This article discusses the history and bioethics of HIV counseling. It covers the ethical principles of confidentiality and informed consent, modifications in bioethics, and other ethical factors. The article also highlights the mandatory HIV counseling for pregnant women in developed countries.
Contribute Materials
Your contribution can guide someone’s learning journey. Share your
documents today.
Running head:HEALTHCARE Healthcare Name of the Student Name of the University Author Note
Secure Best Marks with AI Grader
Need help grading? Try our AI Grader for instant feedback on your assignments.
1 HEALTHCARE History of HIV Counseling During the initial years, HIV counseling is done based on how the person got infected with HIV, information about his or her partners or reference to multiple partners and unprotected sex in conjugal life. Counseling used to take place once the people get affected with HIV and questions were more gender specific. At present, the HIV counseling occurs before marriage, at the time of the unplanned pregnancy or among the young live-in couple. People are now more open-minded about their conjugal life and thus the pattern of questions has been changed. Apart from the education about HIV, importance is also given to the underlying psychological perspective behind sexual life and concept of the multiple partners (Bor, Miller & Goldman, 2013). General Bio-Ethics of HIV Counseling There are three widely recognized principles under the American bioethics that apply to research and the clinical ethics:respect for the service users and their family members, justice for all and beneficence. Under the under the ethical issues related to HIV/AIDS counseling,the mainareasthat arerequiredto be takenunder considerationinclude confidentiality and informed consent. In United States, all medical information is considered as confidential and protected under the law of the bio-ethics. Due to the sensitivity of the HIV/AIDs related information, states in U.S have adopted additional laws that provide stringent protection to the HIV-related medical health records. For example, states in the U.S, the information related to HIV-check ups are not disclosed based on general release of the medical information like the medical bulletin. The information related to HIV can only be released upon specific authorization. However, breaching of confidentiality is permitted under sudden circumstances (Tucker & Rennie, 2014). For example, the healthcare providers working in the U.S are permitted to disclose a patient's HIV-related information to another
2 HEALTHCARE person who is found to be vulnerable towards developing HIV. This breaching of ethical principle of confidentiality does on impose legal penalty. However, in states like California, a healthcare provider might not warn sexual partner or partner using drugs of an affected individual without information first the patient of the intended disclosure. This kind of exceptionofconfidentialityisjustifiedbecausebreachingoftheethicalissueof confidentiality will ensure prevention of fatal harm to an identifiable person (Tucker & Rennie, 2014). The ethical issue of the informed consent under HIV counseling mainly encompasses written consent before the initiation of counseling. The informed consent mainly highlights detailed steps that will be performed in the counseling process, the questions that will be asked, the intended outcomes, and the names of the additional members who might be included in the counseling process for the improved outcomes (Tucker & Rennie, 2014). Modification in the Bioethics The current counseling process of the HIV/AIDs has invited in modifications in the informed consent. Informed consent (IC) is not defined by CIOMS (Council for International OrganizationofMedicalSciences)underthejointcollaborationofWorldHealth Organization (WHO) as a decision of the service users to take part in the research. This serviceuserhereisconsideredascompetentindividualwhohasreceivedrequired information and has adequately understood the information and then have arrived to decision to take part in the availing the service. Informed consent is now based on the ethical principle of autonomy that is freedom to choose. Moreover, under informed consent, adequate time must be given to the participant attending the counseling in order to decide whether they are willing to take part in the counseling process whole-heartedly by unknowing the intended outcomes (Sugarman, 2013).
3 HEALTHCARE Other ethical factors included in the ethical concerns for the HIV/AIDS counseling include beneficence (responsibility to act in best interest for the individuals) and non- malfeasance (not causing intentional harm) (Sugarman, 2013). At present HIV counseling for the pregnant women in developedcountriesis mandatory. It starts with pre-conception counseling. Under pre-conception counseling, the informed consent is also mandatory. However, HIV-testing of the newborn (which is mandatory) does not required consent of the parents and in such cases the HIV status of the mother can be revealed, breaching the ethical obligation of informed consent (Hardy & Cu- Uvin, 2015).
Paraphrase This Document
Need a fresh take? Get an instant paraphrase of this document with our AI Paraphraser
4 HEALTHCARE References Bor, R., Miller, R., & Goldman, E. (2013).Theory and practice of HIV counselling: a systemic approach. Routledge. Hardy, E., & Cu-Uvin, S. (2015). Care of the HIV-infected pregnant woman in the developed world.Obstetric medicine,8(1), 13-17. Sugarman, J. (2013). HIV cure research: expanding the ethical considerations.Annals of internal medicine,159(7), 490-491. Tucker,J.D.,&Rennie,S.(2014).SocialandethicalimplicationsofHIVcure research.AIDS (London, England),28(9), 1247.