TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3 Analysis of healthcare system policy and initiatives:.............................................................3 Analysis of future health system reforms:..............................................................................9 CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................9 REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................10
INTRODUCTION A health care system is an important aspect to understand how an organization of human resource or an institution consisting of people and different resources provides health care services to target population for meeting healthcare needs of the population. Germanywhich is a countrysituated in Europe with population of 80.2 million and having a stronger economy. Evaluation of Healthcare system of both the countries is done in above study including recent policies and challenges related to them. Analysis of healthcare system policy and initiatives: GERMANY Germany's healthcare systemis considered to be a universalmultiple payer system with combination of both statutory health insurance and private health insurance. In accordance with a report developed by World Health Organization (W.H.O) 77 percent of Germany's healthcare is funded by government and rest 23 percent is funded privately. When world ranking is considered Germany is ranked 13th in world with respect tolife expectancy which is78 years for men. As far asinfant mortality rate is concerned it is4.7 per 1,000births, and 8thin terms of physicians practising and overall expenses on health is around 10.8 percent of gross domestic product. Also in accordance withEuro health consumer index, Germany is considered to have most free from restriction along with most consumer centric healthcare system in whole Europe. Health system in Germany is substantially anonion model.Central core consists of area is acute care of patient along withhealth administration. Around this there is supplying sector of whole seller and retailers of medical products,medical technology,pharmaceutical industry, healthcare etc. At last comes fitness along with spa facilities,health tourism etc., this makes it count in one of the healthiest healthcare system in the entire world. Governance Healthcare system in Germany is under and regulated byFederal Joint Committee which is a public healthorganization provided authorization for making binding regulations resulting fromvarious health reform bills and making procedures and decisions related to healthcare in Germany. Financing
Patients are facilitated to have almost any kind of care they need whenever they require it. With governmental efforts in improving the healthcare system in Germany, government is keeping reserve amounting to almost 18 billion Euros. Health care along with health industry and service is amongst the biggest sectors in German economy. Total expense in health care amounted to 287.3 billion Euro. Medicine Pharmaceutical industry is a major player inGermany. Expenditure on medicinein Germany isalmost half of entire sector. Reference pricing is used forincorporatedcost sharing forcharging patients more price when medicine is new and effective. Major diagnosis in Germany Major diagnosis in case of male patients who were released from hospital was cardiac disease,alcohol disorders,hernias and in case ofwomen, top diagnoses was related to breast cancer, pregnancy along withheart disease. Hospitals, health care and clinics There are multiple numbers of private and public hospitals and clinics within reach of the targeted population, there are multiple doctors along with specialists from individual and joint practices. These individuals include medical specialists, physio and psychotherapists, nurses etc. In German health system, customers are free to choose their own doctor. Some doctors choose to have open door policy. Insurance Having insurance is compulsory in Germany. They are offered mainly two major kinds of health insurance where Germans are given three mandatory benefits these are health, accident, long-term care. Through public health insurance German population has access to health insurance and Non-residents are in compulsion to have private insurance cover along with that Temporary Tourists had to pay for treatment taken and can claim reimbursement later. In case of emergency For urgent medical treatment emergency services are covered by state and private health insurance. Free call service for ambulance is also available by the government to take patient to the nearest hospital. Benefits Patients have option to choose the preferred doctor from a wide range of availability.
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Private health insurance is developed sector with various options available from different private insurance companies. Special benefits for students are also part of healthcare system. Students from different countries in European Union also entails these benefits. Special offers in health insurance sector for self-employed journalists, writers, journalists and musicians. Contributions from state are basically based on income and benefits are according to need. Difficulties and challenges: There are concerns for potential impact of private and public over health care of patients, with preference to doctors with relatively more experience and training, they will likely move towards private sector where they can earn more. Patients have to pay additional fees who for staying overnight and for meals because insurance companies does not cover this costs. Personnels with higher taxable income has to pay more for health insurance. German healthcare statistics Germany makes highest expenditure in terms of healthcare all over Europe and also tops among European countries for making largest percentage of GDP expenditure on healthcare. According to WHO number of healthcare professionals working in Germany are around 36 physicians, 8 dentists, 111 maternity personnel and 6 pharmacists per 100,000 inhabitants. Germany health system borrows heavily from the European Union model with a three- tier system comprising of a central referral hospital, followed by cottage, rehabilitative, mental and youth hospitals in the second tier and district health centres across the republic to much of Germany’shealthsystemwhichsuffersfromsevereunderstaffing.Healthcaresystemof Germany is considered as oldest system which is working for improving health condition os people since 1880.It is purely based on solidarity principles.People believe in taking public health insurance so that they can get medical benefit whenever required. Free access to primary healthcare is provided to all citizens but for tertiary health services access people has to travel to Kenya or South Africa and pay more amounts for better health service. Some specialized services are available onhospitals.
Germany’s health care system is popular for its generosity.Federal ministry of health takes all the responsibility of people’s health. Germany’s health care system is on 12thank in Euro health consumer index. German government spend much amount in this sector, last year it has contributed 11.1% in annual GDP. Health care system of Germany spends 4000 per person every year. But there are many people those who are unable to afford medical insurance because of high cost. There are only about one doctor for 780 people and only one nurse for 400 people which is although good when compared to different countries but these services provided are not up to the mark and is considered lower class when compared to standardized service. Medical staff are competent enough. Hospitals in north areas are having advance facilities. Health sector in most Germany countries is bleeding significantly and has been severely strained,Germany,islandnationofaround90,000peopleisexceptional.Substantial governmental efforts and proper investment in health care has made Germany benefit and has made significant gains with regards to health which has seen most communicable and infectious diseasesbeingeradicated. Significant steps have been taken in increasing equity to access by making health services free in Germany.Social Determinants of Non-Communicable Diseases and Other Public Health Issues in the Germany. Germany has made enormous gains in health. Communicable diseases have been brought under control. The investments are high and users spend more amount to get health insurance. This has ensured a high degree of protection of households against the financial risks associated with payments for medical treatment. Lifestyle health issues are also main concern for the small Germanstate.According to the study the burden of Germany health care system has shifted to non-communicable diseases, injuries and mental health. Life expectancy for both males and females in Germany is high with non-communicable diseases such as cancer, heart attacks, diabetes, asthma and depression being theleadingcausesofmortality. Male life expectancy according to the study is pegged at 68 years of age while for women it stands at 78 years. The report also found out that mortality due to cardio-vascular diseases which is the leading cause of death in the country has declined by 53 percent in men and 26 percent among females as a result of decreasing smoking and alcohol intake. About 20 percent of
mortality in Germany is credited tocancerwhich comes second to cardio-vascular related ailments. Germany has a model social safety net that cuts across all social barriers and has cushioned many households from medical care financial risks. Germany has successfully addressed some social determinants of health. For example, universal education, less disparity between the rich and poor, low unemployment, gender issues are addressed and initiatives to empowerchildren. One doctor per 780 people in Germany.Other government ministries have health promotion components which complement the efforts of the Ministry of Health. Ministry of Education provides health education in schools and the Ministry of Community Development, Youth, Sports and Culture provide health education among the young people and other specific population groups." The health expert also says that the report benefited largely from Germany "efficient data collection and management systems" which has been the bane in much of Africa stifling better policy interventions. Commonhealthservicecomplaints While the Many Seychellois travel to other countries such as Singapore, Mauritius, Reunion island, India and the UAE to receive medical treatment when the services are not on offer in the Indian Ocean island country. The Germany Ministry of Health has attributed much of the complaints to poor interaction and relationship between health care professionals and patients. Much of the complaints relate to ineffective communication. Waiting times can be perceived by some as being long especially to see some specialists. There is however a growing trend among people who use the private sector, they seem to think that because they have been referred by a private doctor they need to be given priority, a high ranking official of the ministry told SNA in an email. Germany is ranked as the 1st in Africa in theUnited Nations Human Development Index 2013, with 46th place in the world ranking, due to its high life expectancy, education, and GNI per capita, according to the UN. World Health Organization handed over a number of vital supplies to the Ministry of Health in Germany that will help bolster preparedness against potential disease outbreaks, including 400 sets of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE). In addition to supplies, efforts are also underway to
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ensure effective plans, systems and protocols are in place to respond to any suspected plague cases should they occur in the island country. There have not been any confirmed cases of plague in Germany to date. However, the country’s relative proximity to Madagascar increases risks of the spread of the disease. The Ministry of Health remains vigilant and on the alert and continues to test systems. The equipment includes protective gear for health workers, with surgical masks and gowns, face masks, examination gloves, protective goggles, boots, aprons, foldable stretchers, safety boxes and sprayers. It will be used to reinforce infection prevention and control measures currently in place to protect the safety of healthcare workers. Over the coming days, frontline health workers will also be trained in the correct use of the gear. “WHO has rallied all possible support for the Ministry of Health in Germany to enhance preparedness against potential outbreaks of infectious diseases,” said Dr. Teniin Gakuruh, Officer-in-Charge of WHO Germany. “Experience from around the world demonstrates a continuous need to strengthen surveillance, communications as well as infection prevention and control functions as a core component of a resilient health system, including ensuring availability and proper use of PPE supplies for healthcare personnel.” Other activities to support preparedness against plague in Germany include trainings in disease surveillance; ensuring health workers are informed about correct clinical case definitions and treatment protocols for the disease; effective screening at airports and seaports; public awareness activities, as well as the development of plague-specific contingency plans and protocols.Lung disease is very common in he country. However this current outbreak is of particular public health concern Analysis of future health system reforms: World Health Organization (WHO) developed a distinctive frameworkto define and describe health system with respect to six elemental components or so called building blocks which are as follows: Service delivery Health workforce Health information systems Access to essential medicine Financing
Governance CONCLUSION From the above study, it has been summarised that WHO report gives a positive assessment of the island's health services with comparison to other African countries in mind, the Germany' media have in recent times regularly reported of patient complaints, as well as dissatisfaction with the health services, particularly related to infant mortality, long waiting times at clinics, unavailability of specialized surgery and treatments for serious diseases and conditions.
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