Effects of Procrastination: A Literature Review

Running head: HEALTHCARE
Topic: HEALTHCARE
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Introduction
Procrastination in terms of psychology has been defined as the practice of carrying
out work and tasks which are less important than the task requiring immediate response.
Thus it is the theory of impending tasks to a later time period. The main factors affecting the
concept of procrastination are self-understanding. Characteristics like the warning of the
subconscious mind, stress related factors, fear as well as failure, bad moods, depression, self-
regulation related issues and low emotional tolerance has been found to affect the
procrastination. This essay is a literature review on the effects of procrastination and the
various factors affecting the psychological concept of procrastination.
Literature review on the effects of procrastination
According to the findings of Tice & Baumeister (2018), procrastination has often
found to be described to be innocuous, harmful or sometimes beneficial. Contradictory to the
findings of the scientists before, procrastinators have found to be suffering from low levels of
stress as well as more illness. They have been found to be weaker in academic achievements
than other students. Thus it often has been proclaimed as a self-defeating behavioral pattern
which has been usually marked by the short term benefits as well as the long term costs.
Meta-analysis studies of 33 studies relevant to the relationship between academic
performance as well as procrastination have found that it is not positively related with
performance. The performer indicator choice have affected the procrastination- performance
association and simultaneously the use of self-report data have converted the procrastinating
– performance association. Moreover the demographic characteristics of the participants in
the individual studies have been affected in the observed relationship. Further effects of
academic procrastination by the concerted efforts of Steel and Klingsieck (2016) have found
that conscientiousness along with its facets have the strongest correlation with

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procrastination. Students belonging to an undergraduate psychology course have been the
main subjects of the experiment. Ultimately it has been seen than conscientiousness has been
the core for procrastination based types. Thus it is have been matched to the specific type.
Siriois (2018) have further specified that procrastination has a behavioral effect on the
individual. Stress is most likely to be associated with the process which arises from various
intra personal processes linked to negative effects of self-judgment. Procrastinators usually
inflict themselves with while balancing difficult tasks during the aftermath of the unnecessary
delay. One possible solution according to the author is self-compassion which is kind as well
as understanding stance towards any individual in cases of pain and failure rather being self-
critical. According to Gustavson et al (2014), there has been a moderate positive correlation
between the concepts of impulsivity and procrastination. Procrastination has found to be a
potential threat to the psychological, financial and physical well-being of the individual.
Moreover the idea of procrastination originating from the concept of impulsivity has been
counterintuitive. They have been found to have a cognitive ability like the goal management
ability involving retrieval of short term as well as long term goals for effectively guiding the
behavior of an individual. Katz, Eilot and Nevo (2016) have further explained that motivation
has been found to play a key role in reducing academic procrastination related issues.
Motivation among the students in academics have been found to act like a buffer protecting
the students against the negative consequences and acting as a power source for overcoming
he various difficulties in academics. Assessment of motivation in procrastination has been
done using the theory of self-determination. Hen and Goroshit (2014) have stressed on the
effect of procrastination often academics as an impediment to the academic achievements of
students. It has been found to have associations with high levels of stress, anxiety as well as
illness. The authors have also found an interesting link between the learning disabilities and
academic self-efficacy. Such students have often exhibited lower academic expectations,