Healthcare System in Australia and United States of America

This article discusses the differences between the healthcare systems in Australia and the United States of America, including their funding, governance arrangements, and population health indicators. It explores the unique features of each system and highlights the challenges they face in providing accessible and affordable healthcare to their populations.

Running Head: HEALTHCARE SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA AND UNITED STATES OF
AMERICA
Healthcare system in Australia and United States of America
Students Name
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Healthcare system in Australia and United States of America
Introduction
Have you ever had a time or period in your life where you have had to visit a medical
practitioner? If the answer is yes then you have had an experience in healthcare system. A
healthcare system is described as the method or means through which healthcare is organized,
delivered to the people and financed. It entails issues of access, resources, that is, facilities and
workers, and expenditures. The objective of a healthcare system is to promote and improve
health of the people in the most appropriate manner possible using the people’s available
resources as well as the competing needs. At the start of the 21st century access to services of
healthcare had come to be viewed by many countries as well as the United Nations as a vital
good that is significant either as a matter of or meeting the basic needs. An evaluation of health
care system (Hall, 2015), thus entails consideration of the manner in which specific system meets
the normally held value. Healthcare systems are mostly unique to different countries. This paper
will discuss in depth the various differences between healthcare system in Australia and
healthcare system in United States of America. The delivery of health care has gradually grown
to be a big business. Healthcare costs and expenditure have increased drastically over the years.
Background information
Healthcare system in U.S. are almost similar to that of Australian health care system yet
have considerable differences, that is, Australia has had a unique health care system spanning
since 1984. The country has also experienced a period of denationalization of its health care
system. Healthcare system in U.S. is normally leaned towards provision of selfcare. It is
established in a manner that individuals are normally responsible for costs of their health at their

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choices. Self-provision of health care in U.S. is due to the extensive as well as wide clamor
towards the private sector of health. It should be noted that individuals financing for the health
care of an American is normally realized via employment; when an individual seeks to have or
access health insurance he or she can do so via his or her employer. However, Americans who
are unemployed in the country do not enjoy similar opportunities and luxury as their counterparts
(Johnson, Hansen & Bi, 2018). The establishment of schemes funded by the government to
support the public was executed in 1965.
It should be noted that the scheme enables the elderly and the poor to receive health care
and it is funded by state and federal governments. Even though the system covers two vital
groups in the society, there are more than 50 million uninsured people in the country which have
to pay wholly for any healthcare expenses they incur, that can be quite expensive for them.
Australian healthcare system is established to involve two main sponsors to healthcare finance,
that is, the private sector through which private firms insure individual’s health at an incurred
expense and the public sector which is due to the country’s taxation and revenue. The health care
system in Australia offers vital public finance to various fields of available need at both state and
federal level. The services of adequate need entail the application of general healthcare
practitioners as well as hospital visits. It is key to note that the health care system in Australia
has the same varied market structure to American healthcare system. The resemblance is seen as
a result of the presence of both public and private sectors offering funds to deliver health care
services.

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Funding of the health care system of Australia and united states of America
Australia’s territory, state, local and federal governments share health responsibilities and
they have numerous roles, that is, service delivered, regulators, funders and developers.
Providers in the private health services entail pharmacies, medical practices and private
hospitals. Public health care institutions are financed by the all the local and state governments in
the country and governed by the state as well as territory governments. Moreover, private
hospitals are managed as well as owned by the private sector yet are regulated and licensed by
governments. it should be noted that the state and territory governments and the government of
Australia deliver and fund array of care services such as community health services, programs
about population health, medical and health research, as well as indigenous health services. The
government of Australia has the responsibility for the provision of universal health insurance
scheme, Medicare which entails offering funding for basic health networks and subsiding
medical services. in addition for the local governments offering community-based health as well
as home care services, they also have a vital role in health promotion and public health activities,
for instance, offering of immunization services, programs related to weight loss, maternal and
child health services, nutrition awareness, smoking cessation and promoting physical and safety
activity as well as environmental health-linked services like hygiene services, water fluoridation,
food and water inspection and evaluation of food safety.
The health care system in U.S. is viewed as unique among the developed nations. The
U.S. does not universal health care coverage (Gordon et al. 2019). Uniform health care system,
and presently enacted regulations and legislations mandating health care coverage for each
person in the country. Instead of operating and working as a national health service, a single-
payer insurance national insurance system or a several payer health insurance fund (Gillan,

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2019), U.S. health care system can be described as an upgraded or a hybrid system. For instance,
49% of the healthcare system funding in 2014 came from the private funds; 29% came from
various households while 20% came from the private businesses (Apergis, Gupta, Lau &
Mukherjee, 2018). Moreover, 29% of healthcare spending care from the federal government
while the local and state governments contributed about 18%. Most health care services in the
country even if funded by the public are delivered privately. In the same year, 283.4 million
(89.7%) citizens in the U.S. had some form of health insurance, with 67% of workers insured by
the health insurance plan offered by the private entities.
Among the people who are insured in the country, 115.5 million (36.7%) of the
population received health care coverage via the United States government in the same year via
the Medicaid (61.67 million), Medicare (50.6 million), and/or other military or Veterans
Administration care (14.15 million). In the same year, almost 39.3 million individuals in the
country had no type of health insurance or cover (Givan, 2016).
% GDP spent on Health in Australia and United States of America
As normally expected in developed nations like the U.S. and Australia, they tend to use
more per individual on services of health care and the linked expenses relatice to developing
nations. nevertheless, even as a developed nation, the U.S. spend more per individual on health
relative to other developed nations. For instance, health spending per individual in the U.S. in the
year 2017 was about $10225 that was 29% greater than switzerland which is considered as the
second higheest per capita spender while australia has health care spending per individual at
about $4.718. Doing comparisions on health spending in the U.S. relative to other nations like

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Australia is really intricare, as every country has unique,social, economic and political features
which contributes to its health care spending.
System governance arrangment in health care systems in Australia and the United States of
America
In australia, three levels of governemtn are normally responsible for offering universal
health car, that is, territory, state and federal and local governments. Federal government mostly
offres indirect support and fuding to the health professions and states, subsidizing basic care
providers via the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme and Medicare Benefits Scheme as well as
ofering financial support for the healthcare services at the states. The federal government has
only restricetd role in direct delivery of healthcare service. State governments have the most
roles for the public ambulnace services, community health care services, public dental care,
public healthcare instutions, as well as mental healthcare services. The states contribute their
financial support in addtion to that offered by the federal government.
The Affordable Care Act which was enacted in 2010 provided for shared responsbility
betweren individuals, employers, and the government for ensuring that every person in the U.S.
have an access to good as well as affordable health care cover. Nevertheless, healthcare coverage
in the country has renmained fragmented for many years having various pubkic and private
sources and the wide gaps in isnured rates across the country’s population. The centers for
Medicaid and Medicare services usually administers Medicare which is program done by the
federal government for people who are 65 years and older and individuals having disabilities,
and operates in partnership with the state governments to roll out both Medicaid and Childrens
Health isnurance program; the CHIP is a conglomeration between the state and federal

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government for particular low-income groups. it should be noted that the regulation of the
private insurance is largely done at the state level. For instance, in 2014, health insurance
makertplaces which are administered by the federal and state governments were created to offer
extra access to coverage offered by the private insurance with income-anchored premium
subsidies for low- as well as middle-income individuals. Moreover, state government were
provided with the option of taking part in a federally subsidized expansion of eligibility in
Medicaid.
Population health indicators
Health indicator is defined as a measure with the aim of summarising information
concerning a given priority subject in performance of health system or population health. Health
indicators usually offer actionable as well as comparable data across various administrative,
organizational, and geographic bounderies and may track the progress over a given period of
time. For instance, populaiton health indicators entail managed high blood pressure for
individuals lving with hypertension, mortality rates, birth rates, etc.
Maternal Mortality Rate in Australia and United States of America
Maternal death is described as mortality of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days of
the end of the pregnancy despite of outcome as well as duration of the pregancy. Moreover,
maternal deaths are usually dividided into two, that is, indirect as well as direct (Jenny, Carol,
Eve, Adrian & Matthew, 2005). Thus, direct deaths are considered as those which are resulting
from obsteric challenges of pregnacy or the management of the pregnancy. On the other hand,
maternal deahts result from an illness or condition which are not linked to a direct obsteric cause,
nevertheless, are exercabated by the psychological impacts of pregnancy. It should be noted that

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deaths which are not causally linked to pregnancy are grouped as coincidental. The Australia’s
maternal moratlity rate in 2016 was about 8.6 deaths per 100000 females giving birth. It should
be noted that between 2006 and 2016, 280 females were documented to have lost their lives
during the period of pregnancy or within 43 days of pregnancy end.
The major common causes og materbal mortalities in australia are cardiac and non-
obsteric haemorrhage disease. The U.S. have one of the worst cases of maternal mortality
relative to other developed nations. The country fares worse in preventing deaths due to
pregnancies relative to other developed nations in the globe. In spite of the participation of the
country in the Millennium Development Goals as well as spending more relative to other
developed nations on healthcare instution-associated maternal care, the maternal mortality rates
in the country enhnaced from 18 deaths per 100000 live births in 1991 ro 27 deaths per 100000
live births in 2016. In the same period, the international maternal moratlity rose by 45% (Wilson,
2018). The United States of America also failed to realise prior country’s goals for reduction of
maternal mortality. The country is also not on track to realise the modest healthy individuals
2020 goal of minimising maternal mortality by 11% between 2008 and 2020 (Johnson, 2019).
Infant mortality rates in Australia and United States of America
The infant moratlity rate, the number of deaths happening in the initial year of life per
1000 live borths, is a broadely applied proxy for status of health of a country, as well as often
applied for global comparison (Caporale & Gil-Alana, 2015). Global comparison on the status of
health are usually applied by policymakers to guide and formulate the development of effective
policy options as well as appropriate programmatic effeorst. In 2015, in Australia, there were
about 992 infants deaths, that is, the deaht of children documented to be less than on year of age,

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reported in the country (450 females and 542 males). The statistics represented a decrease of a
2.0% as compared to the number of of reported in 2014 which was 1013. In the last one decade,
the number of infant deahts has reduced with some differences from 1303 infant deahts in 2005
t0 92 in 2015. In shoudd be noted that infant mortality rate was reported lowest on record at 3.3
infant deaths per 1000 live births.
One decade ago, the IMR was 5.0 per 10000 live births. Babies boron in the united states
of america rarely reach their first birthday relative to other infants born in other developed
nations in the organizations for economic cooperation and development. Even though the infant
mortality rates have reduced across many developed countries in OECD since 1960s entailing
the U.S., the U.S. has failed to maintain the high pace of its developed nations. The IMR in 2017
in the U.S. was reported to be 5.9 deaths per 1000 live births. More than 22100 infants lost their
lives in the U.S. in 2017 (Eriksson, Niemesh & Thomasson, 2018). The main leading causes of
infant deaths in the country in 2017 were; low birth weight and preterm birth, injuries like
suffocation, sudden infant deaht syndrome, maternal pregnancy health challenges, and birth
defects.
Life Expectancy at Birth in australia and united states of america
Life expectancy is the most often used measure of describing population health as well as
mirrors the entire death level of a population. Moreover, life expectancy examines the duration,
averagely, a person is expected to live anchored on the present sex as well as age-specific
moratlity rates. Life expectancy is normally expressed as a number of years of life an individual
given birth today is expeected to live on earth (Shair, Yusof & Asmuni, 2017). Furthermore, Life
expectancy at birth measures the entire quality of life in a nation as well as summirises the deaths

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at all ages (Rocha, Orellano & Nishijima, 2016). The current life expectancyt at birth in australia
is 82.3 years while for male is 79.8 years and female 84.9 years according to the data that was
taken in 2017 (Wilson, 2014). On the other hand, the life expectancy at birth for the whole
population in the United States of America is 80 years while for men is 77.7 years and women
82.2 years acording to data that was taken 2016 (Crimmins, Yuan, & Yasuhiko, 2016).
Health System Performance Indicators: Incidence of:
Low birth weight infants
Birthweight is described as rhe proportion or number of liveborn infants of low
birthweight, that is, <2500 grams. Low birthweights are vital since children who are born having
low birthweight are usually at greater risk of disability, poor health, as well as deaht relative to
other infants. Accordiing to the World Bank report of 2010 (Rochow et al. 2019), low
birthweight infants in australia was documented at 6.3%. In the United States, the number of
babies who recorded low birthweight reduced from 8% t0 7% between 1970 and 1980. The
number then rose gradually yet steadily to a highest in 2006 when it remained at 8%. The tredn
continued and by the year 2016, the number still remained at 8% (Sathanandam et al. 2019).
Obesity in Australia and United States of America
Obesity has been reporrted as a major public health challenge not only in Australia but
also in the entire globe. Between 2014 and 2015, one in every five children, that is 20% of
children aged between 2 years and 4 years were obese or overweight; 11% were overweight yet
not obese while 9% were entirely obese. In the same period, almost two-thirds, that is, 64% of
adults in Australia were either obese (Sainsbury, Hendy, Magnusson & Colagiuri, 2018). Obese
or overweight prevalence has consistently rose. Obesity rate in the U.S. was 39.9% and impacted

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around 93.5 million adults between 2015 and 2016. The approximated yearly clinical cost of
obesity in the U.S. was $148 billion in 2009 (Gray et al. 2018).
Diabetes in australia and United States in America
Diabetets has been described in Australia as the epidemic for the 21st century as well as
the greatest challenge confronting the country’s health care system. In Australia, about 281
million people develop diabetes daily. About 1.8 million people are suffering from diabetes
entailing all types of diagnosed diabetes, that is, 1.3 million registered and known, and silent,
not-diagnosed type 2 diabetes. Over 100000 people in australia have developed the condition in
the past (Hill, Ward, Grace & Gleadle, 2017). In the United States of America, over 100 million
individual adults are currently living with prediabetes or diabetes. In 2015, about 30.4 million
have the disease and another 84.1 million individuals have prediabetes, a situation which if not
well managed results in type 2 diabetes (Stallings-Smith, Mease, Johnson & Arikawa, 2018).
Asthma in australia and United States of America
In Australia, one in every nine people have asthma, that is around 2.8 million people. Th
disease is prevalent in men who are aged between zero and fourteen, yet among men who are
aged 15 and over, the disease is more prevalent in women. It is key to note that the rate of asthma
among the Aboriginals is nearly twice as high as that of non-aboriginals. In U.S. approximately
one in every 12 individuals, that is, 26 million people, have asthma, yet the numbers are rising.
An estimated one in two, that is, 12 million people with the disease had asthma atack in 2008,
yet numerous asthma attacks are preventable.
Hypertension (High Blood Pressure) in Australia and U.S.

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Hypertension is the most prevalent of all the circulatory system conditions. Hypertensioin
was highest feature to the burden of cardiovascular disease in 2013 accounting for 42.2% of
cardiovascular diseases’ entire burden. Between 2014 and 2015, nearly six million people in
Australia who are aged 18 years and abover had hypertension. In the U.S. approximately 76
million adults, that is, 33%, have hypertension. This represents one in very 3 adults.
Approximately one in every three adults in the country have high blood pressure which are
higher than the normal level yet not in the hypertension range.
Cancer in Australia
About 146000 neew cases of cancer will be recorded while this number is expected to
rise to 150000 by 2020. Cancer was recorded as the second most common cause of mortality in
the country accounting for approximated three in ten deaths. Cancer has been recorded as the
main cause of mortality in country; 51000 mortality from cancer are approximated for 2019
(Serna-Higuita et al. 2019). One in every 2 men and women in the country will be diagnosed
with the disease by the age of eighty-five. In the U.S. an approximated 1.7 million new cases of
cancer will diagnosed in the country and 609650 individuals will lose their lives from the cancer
in 2019. The most commn types of cancer in the country are breast canncer, bronchus and lung
cancer, rectum and lung cancer, prostrate cancer, bladder cancer, melamona cancer, etc,
(Hopkins & Secrest, 2019).
Management of Quality and Safety in the Health System in australia and U.S.
The Health system in Australia and U.S. ofers high quality and safe care in the major
cases. Yet, some individuals do not always get all the healthcare services which is required as
well as negative events happen. All the stakeholders engaged in the care system work very

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tirelessly hard to ensure that every patient get the best healthcare services and are protected from
any form of harm. Yet healthcare is an intricate process which needs much planning as well as
coordination. Both the countrys have come up with mechanisms to ensure that their citizens
receive quality and safe healthcare services.
Conclusion
Health care system in Australia is considered as one of the best not only in the developed
nations but also in the entire globe. This is different with the health care system in the United
States which is relatively low as compared to other developed nations. There are variations in
data between the health care system in Australia and the United States. For instance, there are
variations in the population indicators, health performance indicators and even incidences of
diseases. It it therefore, important for countries to know their health data.

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