Cardiovascular Disease Prevention Program Outcomes

The provided content consists of various research articles, conference proceedings, and book chapters related to cardiovascular disease prevention and nursing practices. The studies investigated different aspects of cardiovascular disease prevention, such as the effectiveness of nurse-led interventions, the role of nurses in promoting healthy lifestyles, and the impact of cardiovascular disease on patients with chronic conditions like cancer. The findings suggest that nurse-led programs can improve cardiovascular disease outcomes, and that nurses play a crucial role in educating patients about healthy habits and risk factors. The articles also highlighted the importance of addressing cardiovascular disease prevention in low- and middle-income countries, as well as among older adults.

CASE BASED WRITTEN ASSIGNMENT
1

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction......................................................................................................................................3
1.......................................................................................................................................................3
Describe the pathophysiology, health assessment and clinical findings specific to MG’s
condition......................................................................................................................................3
2.......................................................................................................................................................5
State the risk factors she have for cardiovascular disease...........................................................5
3.......................................................................................................................................................5
What other complications does MG present with and why have these occurred........................5
4.......................................................................................................................................................6
Using the Clinical Reasoning Cycle, identify three priorities nursing diagnoses.......................6
5.......................................................................................................................................................7
State the goal of care, specific nursing intervention and their corresponding rationale..............7
Conclusion.....................................................................................................................................10
References......................................................................................................................................11
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INTRODUCTION
The present research study has been emphasizing on MG who is a 76 year old female
currently admitted to emergency department and she is also diagnosed with congestive heart
failure problem. From past medical history, it is identified that she is having hypertension and
chronic renal failure. Thus, looking towards her medical situation, the study has analysing
several risk factors that present in MG’s case due to cardiovascular disease.
1
Describe the pathophysiology, health assessment and clinical findings specific to MG’s condition
Heart failure develops when the heart fails to pump blood at a rate commensurate with
the requirements of the metabolizing tissues. Congestive heart failure is a syndrome that can be
caused by a number of abnormalities such as loss of muscle, pressure and volume overload and
high output failure (Hockenberry, Wilson, & Rodgers, 2016). For the purpose of maintaining
normal cardiac output, several mechanisms are important to consider such as compensatory
enlargement cardiac hypertrophy and cardiac dilatation. Heart failure also results in depression
of the ventricular function curve and compensation arises in the form of stretching of myocardial
fibres (Abrahams-Gessel and et.al., 2016).
Heart failure is the pathophysiologic state that may be caused because of myocardial
failure and it may also occur in the presence of near-normal cardiac function under conditions of
high demand. It is an apparent aspect that heart failure always causes circulatory failure because
of noncardiac conditions such as hypovolemic and septic shock. The major symptoms of
congestive heart failure includes the following things:
 Exertional dyspnea
 Acute pulmonary edema
 Nocturia and oliguria
 Distention of neck veins
 Increased intensity of P2 heart sound
 Fatigue and weakness
 Anorexia, weight loss and thread pulse
 Central or peripheral cyanosis (Connolly and et.al., 2017)
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In acute heart failure, patient care consists of stabilizing the patient’s clinical condition,
establishing the diagnosis, etiology and precipitating factors. However, in the usual form of heart
attack, the heart muscle reduced contractility and this produces a reduction in cardiac output
which then becomes inadequate to meet the peripheral needs of the body. In this disease, heart
rate is generally increased
According to the health assessment, it is identified that that her pulse rate is 102 and her
BP level is 160/100, RR is 24 and temperature is 37.3C. According to the diagnosis, she has
widespread creps on chest auscultation and she is sweaty as well. At the same time, after
conducting ECG, it is ascertained that MG has atrial fibrillation (Ding and et.al., 2017). After
conducting radiology, it is being analysed that she has cardiomegaly and pulmonary congestion.
Laboratory testing is also carried out and it is analysed that the level of potassium and sodium is
high because she is not following the fluid and salt restriction which was ordered to her at the
time when she was admitted in the hospital.
According to the case analysis, she was discharged from the hospital prior 11 days and
after that again she come up in the hospital as she is unable to catch the breath and because of
that her legs are getting big and heavy (Faithfull and et.al., 2017). When question was asked
from the health care practitioner, she said that she is not following the fluid and salt restriction;
hence reportedly she gained 2kg weight after her discharge. Since, she had the issue of
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hypertension; thus currently the level of BP is getting low and at the same time she is also having
type 2 Diabetes mellitus.
2
State the risk factors she have for cardiovascular disease
It is being observed that the majority of cardiovascular disease is caused by risk factors
under which certain can be controlled, treated or modified (Hockenberry, Wilson & Rodgers,
2016). High blood pressure, cholesterol, overweight, diabetes and lack of physical activities are
included under this. However, on the other hand there are several major CVD risk factors that
cannot be controlled. Thus, the identified leading CVD risk factor is raised blood pressure which
also leads to deaths in many cases. Further, physical inactivity and overweight are also some of
the risk factors that can be controlled; but then it leads to certain other health issues (Hu and
et.al., 2016). This also considers family history if anyone has the issue related to CVD. It is also
identified that hypertension is the single biggest risk factor that leads to stroke and it also play
significant role in heart role.
In the present research study, MG is having the issue of hypertension and she also has
diabetes; moreover on the basis of past history it is identified that her mother died at the age of
65 years because of CVA. Type 2 diabetes is a major risk factor for coronary heart disease and
stroke and obesity is also important which also leads to cardiovascular diseases (Kayser and
et.al., 2016). Thus, looking towards the present condition of MG, it can be said that her condition
is highly critical as she is having several major issues related to cardiovascular disease. Further,
the issue of stroke is also increasing since MG is getting older.
3
What other complications does MG present with and why have these occurred
Along with Cardiovascular disease, MG is also having problems because her pulse rate is
irregular, BP level is also down and respiratory rate is also 24 that means she is having fast
breathe continuously (Lee and et.al., 2016). At the same time, it is also identified that her legs is
getting big; thus such factors could generate other risk associated aspects for MG. On the basis
of past history, the risk of heart attacks are higher because of hypertension and type 2 diabetes.
Thus, proper medical support and treatment is required to be given to MG else she might get
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other issues along with cardiovascular disease. Since, she has type 2 diabetes; therefore MG has
the risk of high blood sugar and insulin resistance (LaBella and et.al., 2016). This clearly states
that because of high blood pressure, there is a risk of heart failure which can also lead to
evaluated blood sugars.
The life of MG is highly risky as she is not following proper dietary chart and she also
consumes unhealthy products most often. At the same time, she is not performing any sort of
physical activity; hence this also leads to obesity and fatigue (Mohammedi and et.al., 2016). The
problem of cholesterol is also increasing and that brings improper pumping of heart that also
blocks the blood vessels. Thus, considering the present situation, it is clear that there are various
risk factors for MG. These complications have occurred because MG was asked to follow
various things and restrictions were also there in the consumption of fluid and salt. However, she
did not follow that and because of that her weight is increasing. She is also not following proper
medication chart and as a result, other health issues are arising consequently.
4
Using the Clinical Reasoning Cycle, identify three priorities nursing diagnoses
In the present research study, three major priorities which needs proper nursing diagnosis
are stated as under:
 Cardiovascular disease
 Type 2 diabetes
 Hypertension
Thus, according to the defined problems, these are the major priorities which needs
immediate nursing diagnosis so that suitable care can be delivered to MG. This is also useful so
that she can recover her health condition as early as possible (Moore, Bobo, Rock & Wise,
2016). At the same time, it is also vital for the nurses to adopt numerous interventions to give
suitable care to MG.
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5
State the goal of care, specific nursing intervention and their corresponding rationale
Thus, as per the above discussion it is clear that in the present case of MG, nurses are
required to develop a nursing plan so that specific care can be delivered accordingly. Nurses in
this case must also make use of specific intervention as per the health problem.
Nursing diagnosis
Specific health
problem
Goal of care Nursing
intervention
Importance of this
intervention
Cardiovascular
disease
In order to deal with
cardiovascular
disease, it is essential
for nurses to manage
the heart rate so that
the issues of stoke
and attack can be
avoided.
Self- care is a
fundamental concern
for nursing wherein
MG should be
properly delivered the
information through
which they can
manage the issues
related to heart stroke
and attack (Sanchez
and et.al., 2017).
It is also essential for
the nurse to adopt
new practices so that
along with proper
medication, therapies
can be adopted to
deal with the
situation (Piepoli and
et.al., 2016).
To guide the patient
towards healthy
exercises and
activities
In this intervention, it
is vital for the nurses
to focus on giving
healthy diet to MG so
that properly the
amount of salt can be
taken with other
fluids (Stewart and
et.al., 2016).
This intervention
needs to be adopted
by the nurses so that
to improve the health
conditions of MG.
Further, nurses must
also continuously
evaluate
cardiovascular status
and along with that,
they should also
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monitor the
hemodynamic
functions and disease
management.
Nursing diagnosis
Specific health
problem
Goal of care Nursing
intervention
Importance of this
intervention
Type 2 diabetes Administer insulin It is essential for the
nurses to administer
the process of nursing
so that improvements
can be made
accordingly. At the
same time, timely
insulin should be
given to MG.
This is essential to
control the blood
sugar level and as a
result, it can also
assist in controlling
BP and pulse rate
(Urden, Stacy, &
Lough, 2017). Under
this, nurse should
also focus on
replacing the insulin
o timely basis.
Balanced diet Nurses must proper
balanced diet to MG
so that she can start
having nutritional
food.
Apparently under that
restrictions will be
laid on salt and sugar
level.
Physical exercises Nurses needs to
direct MG regarding
the use of physical
exercises so that she
can remain fit and
With the help of
physical exercises,
MG will be able to
minimize the chances
of heart stroke
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this is also crucial for
the purpose of
reducing other health
issues (Wells and
et.al., 2016).
Nursing diagnosis
Specific health
problem
Goal of care Nursing
intervention
Importance of this
intervention
Hypertension Risk for decreased
cardiac output
Proper review is
essential in the case
of MG so that her
heart beat rate can be
managed.
Nurses need to
monitor and measure
blood pressure in
both hands through
using a cuff and
proper techniques can
also be used for the
measuring blood
pressure (Westland
and et.al., 2017).
Monitoring breathe
frequency
Auscultation of
breath sounds and
heart tone is
necessary to control
Nurses must monitor
the frequency of
breath as currently
her respiratory rate is
24. Further, this is
also essential to
reduce the chances of
creps on chest
(Abrahams-Gessel
and et.al., 2016).
Proper medication Thiazide diuretics, It is crucial for the
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beta blockers,
angiotensin
converging enzyme
inhibitors and
calcium channel
blockers (Williamson
and et.al., 2016).
nurses to deliver
proper medication to
MG so that she can
get recovered as early
as possible.
Hence, in terms of reflecting about my own experience, I can say that I have prepared this
study will all relevant and accurate materials which has contributed in enhancing my knowledge
and capabilities. Further, I can also say that I now get to know about the nursing interventions
that are available for different health diseases. However, in the present case, MG is having
several health problems; thus proper treatment is required to be given to her according changing
health aspects. Stating about my role in this care provision, I can say that I have acquired
knowledge on various aspects which can help me in performing all my roles in suitable manner.
CONCLUSION
Thus, concluding the entire research study, it can be said that specific nursing practices
should be adopted so that appropriate care can be delivered to the patient. The study seems to be
useful since it helped in analysing the effectiveness of nursing intervention for different health
problems. The study has also helped in realizing the ways through which cardiovascular
problems can be managed in appropriate manner.
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REFERENCES
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Moore, K. D., Bobo, B., Rock, P., & Wise, E. (2016). Abstract WP323: Bridging The Gap
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