleh (2013) asserted that oil and gas exploration and production have for a
long time resulted in major accidents which have resulted in environmental degradation and
the loss of lives. A classic example is the Piper Alpha, Macondo Blow-out, Drillship Seacrest
Accident and Alexander L. Kielland Drilling Rig Accident just to mention a few. The causes
of accidents are identified within the use of socio-technical approach, which further ensures
managing a proper link between the cause of accidents and ways of mitigating the risks

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associated with the accidents in Nigeria with ease and effectiveness (Cowlagi and Saleh
2013).
According to Ogunlowo, Bristow and Sohail (2015), the ways accidents occur are
assessed and then the occurrence of accidents is evaluated considering the flaws in technical
design, failure in operations and the deficiencies in control program and system, which are
needed to be identified at the earliest. Based on the chain of accidents' causation, it was found
that there had been multiple cases where the accidents occurred due to lack of knowledge
about the situation that might have caused the accident while transporting oil and gas
products in Nigeria. Cowlagi and Saleh (2013) prioritized on the software-intensive system
for managing the proper health and safety standards, furthermore kept the workers safe with
proper precautionary measures taken while handling and transferring the oil and gas products
in Nigeria. The safety is managed by identifying the control problem and then extending the
ideas related to the cause of accidents, furthermore ensure that the managers of the oil and
gas companies undertake proper risk assessment procedures to mitigate the risks. Not only
the transportation of oil and gas products but also the health and safety of workers is
important by maintaining high-quality standards to distribute the oil and gas products and
services all over Nigeria efficiently (Ogunlowo, Bristow and Sohail 2015).
According to Rausand (2013), the risk assessment procedures such as checking the
tankers is essential and also the drivers should be provided with enough safety materials to
deal with risk situations that might be caused due to the accidents’ causation. The health and
safety standards should be maintained for ensuring that the workers remain safe and can
deliver the oil and gas products safely to the concerned location too (Rausand 2013).
According to Ambituuni, Amezaga and Werner (2015), there are multiple factors associated
with the cause of accidents associated with transporting of oil and gas products in Nigeria.
Furthermore, Ambituuni, Amezaga and Emeseh (2014) argued that the causes of accidents

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are not the only thing that should be assessed, rather there must be proper services provided
by the health and safety professionals to prevent any kinds of any injury or harm to
individuals caused due to the accident while transporting oil and gas products in Nigeria.
While Ambituuni, Amezaga and Werner (2015) stated that accidents are mainly caused due
to the poor management of trucks used in transporting oil and gas products by road in
Nigeria, these are somewhat related to the consequential impacts that affect the safety and
health of people involved in such kinds of activities. It is always necessary to identify the
accident prone areas and by conducting the thematic analysis, it would be easy much easier to
identify the factors contributing to the lack of regulatory resources, lack of reports presented
about the accidents caused and poor culture too (Baghebo and Atima 2013). In the accident
prone areas, there must be presence of health and safety professionals, who could provide a
helping hand to the individuals involved in the accident. There also must be proper signaling
to create limitation to speed, furthermore ensure precautionary measures to prevent
occurrence of accidents. On the other hand, Ambituuni, Amezaga and Emeseh (2014) argued
that the safety and environmental rules and regulations should be set for managing
downstream oil and gas industry operations in Nigeria and make sure to prevent any such
accidents notably during the transportation (Raut, Narkhede and Gardas 2017).
2.3 Nigeria’s Health and Safety Management Plan
Ambituuni, Amezaga and Werner (2015) stated about health and safety practices and
few of the frameworks related to the health and safety management plan are National
Association of Chemical Distributors (NACD), International Classification of Functioning,
Disability and Health (ICF). The implementation of this health and safety management plan
is aimed at managing stable business operations and for fulfilling the needs and requirements
of maintaining specific policies and practices. The risks are identified easily that might be

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associated with the transportation of dangerous products. The use of these frameworks and
theories have helped in the assessment of risks and developed theoretical approaches to
ensure planning and optimization of techniques during emergency situations (Ambituuni,
Amezaga and Werner 2015). The risk assessment theories and methods are all included in the
safety and health management plan in Nigeria, which is beneficial for the development of
probable measures needed to maintain proper health and safety of individuals involved with
the transportation of oil and gas products from one place to another.
Idubor and Oisamoje (2013) assert that health and safety management plan is part of
the efforts to industrialize and at the same time, mitigate the challenges and issues associated
with the legal, moral, and financial and transportation activities in Nigeria. In Nigeria, most
of the accidents involved the tankers during the transportation of oil and gas products which
not only caused destruction of property but also created major threats for people present in
the adjoining areas (Idubor and Oisamoje 2013). While Ambituuni, Amezaga and Werner
(2015) stated the ways of developing the right health and safety management theories and
frameworks, Idubor and Oisamoje (2013) focused more on promoting education, knowledge
acquisition, enough investments and creating scopes and opportunities for the employment
purposes. These are effective and considered as noteworthy for reducing the risks associated
with the health and safety management issues (Ambituuni, Amezaga and Werner 2015).
There are multiple legislations and laws that are responsible for providing guidance to the
workers about remaining safe and healthy while transporting the oil and gas products in
Nigeria. The Factories Regulations LN 189, Declaration of Industrial Diseases and First Aid
Box are few of the legislation that manages the provision of equipment and machinery along
with the trucks needed to deliver the oil and gas products all over Nigeria. To maintain good
health of individuals working at the companies, it is always important to create a positive
mindset among them, which has been obtained by following the Employees' Compensation

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Act. It has been aimed at creating an effective system for providing compensation benefits to
them and make sure that they can overcome the barriers faced (Ismail and Karim 2013). The
legislation is also useful for supporting the rehabilitation of employees who suffer from some
kinds of disabilities or health illnesses, based on the Act. Giving that the health and safety
legislation in Nigeria, there are various factors that contribute to the violation of rights, rules
and organizational health and safety standards, which could further be followed by lack of
funding by the organizations, lower level of knowledge and education and poor transportation
management based on the Nigerian factor (Dodo 2014).
2.4 Major reasons for the accidents during transportation of oil and gas products by
road
According to Ambituuni, Amezaga and Werner (2015), the Nigerian transportation
management system is handed over the responsibilities of obtaining information regarding
whether the companies that transport oil and gas products have abided by the laws, rules and
regulations or not along with the safety and health policies and standards. The oil and gas
companies must check the tankers properly and make sure that those do not create any faults
and increase the chances of risks while transporting oil and gas products (Ambituuni,
Amezaga and Werner 2015).
Ismail and Karim (2013) suggest that the main causes of accidents while transporting
oil and gas products in Nigeria are due to lack of knowledge and awareness about the road
safety among the public and poor knowledge about the environment. To deal with the issues,
the safety of road tankers is necessary to be managed for engaging the general public to
understand the safety measures and furthermore adopt certain laws, legislation and guidelines
(Ismail and Karim 2013). On the other hand, Uğurlu et al. (2015) argued that safety hazards
often act as barriers while transporting the oil and gas products and these are mainly caused
due to bad roads, poor quality vehicles used or the purposes, lack of maintaining proper

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operational standards, poor safety awareness and not enforcing the laws, rules and regulations
effectively as well (Uğurlu et al. 2015). If the condition of vehicles is no good like bad
brakes, faults in suspensions, damaged body parts, engines that are not well serviced, then
also the accidents may occur while the lack of knowledge and skills among the personnel has
also led to complexities and caused accidents as well. Ismail and Karim (2013) believed the
fact that other major cause of accidents while transporting oil and gas products include lack
of legislation and organizational standards related to the governing and control over the
transportation activities for the delivery of oil and gas products.
The major causes could be technical faults, grounding, collisions and fire spark or
explosions, which had often hindered the successful transportation of oil and gas products in
Nigeria (Ismail and Karim 2013). On the contrary, Uğurlu et al. (2015), lack of maintaining
proper health and safety measures have been responsible for allowing the accidents to emerge
while transporting these products (Uğurlu et al. 2015). The safety targets are set for the
various workers are also trained through participation in training and developmental
programs for making them skilled and knowledgeable about the ways of managing proper
health and safety all throughout. Various mechanisms are managed to engage the employees
together and manage ownership of the safety process through the development of teamwork
and supporting effective leadership (Raut, Narkhede and Gardas 2017). All these are not only
essential for managing health and safety during the transportation of oil and gas products but
also has helped in maintaining the organisational values, furthermore contributing to the
safety and wellbeing of workers and others involved with the transportation activities.
There are other occupational health and safety rules and regulations that have limited
the speed of tankers and even ensured that the accidents do not occur, thereby cerate major
issues in Nigeria. The enforcement of Occupational Safety and Health laws, rules and
regulations could improve the organisational culture and allow the organisations maintain

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proper safety standards for preventing the driver of tankers become the subject of harm,
furthermore follow the regulatory frameworks and abide by the alws and rules to ensure safe
transportation of oil and gas products in Nigeria. Labour Act of 1974 in Nigeria has enabled
application of formal statements to keep the workers safe and sound from being involved in
any accidents. The Labour, Safety, Health and Welfare Bill of 2012 promote maintenance of
rules and regulations for monitoring compliance of those and create OSH awareness for
compensation in case of any injuries, deaths or disabilities caused due to the tanker accidents
while transporting oil and gas products from one place to another in Nigeria.
Constraints and inefficiencies in the distribution of petroleum products in Nigeria
On the other hand, Obasanjo and Nwankwo (2014) explained in detail about the
transportation of oil and gas products in Nigeria, which showed evidence of limitations and
constraints in the distribution of petroleum products. The products are moved from the depots
to the service stations for the final delivery to the end consumers (Obasanjo and Nwankwo
2014). The transportation of these products via road is relevant and appropriate considering
the activities of bridging such as the NNPS along with the subsidiary named as the Pipelines
and Products Marketing Company or PPMC.
2.5 Safety associated with the transportation of petroleum products in Nigeria
Safety is a major aspect that must be considered while transporting oil and gas
products in Nigeria and one of the most suitable means of transportation has been the use of
pipelines in Nigeria. The pipelines are used and have been quite safe because it does not
involve road transport and prevents any faults and errors that the vehicle might face (Omeje
2017). Petroleum products are safely managed and transported through the pipelines, as
stated by Omeje (2017). Ohimain (2013), on the other hand, opposed the fact and enabled
more focus on the petroleum products' usage for transforming the biofuel economy in Nigeria

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(Ohimain 2013). This is an enormous opportunity for the oil and gas companies to make a
mark within the industry and at the same time, ensure energy security and reduce the chances
of greenhouse gases emissions too along with sustainability management, renewable sources
of energy usage and biodegradability (Okoli and Orinya 2013).
2.6 Cause of tankers accidents
There has been a spatial pattern for the accidents involving tankers that transport oil
and gas products in Nigeria. From the evidence presented in the article, it has been found that
there have been over 4000 cases of tanker accidents in Nigeria over the past few years and
most of these are associated with the high reliance on transportation via road (Olawole and
Olapoju 2018). The collapse of the rail transport system also contributed to the occurrence of
many incidents involving the explosions of tankers in Nigeria. Due to these, there are safety
issues as well, which are needed to be dealt with properly, according to the Exploratory
Spatial Data Analysis department. As stated by Adebola (2018), the tanker accidents are
more predominant with rollover, running off the road, oil leakage or spilling, which accents'
for more than 13 per cent of the accidents occurring at early morning. All the issues resulting
from these accidents are caused due to human-related factors and also due to the use of faulty
vehicles that are used for the purpose of transporting the oil and gas products in Nigeria (Ite
et al. 2013). Faulty vehicles are to be immediately replaced with high performing tankers and
the safety checks are essential before making those available on road to transfer the oil and
gas products in Nigeria.
Summary
From the literature, it could be understood about the cause of accidents involving
tankers that transfer of and gas products whereas proper health and safety management plans
are managed to ensure preventing the accidents. There are needs for monitoring the vehicles
and carrying out safety checks to ensure that the tankers are not involved or be prone to

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accidents due to faults that might be the cause of accidents. The theories related to the cause
of accidents were illustrated while there have been arguments presented defining the different
types of factors that have contributed to the accidents. The health and safety management
plan was prepared with a focus on dealing with the OHS challenges and at the same time,
facilitate management of legislation and allowed to improve the safety and organizational
standards.

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CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction
Research methodology is a vital section of the dissertation as it determines the
outcome of the research. Research methodology is known as a particular framework which is
largely associated with a particular set of paradigmatic assumption that research could use to
perform the study. This chapter presents and analyses research methods, approaches and
designs in detail by highlighting the techniques used in the study as well as justifying the
choices of each techniques. Methodology in the chapter used in the study is appropriate as it
is possible to replicate methodology used in other studies in the same field.
3.1.1 Qualitative Method
According to Neuman (2013), qualitative research method is designed to uncover the
behaviour and perception of a target audience with respect to a particular topic. Qualitative
research methods originated in social and behavioural science. Mackey and Gass (2015)
mentioned that qualitative research method is easier to understand as it is more
communicative and descriptive. Qualitative research method may include one to one
interview, focus group, case study and observation. However, in the present study, qualitative
method includes a case study approach in which existing journals have been analysed.
Qualitative method has been selected in the study as it is non-numeric and it helps to explore
how decisions are made with respect to health and safety management practices in oil and gas
organization. This means that numerical data might make it clear how oil and gas agencies
are taking and implementing the decisions against health and safety procedures.

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3.2 Research Onion
Figure 1: Research Onion Framework
The framework above indicates that research philosophy is outmost layer of research onion
model. Research philosophy is required in the presents study as it determines the extent of
beliefs and ideas based on which health and safety grounds in oil and gas sector are a
necessary requirement. The next layer of the onion framework is research approach; research
approach is required as it provides a comprehension of different insights related to health and
safety management framework required to prevent the occurrence in transportation of oil and
gas products. Research approach is followed by research strategy which is another significant
aspect of research as it entirely determines how the entire research techniques are designed to
derive the eventual outcome. The following section of this chapter describes how each of
these techniques are chosen and applied to the study.

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3.3 Research Philosophy
Research philosophy is a set of particular belief about the ways in which data about a
specific phenomenon should be collected and analysed. There are three different types of
research methodologies namely positivism, interpretivism and realism(Vaioleti 2016).The
major characteristic of positivism research philosophy is that it perceives the world as real,
independent where organizations remain as discrete element. Conversely, interpretivism
research philosophy considers the world as different from the natural world and socially
constructed, where organizations are the products of dialogue as well as discussion. Unlike
pragmatism and interpretivism, realism promotes a philosophy of meaning and considers the
account of reality as socially negotiated (Flick 2015). However, in the present study, to
evaluate and examine the framework for health and safety management practices in oil and
gas, interpretivism research philosophy has been selected, as this research philosophy would
give importance to in-depth and intelligible understanding to the context. Interpretivism
research philosophy would help to derive an in-depth understanding about the health and
safety measures essential in oil and gas transportation.
3.4 Research Approach
Research approaches are divided into different categories namely deductive research
approach, inductive and abductive research approach.Neuman (2013) mentioned that
establishment of hypothesis is the major distinctive point between the approaches. It is
identified that deductive research approach validates the assumption or hypothesis, while
inductive approaches contribute to the development and emergence of theories and
generalizations. Conversely, abductive research approach begins with surprising or puzzles in
which research approach is particularly devoted their explanations. Nonetheless, in the
present study, inductive research approach has been selected because present study does not
aim to formulate any new theories nor it is based on any assumption or hypothesis. The study

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is more of discussion based on reasoning and observation. Thus, it would be relevant to rely
on inductive research approach when discussing health and safety practices of oil and gas
organizations when transporting the petroleum products. Inductive research approach will
help to generate meanings from the collection of data such as how organizations in the sector
complies with the regulatory frameworks related to health and safety. Conversely, deductive
research approach is all about rejection and acceptance of assumptions of the facts which may
not be specific to the present study as the study requires a detailed observations of practices
applied by businesses.
3.5 Research Strategy
According to Panneerselvam (2014) research strategy is referred to action of
particular methods of data collection and analysis. The important elements of research
includes research design and collection of data. Hence, research design can be divided into
two categories namely exploratory and descriptive. Exploratory research design mainly aims
to explore some particular areas of the study. On the other side, conclusive research design is
mainly applied to create findings that are specifically relevant in generating a suitable
conclusions or decisions-making. Nonetheless, Ledford and Gast (2018) mentioned that in
conclusive study, objectives and data requirements should be clearly defined. However, in the
present study, conclusive study is more of deductive in nature which requires hypothesis to
be developed, so research objectives must be achieved by testing.
Thus, in the present study, exploratory research design has been selected which is
qualitative in nature and intends to explore the research questions. This method does not offer
any final to the existing problems, which means this sort of research is supposed to
investigate a problem that has yet not been defined clearly. For example, in the present study,
the objective is to evaluate health and safety practices in oil and gas transportation which
means the study is supposed to investigate and evaluate health and safety frameworks,

23DISSERTATION
challenges remain in transportation of petroleum products but it does not aim to develop a
proper solution. It is rather focussed on identifying the issue more accurately. Thus,
exploratory research design is an appropriate choice for the present study.
3.6 Sampling Technique
As put forward by Etikan, Musa and Alkassim (2016), sampling is usually defined as
a particular principle which is particularly used to choose members of population to be
involved in the research. There are two different types of research sampling namely
probability sampling and non-probability sampling. In the current study non-probability
convenient sampling method has been used as this research sampling method is highly
dependent on the availability of convenience of data or population members. As the study is
qualitative in nature, sampling will include data- journal articles based on health and safety
framework in transportation of oil and gas products.
3.7 Data Collection Methods
There are two different types of data collection methods namely primary and
secondary data collection. However, in the present study, secondary data collection has been
used and data has been collected from books, journal articles and newspaper articles. Primary
data has not been used in the study because the study looks forward to observe and analyse
the existing problems more intensively instead of developing solution with mere dataset.
3.8 Data Analysis
As the study chose qualitative data analysis method, the collected data has been
analysed by using a “framework analysis” method which consists of different stages such as
familiarization, identification of a thematic framework, mapping and interpretation. Under
this particular method, data that are collected from the journal articles and books will be

24DISSERTATION
presented with graph and charts to specify the frequency and level of occurrence. Likewise,
the data will be analysed by linking the data with the findings in the literature review.
3.9 Research limitations
The present study is limited to secondary analysis only which indicates the major
disadvantage that analysis need to be conducted on the basis of secondary data only. The
study does not include any primary findings. In addition to this, the journal selected for
analysis is highly limited in number. Study also faces the limitation of budget and time.
3.10 Ethical Considerations
Ethical consideration is a major challenge in every academic study and particularly,
when the study has to deal with large set of secondary data journals and books. In order to
avoid ethical issues, study acknowledges the authors and publication of each journal article
and books. Researcher ensures that all data sources are acknowledged properly and no
information or fact of other journal article has been tempered in the study.
3.11 Summary
This chapter of the dissertation effectively presents all research techniques used in the
current study. Each selected research technique has been explained and its importance has
been justified appropriately. The study is entirely qualitative research in nature; thereby,
collection of secondary data is a major aspect of the study. The above discussed methods
guide the research accordingly.

25DISSERTATION
Chapter 4: Data findings and Results
4.0 Findings and analysis
4.1 Introduction
It is particularly identified that health and safety has always been a major concern in
oil and gas industry because each department of oil and gas sector is highly prone to accident
and hazards. It is true that different modes of oil transport pose different risks as discussed in
the previous studies. While all modes of transportation have high safe delivery rates but still
there are some differences which are explored and discussed in this chapter. This chapter
presents the data findings and results related to health and safety management practices
implemented by businesses when transporting oil and gas products. Data has been collected
from journal articles, books and newspaper articles and pictorial presentation has been
provided when representing the data.
4.2 Findings from peer-reviewed journals
4.2.1 Capability
The journals for the analysis are capable of providing and maintaining the accuracy
and validity of data. Each article selected for the analysis includes analysis which contains
percentile, correlation coefficient and other relevant tests. Tests confirm that data provided in
the journals are valid enough to be used as the secondary sources of data.
4.2.2 Conduct
All journals articles chosen for the context are performed on health and safety
framework evaluation in the transportation of oil and gas products. In order to perform the
analysis, the data findings collected from the journal articles are linked to the findings found
in the existing papers.

26DISSERTATION
4.4 Different modes of tranporting petroleum products
Green and Jackson (2015) performed a study on transportation of oil and gas products
in which the authors have mentioned that although all modes of oil transport carry a high and
safe delivery rates, there are some significant differences such as –on an apples-to-apples
basis, there could be more spills specifically when transporting a stipulated quantity of oil a
given distance by rail than the pipelines. There could yet be more spills if that volume is
moved that same distance by truck. The particle article focuses mainly on the movement of
oil by pipelines versus rail transportation and the distinction is fundamental to the discussion
being held today with respect to the movement of oil Nigeria. The findings of the report
indicate that a pipeline accidents take place when an individual sustains a challenging injury
or is killed as the consequence of exposed to i) fire or explosion, ii) a commodity released
from commodity pipeline and sustains damage affecting safe operation of commodity
pipeline. The finding of the study also say that pipeline transport most of the hydrocarbons in
Nigeria and carrying out that in safe and convenient way. The average annual number of
occurrence engaging pipe lines was nearly 111 between 2004 to 2016. It was identified that
almost 80% of pipe line occurrence led to release of products. The following graph shows the
data in detail.

27DISSERTATION
Figure 2: Percentage of pipeline accidents due to transportation
(Source: Green and Jackson 2015)
On the other side, Furchtgott-Roth and Green (2013) performed a study on
occupational safety and health & skills in oil and gas sector in which the authors have
mentioned about oil and gas transportation by air, transportation by helicopter, transportation
by rail, transportation by crane and supply ships. The authors have, when it comes to pipeline
transportation, particularly mentioned that there are three elements in pipe line transportation
which should be considered. The elements are such as safety, energy efficient and
convenience. In the field of safety, the authors have mentioned that moving oil and gas
through pipeline could be a safest way to perform the task and there are nearly 500,000 miles
of pipelines weaving through different states. When it comes to energy efficiency, the authors
mention that pipelines transportation techniques consume less energy than truck and trains;
therefore, the technique is eco-friendly in nature. On the other side, railway transport includes
low-cost set up, short construction time, fleet resources and shortest transit times.
The authors have added that in low cost set up, it could take short time to recover the
fundamental capital cost of developing railway infrastructure to move the petroleum
products. Conversely, short-construction time in railway transportation, develops new rail
infrastructure which takes relatively short span of time and the estimate give lead time of 12
to 18 months from start up to fruition. The findings of this study imply that 2010 to 2013, the
demand for rail in Nigeria is enhanced by 13% due to a pipeline system to transport oil to
plant or refineries. Particularly, in 2014, in response to a range of train crashes engaging
crude oil, regulation to phase out many older rail tank cars within two years were suggested.
However, the data set clearly state that accidents investigators had some complaints for the
decades that cars were too easily punctured as well as spilling their contents. Likewise,

28DISSERTATION
pipeline increase safety and health concerns because in 2015, Nigeria gas pipeline became the
first pipe line to take Nigeria gas infrastructure across Artic Circle.
When it comes to transporting oil and gas products, rail is no longer lagging behind; Santos
et al. (2014) performed a study and found that lack of availability of pipeline capacity leads
to increasing volume of petroleum goods being transported by rail. So, this fact leads to the
questions regarding the comparative range of safety between rail and pipelines. This journal
first describes the amount of petroleum products being transported and the records of rail
accidents creating a concern of rail safety which is given in the following. Nonetheless, the
transportation of fuel oils as well as crude petroleum by rail enhanced greatly at the end of
the period 2004 to 2015. The following graph shows the amount of oil and gas products by
rail 2004 to 2015.
Figure 3: Oil and gas products by rail
(Source: Santos et al. 2014)

29DISSERTATION
4. 5 A comparison on casualty rates from tanker and pipeline accidents
Groysman (2014) performed a study on the accidents in transportation of oil and gas
products and mentioned the fact that during the period 2003 to 2017, only 17% of occurrence
occur within the actual pipe line. This study partcilalry metnions that the majority of pipeline
accidents take place at facilities which might incude compressor station, gas procesing plants
and pump stations. The following figures shows the casualuty rate of accidents from pipelines
Figure 4: rate of accidents in rail and pipeline
(Source: Groysman 2014)
It is worth mentioning that there is a major concernt that pipeline data should be raised at the
outset because it is fragmented into accidents and incidents. The major issue with this is that
there can be a state of overlap between two definitions. This means both accidents and
incidents could resilt in the release of oil and gas products products and for this particupa
reason the author has grouped accidents and incidents toghether keeping an eye on pipeline
occurrence. The author has particularly categorized the period 2004 to 2015 in which almost

30DISSERTATION
94% of pipeline occurenance were classified as incidents (Mendes et al. 2014). To assess the
relative risks of pipeline as wella s comapre them to other modes of petroleum transportation,
the number of occurencen should be weighted against the amount of oil and gas products.
The following figures presents a graphical depiction of numher of occureneces engaging
petroluem products from 2004 to 2015. The author has presetned the data that there was
almost 49% occurences each year which involves pipeline transportations petroeum products
along with 96% of the occurennces in the period which has been classified as incidents.
Figure 5: No of accidents occuredn during 2004 to 2014
(Source: Mendes et al. 2014)
It has been particularlyn identified that transportation by road is the dominant
transportation mode in Nigeria with about 90% of goods and passengers being tranported by
road (Ambituuni, Amezaga and Emeseh 2014). The authors have particularly mentioned that
besides the negligence as well as under development of other modes of transportation by
government for shifting petroluem products, other factors for such dominance is considerd to

31DISSERTATION
be attributed to the door to door services and flexibility of operatiom by road. Despite the
inherent advantages, transportation of petrlieum products over the long distance does not
generate any economic benefits. Due to increasing number of tanker accidents, oil and gas
organizations mostly prefer the pipe line transportation. The following figure demonstates the
the rate of road accident caused by tankers and trucks during 2007 to 2010.
Figure 6: Rate of orad accidents caused by tankers
(Source: Ambituuni, Amezaga and Emeseh 2014)
Transportation of petroleum products through tankers include another signnificant challenge
which is diversion of petroleum products. This means there is an increasing rate of diversion
of petroleum products to some illegal destinations and these illegal practices are general and
common in nature among the tankers drivers particulaakry when there is a considerable stated
of deficiency. On the othr side, Li, Chen and Zhu (2016) performed a study in the same
context and me ntioned the fact that despite a wide spread of network of pipe lines across
Nigeria to make transportation of oil and gas products easier, over 90% of petroluem
products still transported by raod. Hence, according to the author, the major challenge
associated with the pipeline transprotation mode includes deliberate rate of acts of vandalism.
The study has reported that between 2002 and 2011, there are almost 18,677 cases of pipeline
validanlism in the nation. The method observed that a huge oil spillage paarticularkiy when
there is a leakage of pipelines and rigid channels of transportation through pipelines.

32DISSERTATION
4.5.1 Safety requirements for transportation of petroleum products: federal road safety
corps (frsc)
Driving articulated tankers/trailers needs special skills and knowledge of traffic laws
and regulations. Ambituuni, Amezaga and Werner (2015) performed a study on the chosne
context and mentioend the fact presently in Nigeria many drivers of tankers are not even
qualifeid to run such vehicles because they are not properly licensed as well as lack of
fundamnetal requirements to run such tanker vehicles. According to the author of this article,
incrasing rate of road crashes resulting from unprofessional conduct as well as neglienec by
some of tankers on hihgway; consequently, Federal Road Safety Commission (FRSC) to
develop Minimum Safety Requirements for heavy goods vehicle. Furthermore, the
government of the nation has asked Articulated tankers to run to conform to Road Transport
Safety standarization scheme which might ensure that the registration of operaors with five
different vehicles in their fleet as well as comploance with set standards. This means the
oeprators with vehicles which are less than five are spposed to comply with the minuimum
safety standarwds as partculalary mentioned in the traffic laws amd regulations. Hence, the
major responsbility of FRSC shhould include monitoring, certifying as well s enforicng
compliance regulations governing safety oeprations of articulated vehicles in the nation. So,
consequently, before any operator could be legally permitted to run the articulated vehicles
on highway and inter-city raods, the individuals shjould be legally certieid and skilled.
On the other side, Kristiansen (2013) performed a study and mentioned that Federal
Safety corps registation techniques have mandated tankers and trailers services to define the
type of heavy goods vehicles business oepration they are involved in and then they must
register their transport businesses with FRSC. In addition to this, each operator needs to be
assigned with a unique Registration number that could be treated as the identity for the
collation as well as monitoring the firm’s safety complaicne records. These records might

33DISSERTATION
involve the safety review, crash investigation as well facility instepection activities.
Furthermore, it has also been identified that all tankers and tracktors operators are mandated
to visit a nearby FRSC command to gain registration forms as well as other mandatory
information that could guide them to complete forms appropraitely.

34DISSERTATION
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Introduction
This chapter of the dissertation concludes the entire research with appropriate implications
regarding the health and safety framework in the transportation of oil and gas products. This
chapter presents the implications against the findings provided against the findings presented
in the previous chapter. In addition to this, on the basis of the implications, a set of
suggestions have been provided in the chapter. The chapter ends with providing specific
limitations and scope for the future researches.
5.2 Conclusions
In conclusion, it is worth mentioning that rising oil and gas products in Nigeria is
likely to out-space transportation capacity of pipeline infrastructure. Even though the
occurrence of rail and road accident is comparatively higher than the number of accidents
take place through pipeline. The findings indicate that pipeline transportation gains the
maximum exposure due to its convenience and less number of records of accidents in
transporting oil and gas products. It is also found that rail is no longer lagging behind
performed a study and found that lack of availability of pipeline capacity leads to increasing
volume of petroleum goods being transported by rail. So, both rails and pipelines are
convenient options for transporting petroleum products with respect to prevention in the
number of accidents that usually occur. The findings of the existing studies have also
mentioned that collapse of the rail transport system also contributed to the occurrence of
many incidents involving the explosions of tankers in Nigeria. Due to these, there are safety
issues as well, which are needed to be dealt with properly, according to the Exploratory
Spatial Data Analysis department. So, it is worth stating that accidents in transporting the oil
and gas products is a mandatory concern which is certain to happen; thus, oil and gas

35DISSERTATION
organizations should pay attention to development of health and safety or compliance to the
regulations regarding the transportation of petroleum products imposed by Nigerian
government.
5.3 Recommendations
It is certain that oil and gas products transportation require mandatory attention which should
be processed by oil and gas organizations in Nigeria. The following regulation and standards
can be applied to enhance the practice of transportation.
Regulation and Standards
When transporting petroleum products through pipeline, it is necessary to meet or satisfy
safety and environmental standards developed by regulatory organizations. Department of
Transportation in Nigeria should regulate the operation of pipelines. In addition to this,
Environmental Protection Agency of Nigeria should regulate spills and release. Hence,
occupational safety and Health Administration should disseminate and impose specific
standards that cover stakeholders’ health and safety and on the other side, Interstate
Commerce Commission of the nation should regulate general carrier pipelines. Moreover,
few global organizations such as American Petroleum Institute as well as American Gas
Association should publish recommended practices which must cover pipelines operation.
Environmental Protection
It is certain that because of larger volumes of products that are transported by pipelines on a
prolonged basis, chances of environmental damage from the release is high; thereby, pipeline
operators should have emergency responses as well as spill contingency plans in place. The
department also needs to arrange for containment as well as clean up materials and equipment
available on call. This could involve earth dykes and drainage ditches which can be easily
implemented.

36DISSERTATION
Maintaining pipeline and worker health and safety
Pipelines systems should be provided with warning and signalling systems to alert workers
and operators; thus, they can take appropriate actions in emergency. Pipelines should be
designed with automatic shut-down systems which could activate emergency pressure valve
upon sensing increased or reduced pipeline pressure.
5.4 Limitations
The study is limited to secondary data analysis only, which means there is a
significant gap of analysis with primary or ongoing data set. The collection of primary data
would have enhanced the relevancy of the analysis. Particularly, the analysis would have
emerged with a compressive understanding regarding the extent of accidents that negligence
in the transportation of petroleum products and health and safety measures presently
developed by businesses in oil and gas sector in Nigeria.
5.5 Further areas of research
Outcome generated from the study is a useful piece of discussion it states about the
modes of transportation of petroleum products and causality rate of accident from the stated
mode of transportation. However, this study can be further developed by performing or
including a primary data analysis which can be done by involving two oil and gas
organizations presently running the operation in Nigeria.
5.6 Summary
This chapter of the dissertation effectively discusses the existing issues derived from
the findings related to transportation of petroleum products in Nigeria which is causing a
mandatory health and safety concerns. On the basis of the findings, this study provides few
insights in the form of the suggestions related to enhancement of health and safety

37DISSERTATION
requirement in oil and gas sector. However, the chapter also suggest the scope for further
development of the research in the chosen context.

38DISSERTATION
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