Interventions To Reduce Risk of Acquiring The Disease

Running head: HEALTHCARE AND REGULATION
HEALTHCARE AND REGULATION
Name of the student
Name of the university
Author note

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Answer1:
Prevention from diseases includes a wide range of activities or interventions to reduce
the risk of acquiring the disease or threat of the disease. There are three types of prevention
classified as primary prevention, secondary prevention and tertiary prevention.
Primary Prevention: This is a prevention process act as a precaution of the disease.
Primary prevention applied before the disease occurs. The plan includes prevention from the
exposure of the disease, increasing immunity power against the disease, eliminating
unhealthy habits from life, incorporating good habits and increasing resistance against the
disease. Some example of primary preventions is a ban on the use of hazardous product,
creating awareness about healthy habits, immunization against any infection ("Primary
Prevention Of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus By Lifestyle Intervention: Implications For Health
Policy", Annals Of Internal Medicine 140, no. 11 (2004): 951, doi:10.7326/0003-4819-140-
11-200406010-00036).
Secondary prevention: secondary prevention aimed to reduce the impact of the
disease or injury, which already occurred. The intervention method applied immediately after
the diagnosis to prevent or decrease the efficacy of the diseases. Some examples of secondary
prevention methods are routine blood tests, regular screening, healthy diet, exercise, regular
intake of low-dose aspirins, safe and secure infrastructure to minimize injury.
Tertiary prevention: Tertiary prevention implemented to reduce the impact of
persisting illness, which have a lasting effect. This intervention is effective to help people
suffering from long term complex diseases like permanent impairment and chronic diseases.
Tertiary prevention aimed to improve the quality of life, functional ability and mental health
as much as possible. Some examples of tertiary prevention are chronic disease management
program for diseases like depression, diabetes so on. Some more examples are A

2HEALTHCARE AND REGULATION
rehabilitation program for stroke and other cardiac diseases, support groups such as peer
support groups, to improve the mental health of the patient, arranging employment for
patients after recovering or coming in a stable state as much as possible (JOHN E
HALL, GUYTON AND HALL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGY [S.l.]:
ELSEVIER - HEALTH SCIENCE, 2020).
Answer 2:
Medicare for all:
Medicare for all is an insurance plan for all the citizens of the united states. The
medical insurance plan will include several different plans for a different individual, though
all the plans will be working as per a group. The plan is similar to Sanders’ and jayapals’ bills
considering aspects of lifetime enrollment, tax finance, state-license, replacement of private
and ongoing medical plans.
However, the difference in the plan with the other health insurance plan is based on
single-payer life insurance. The current healthcare system of the U.S is based on multi-payer
system, involving the government, taxpayer, and private health insurance companies which
will be eliminated by the plan. The primary benefit of the plan is that it will cover all the
citizens and provide better cover-up of medical facilities. The government will provide health
care schemes such as no/low cost medical insurance coverage in this plan Sen (Bernie
Sanders, "Download", Sen. Bernie Sanders, Last modified 2020,
https://www.sanders.senate.gov/download/medicare-for-all-2019-summary).
Medicare for all won’t work:
The medicare for all sounds like the best plan at a glance, but it will come with a tax
increase, which is not likely to happen for political reasons. The free premium of the plan will
increase taxes, whereas in alternative plans lowering the profit level of the private insurances
will cut down the overall health care cost. Specific plans for people who cannot afford other

3HEALTHCARE AND REGULATION
insurance plan are more likely to become successful. Another plan named Medicare X which
will also run by the government but includes controlled cost can replace the medicare for all
plan for people who do not get health insurance coverage by employment. This plan will
include regular premium plans, keeping the company profit low, so that all the medical cost
can be covered. Subsidies for low-income people will cover a wide number of citizens
(charlotteobserver.com, Last modified 2020,
https://www.charlotteobserver.com/opinion/opn-columns-blogs/article234971212.html.)
Answer 3:
Downstream
Intervention
Midstream
Intervention
Upstream
Intervention
Pre-exposure prophylaxis
(PrEP) is one of the most
successful interventions to
prevent HIV infection among
the population. An individual
with multiple partners, chiefly
when the partner is the same
gender, have a high risk of
Sexually transmitted
infections. The outreach for a
partner in homosexual people
is limited that strengthen the
risk of STI. To prevent HIV in
this community, PrEP can be
helpful. In this plan, people
with high HIV risk are
administrated with oral ART
pills as a precaution of the
infection (Who.int, "Home",
Who.Int, Last modified 2020,
https://www.who.int/)
For the whole Community:
Peer-lead outreach
Sexual and reproductive health (SRH)
services
Screening of Sexually transmitted
infections
For the Lesbian population:
PMTCT
PAP smears
Mammogram
For the gay population:
Rectal care and treatment
Viral hepatitis screening
For the transgender population:
PMTCT
Rectal care and treatment
PAP smears
Viral hepatitis screening
Mammogram
Anti-retroviral
treatment (ART)
HIV counselling
and testing
(HCT)
Prevention to
mother to child
transmission
(PMTCT)
Comprehensive
Sex-education
Pre-exposure
prophylaxis
(PrEP)
Post-exposure
prophylaxis
(PEP)
Universal test
and treat (UTT)
Medical male
circumcision for
HIV prevention
(MMC)
 Counselling of an
individual depends on
if they are starting
PrEP service or already
using the service.
Creating awareness
LGBT Community people have a
higher risk of HIV or other STI. To
prevent the STI, counselling is done to
them are mainly organized by support
groups like Living with HI/AIDS,
Transgender support group, support
Increasing
access to
education
Laws protecting
the right of the
affected people

4HEALTHCARE AND REGULATION
about HIV and the use
of PrEP is the focus of
the counselling.
(Amy Cutrell et al., "HIV
Prevention Trial Design In An
Era Of Effective Pre-Exposure
Prophylaxis", HIV Clinical
Trials 18, no. 5-6 (2017): 177-
188,
doi:10.1080/15284336.2017.1
379676).
 Other counsellings are
client-centred
discussion.
 Counselling by a peer
support group and
HWC workers.
positive, Haweya, and so on. These
groups organize meetings, awareness
camp to improve the health of the
community (The LGBTQ Center Long
Beach, "Social & Support Groups |
The LGBTQ Center Long Beach",
The LGBTQ Center Long Beach, Last
modified 2020,
https://www.centerlb.org/groups/.)
Using flipchart to educate and
update the patient about the
disease, important tips,
guidance.
Starting ART in early stages
Routine health care of patients aged
between 13-64 years
Using the opt-out approach in
screening (Cdc.gov, Cdc.Gov, Last
modified 2020,
https://www.cdc.gov/stophivtogether/l
ibrary/hiv-screening-standard-care/
brochures/cdc-lsht-hssc-brochure-
guide-for-primary-care-providers.pdf.)
Conditional
economic
incentives for
low-income
families
 Using protection every
time of sexual-
interaction
 Avoid drugs, alcohols
and multiple partners
 Not sharing personal
commodities
sex-education
Forming support group in school for
affected students.
 The
transpare
nt
practice
of
injection
s in
healthcar
e
systems
 Policy to
use only
the auto-
disable
syringe
 A zero-
tolerance
policy
for HIV
patients
ART treatment ART and HAART treatment  Policy to

5HEALTHCARE AND REGULATION
ban the
advertise
ment of
alcohol,
drugs.
 Banning
promotio
n of any
activity
that can
enhance
the risk
of HIV
infection
Social, political, health and behavioural impact of the chosen intervention:
The chosen intervention is PrEP, which is a specific precaution of HIV . The risk of
HIV in the overall population will decrease overall if the high-risk people undergo with daily
administration of the prevention plan. The government should enforce the implementation of
the treatment in a certain population, which will again cut down the high cost of healthcare
bared by the government and enhance the economy of the country. People with high risk will
not be stigmatized in society, as free mixing with them come with no risk of infection.
Overall, the plan will promote the wellbeing of the national population, enhancing
psychological and physical health (Unicef.org, "UNICEF", Unicef.Org, Last modified 2020,
https://www.unicef.org/.).

6HEALTHCARE AND REGULATION
Answer 4:
Human Factor:
The factor promotes the utility of human resources with modern equipment to help
patients. Modern medical devices improve the quality and productivity of health care
services. Telehealth intervention is one of modern health technology. However, according to
a report, one service user complained that the new system is not user-friendly. To apply any
modern service uniformly vigorous research should be done before implementing them (Reed
V. Tuckson, Margo Edmunds and Michael L. Hodgkins, "Telehealth", New England Journal
Of Medicine 377, no. 16 (2017): 1585-1592, doi:10.1056/nejmsr1503323).
Privacy and Security:
The privacy of data of patients become a more important factor with the
implementation of modern advance technologies in the health care system. The rules and
regulation of the telehealth service are not standardized yet. Physical, medical and technical
changes are suggested by different health care society to enhance the security of the data. The
implementation of a single federal entity for the comprehensive regulation is also suggested.
All the changes should be enforced to achieve a trust-worthy relationship between telehealth
system and patient, safeguarding the privacy of them (Reed V. Tuckson, Margo Edmunds and
Michael L. Hodgkins, "Telehealth", New England Journal Of Medicine 377, no. 16 (2017):
1585-1592, doi:10.1056/nejmsr1503323).

7HEALTHCARE AND REGULATION
Reference:
"Primary Prevention Of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus By Lifestyle Intervention: Implications For
Health Policy". Annals Of Internal Medicine 140, no. 11 (2004): 951. doi:10.7326/0003-
4819-140-11-200406010-00036.
Cdc.gov. Cdc.Gov, Last modified 2020. https://www.cdc.gov/stophivtogether/library/hiv-
screening-standard-care/brochures/cdc-lsht-hssc-brochure-guide-for-primary-care-
providers.pdf
charlotteobserver.com, Last modified 2020. https://www.charlotteobserver.com/opinion/opn-
columns-blogs/article234971212.html
Cutrell, Amy, Deborah Donnell, David T. Dunn, David V. Glidden, Anneke Grobler, Brett
Hanscom, Britt S. Stancil, R. Daniel Meyer, Ronnie Wang, and Robert L. Cuffe. "HIV
Prevention Trial Design In An Era Of Effective Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis". HIV Clinical
Trials 18, no. 5-6 (2017): 177-188. doi:10.1080/15284336.2017.1379676.
HALL, JOHN E. GUYTON AND HALL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGY. [S.l.]:
ELSEVIER - HEALTH SCIENCE, 2020.
Sen. Bernie Sanders. "Download". Sen. Bernie Sanders, Last modified 2020.
https://www.sanders.senate.gov/download/medicare-for-all-2019-summary
The LGBTQ Center Long Beach. "Social & Support Groups | The LGBTQ Center Long
Beach". The LGBTQ Center Long Beach, Last modified 2020.
https://www.centerlb.org/groups/
Tuckson, Reed V., Margo Edmunds, and Michael L. Hodgkins. "Telehealth". New England
Journal Of Medicine 377, no. 16 (2017): 1585-1592. doi:10.1056/nejmsr1503323.
Unicef.org. "UNICEF". Unicef.Org, Last modified 2020. https://www.unicef.org/
Who.int. "Home". Who.Int, Last modified 2020. https://www.who.int/

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