THE HEALTH VARIATION

Running head: HEALTH VARIATION
JORDON CASE STUDY
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author note

HEALTH VARIATION
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Answer 1
Jordon is suffering from SBO (Small Bowel Obstruction) due to Crohn’s disease as in the
case study it was mentioned that he suffered from Crohn’s disease. Many structural and
functional changes occur due to this disease. He developed a stricture, which is causing
obstruction in the bowel movement through his terminal ileum. It is mentioned in the case study
that Jordan suffered from Crohn’s disease when he was 17 years old. In Crohn’s disease causes
this development of the stricture in the intestine leading to the narrowing of the intestinal wall
and therefore the passage of food becomes difficult (Craft, 2015). It develops a crypt
inflammation and abscesses that proceeds into tiny focal apthoid ulcer. The lesion developed in
the mucosa develops into transverse and longitudinal ulcer along with intervening musical edema
that creates a characteristics of cobblestone look to the bowel. Transmural inflammation spread
causes thickening of the bowel wall, causing extension of the mesenteric fat in to serosal of the
bowel. Due to this inflammation bowel movement does not occur. Along with this abscess and
fistula penetrates and extends towards the skin of the anterior flanks or abdomen. This leads to
improper movement of bowel leading to weight loss. As there is no bowel movement, the hunger
of the patient reduces, malabsorption occurs, diarrhoea leading to loss of nutrients and aversion
of foods. In Jordan’s case main cause of weight loss in loss of food appetite. The main reason
behind it is pain while eating, or hormonal inflammation also leads to weight loss. As the person
is not eating properly he undergoes nutrient deficiencies causing weight loss (Hill, Hall & Glew,
2017). When a person is suffering from improper bowel movement he faces a change in
hormonal level such as ghrelin and leptin. These are the two hormones that makes a human feel
full or hungry. As there is no bowel movement, increase in the inflammatory signals occurs like
TNF-α (Tumour necrosis factor) as well as interleukin. Both of these hormone is linked with

HEALTH VARIATION
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improper nutritional status. All these factors together lead to the weight loss of Jordan. Even the
doctor mentioned that Jordan is having distended abdomen, audible bowel sound and tender
mass in the right lower abdomen portion. All these suggest a sign of developing Crohn’s disease
again in Jordan and hence requires faster treatment. The doctor also informed Jordan about his
inflammatory submucosa and mucosa. All the above functional and structural changes add up to
the cause of reduction of Jordan’s weight.
Answer 2
The pain in the abdomen signal is received by brain through motor cortex. The pain
pathway originates from somatosensory cortex that depends on thalamus as well as
hypothalamus. The thalamic neuron comes down towards midbrain and synapse in the medulla
of the brain in addition to spinal cord. It thereby inhibits the rising signals from nerves. The
signals of pain is generated by the autonomic nervous system, after they pass through medulla
the blood pressure and heart rate increases (Bullock & Manias, 2017). All the reaction outcome
depends pain intensity and it can be depressed at the centre of the brain inside the cortex along
the pathway. Sometimes extreme pain damages signalling pattern causing in the limitation of
signal pathways.
Morphine produces pain relief analgesia is produced causing relief from the development
of pain-relieving opiate neurotransmitters such as enkephalins, endorphins and dynorphins.
Regardless of the huge use of morphine plus associated to opioid agonists in clinic as well as
their influential analgesic effects, suppresses the analgesia effect.
Answer 3