Hearsay Rule in Criminal Proceedings

0
Introduction to Criminology and Criminal Justice

1
Hearsay is referred to evidence which is offered by witnesses who did not have
direct knowledge regarding the issue; instead, they give testimony based on what others
have said to them. For example, Tom testifies in Rick’s murder trial that Rick’s best friend
told him that Rick kills the victim. The benefit of hearsay is that it increases the accuracy of
the statements and evidence given in criminal proceedings. The non-verbal acts which
include exception to hearsay are facial expressions or gestures. An example of assertive
non-verbal behavior includes pointing at a picture to identify attacker. An example of non-
assertive non-verbal behavior includes putting on a sweater because it is cold. The prior
statements made by a witness in hearsay rule are considered as an exception to the hearsay
rule if such statements are inconsistent with the testimony of the declarant, consistent to
rebut undue influence or identification of the person after perceiving the person. In this
situation, the rule of hearsay did not apply because the credibility of the statement reduces
as the time pass by. To determine whether the evidence is considered as hearsay, following
questions can be asked. Is it a statement? Whether the party makes such statement in the
court? Is the statement is being offered for its truth? The principal methods used are
controlled by the judge who can allow the hearsay evidence if there is compelling reason to
do so. A witness rule 608 is used to evaluate witness credibility by determining his/her
character for truthfulness or untruthfulness of the witness. Secondly, the criminal records of
the witness are evaluated. Moreover, the court uses direct witnessing, expert witness
testimony and other options to analyze the testimony of witness. If the court allows non-
verbal hearsay evidence, then it interferes with these methods.
Both principles restrict the admission of the out of court statements in case of
criminal proceedings. For example, the confrontation clause guarantees that the criminal
defendant has the right to face the witness who is giving evidence against him. Similarly, out
of court statements are not allowed in hearsay statement due to which the defendant can
confront the witness. Assertive statements are referred to statements which are made for
the purpose other than hearsay. In these statements, the party stands up for oneself in a
way that it did not violate the basic rights of another person. Examples of assertive
statements include I have different opinion in this regard, or we both are right. Examples of
non-assertive include operative conduct and performative utterances. In case a person
engages in the conduct which is not meant to communicate, then it is not considered as