Sustainable Tourism and Cultural Heritage

The provided content is a collection of academic articles, books, and online resources related to Travel and Tourism. The sources cover various aspects of the industry, including principles and practices, financing, business travel, hotel trends, sustainability, marketing, cultural heritage, and tourism satisfaction. Authors from around the world contribute to the discussion on topics such as residents' support for tourism, travel preferences, and the impact of negative online reviews. The content suggests that the field of Travel and Tourism is multidisciplinary, requiring consideration of factors like culture, economics, and technology.

HERITAGE AND CULTURAL TOURISM
MANAGEMENT

TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
1.1 Growth and development of the UK heritage and cultural industry......................................3
1.2 potential conflicts in the conservation of heritage and cultural resources.............................5
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................6
2.1 Assess the purpose of heritage and cultural attractions in meeting the needs of different
customers.....................................................................................................................................6
TASK 3............................................................................................................................................8
3.1 Impact of different types of ownership on the management of heritage and cultural sites...8
3.2 Roles and responsibilities of organizations in the heritage and cultural industry...............10
TASK 4..........................................................................................................................................11
4.1 The role of methods of interpretation within the heritage and culture industry..................11
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................13
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................14

INTRODUCTION
Tourism is the fastest growing industry in the world which is developing at very high
growth rate. It refers to the movement of people from one place to the other for various purposes
such as for recreation, entertainment, education, learning, health and fitness reasons, research
and development and many more. It is enhancing with the widening of its horizons and domain
of working encompassing into its various segments. Including various components into it, one
the important segments includes cultural and heritage tourism (Horner, 2012). Countries are
realizing the importance of cultural and heritage tourism which leads to its efficient management.
Present report is prepared to elucidate its different components and explain the importance of
various organizations in the enhancement of this sector.
1.1 Growth and development of the UK heritage and cultural industry
The London city has rich history which has reflected by its royal tradition and culture and
iconic landmarks. Since the roman times there is no shortage of the historical attraction to visit.
Best heritage buildings are the major attraction of London heritage. At present the tower of
London is the most attractive landmark of London. Historical review has reflected that Norman
Conquest was the one of the most popular tourist destinations in the city. When London Bridge
was planned to build it was originally the only crossing over the Thames. Over 50 designs were
submitted to be considered for the winning final design. It took 8 years to build with 432
construction workers. History of royal family and monarchy has reflected that Kensington Palace
was the childhood home of Queen Victoria. Including this, Tower bridge exhibition, Hampton
Court palace and Windsor Castle are also considered as important part of London Heritage which
increase the attraction of tourists also (Nunkoo and Gursoy, 2012).
Heritage and cultural tourism is becoming one of the major attractions of UK. There are
increasing number of tourists within this country due to the UK’s superb history and universal
culture. Increasing tourism plays a most important role in the economic growth of country.
However, there are several barriers which restrict the growth of visitors in the country. Tourism
in UK is developing as per the recent statistics (Åkerlund and Müller, 2012). People are visiting
here for different purposes such as education, business purpose, leisure tourism etc. In addition
to this, in the past years there are several events which have taken place in the country for the
development such as:
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Year Name of event Detailed Description
1940 In this year CEMA were
emerged in the country which
is famous as council for
encouragement of Music and
Arts. It represents the culture
of country with the help of art
and music.
CEMA has been established just to protect all the
historical museums as well as arts of the country.
Within this year a fund presented by government
will be utilized for the protection of culture and art
of country. It highly promotes the growth rate and
development of historical and culture monuments
(Abu and et.al., 2012).
1946 The Art Council of Great
Britain
The main objective of this event is just to
accomplish the same by using the fund raised by
government and keep protection of historical
monuments.
1980 In this year, UK government
had faced several problems. In
this concern, funding policy is
being used just to protect the
cultural and heritage
environment of nation.
Government has launched a Business Sponsorship
Incentive Scheme. It played a most effective role in
overcoming with the funding related situation and
problems as well. Through this, they are able to
take better care of their heritage property (Evans,
2003).
1990 National Lottery It can be considered as a major development area
within the heritage and culture. It has opened the
new mean of raising the funds for the protection of
heritage and cultural tourism of country.
In this regard, it can be determine by the passing years there is a huge development in the
tourism of country. There are several heritage places in UK such as Stonehenge is the prehistoric
monument which is famous for its ring of standing stone and it attracts large from of tourist from
around the world. There are various sporting activities taking place within UK such ad London
Olympics. It has given significant rise in the tourism development as well as helps in attracting
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number of visitors. Here, in this regard, government tends to carry out their efforts in terms of
renovation of heritage places within country. For the same, various promotional means are taken
into consideration and it helps in attracting more number of visitors (Negi and Manoher, 2009).
The major attraction of UK is based on the British majesty and its style of sophistication. There
are several places such as Royal pavilion, cathedral church; castles and Smeaton's Tower are
some places of attraction. Further, treasure trove of culture and heritage is the most famous place
of the country which is having richness of sculptures and monuments, historic buildings and
heritage sites. Moreover, the above description clearly presented the major growth as well as
rapid development in the number of increasing tourism (Youell, 2000). Due to the technological
advancements and increasing promotion of heritage and cultural tourism they are experiencing
the immense growth and development (Timothy, 2011). It has given significant improvement
within their tourism section.
1.2 potential conflicts in the conservation of heritage and cultural resources
At the time of protection of heritage and cultural resources several conflicts and issues that
might occur. One of the major issue is related to the damaged of property due to the disputes and
conflicts takes place. As per the given case scenario, Lhasa, Tibet is known for its spectacular
beauty. Here, it has been determined that conflicts are occurring between inhabitants of Lhasa
and Chinese government. After analyzing the potential of country, Chinese government has
taken the decision to open some new hotels within the city. For this development they have
signed a contract with one of the most famous hotel InterContinental Hotels Group (IHG). At the
time of processing, government is facing huge conflicts from the side of local citizens. In
addition to this, government is taking several measures in order to enhance the particular tourism
of country (Zainal, 2012). There are several issues which hinders the growth and development of
these destinations. Due to the several conflicts takes place in Tibet the image of country as a
tourist destination has been demolished.
Opening an IHG group is the most crucial step taken by government to enhance their
visitor’s base. Further, the government is taking several steps just to renew all the places within
their area. There are various templates and monuments which are having global significance for
all the people around the globe (King and et.al., 2006). UK government caters to improve all the
condition of these places with the help of expertise and specialist in the field such as architect
and historian. With the help of these expertise’s renovation can take place. However, country’s
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basic criteria are just to promote the area where they can attract huge base of customers. They are
promoting the places such as education, sports as well as cultural and historical monuments. By
having proper educational institutions and programs enhancement can take place within the area
of knowledge and information about the heritage of Chinese culture (Pietro, 2013). Further, these
are some of the most common conflicts which take place at the time of preserving natural and
heritage sites.
Along with this, as per the given case study analysis it can be said that development of
InterContinental Resort Lhasa Paradise will increase the PR promotion of Chinese culture and
reduce the culture of Tibet. At present Tibetian people offer unique hospitality to tourists but
InterContinental Resort Lhasa Paradise will affect the current hospitality and reduce the value of
heritage and attract tourist by luxury rooms and all. On the other hand, development of this resort
will increase the economic and employment opportunity of Tibetian and helping to improving
their living standards. But on the other hand it will have negative impact on Tibet culture and
current living life. Tibet activists protest intercontinental hotel by free Tibet online campaign
(Fletcher, 2013).
TASK 2
2.1 Assess the purpose of heritage and cultural attractions in meeting the needs of different
customers
Tourism industry is growing at a rapid rate in the UK and in current time it covers about
the 10% of the UK GDP. Due to this reason this industry plays a great role in the growth of the
UK economy. In the UK there are two important locations that are very popular among the
general public. These two locations are British museum and National history museum. These
museum are satisfying needs of the people in many ways. British museum is well known for old
sculptures. Due to this reason those people that love to know about the ancient age like to visit
British museum. At this place every year thousands of tourists comes in the London in order to
visit this museum. In the British museum there is a restaurants where lots of foreign tourist
comes in order to eat a food (Williams and Uysal, 2003). Hence, it can be said that this place is
satisfying needs of the people.
From this place those who love to know about the ancient age history get a lot of
knowledge and they get satisfied from this place. Due to restaurant large number of people
comes here to eat a food. Due to this reason large number of people is getting employment in the
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restaurants that are in the British museum and nearby areas. Hence, through British museum
needs of the domestic and international people is getting satisfied. Apart from the British
museum, National history museum is another tourist place which is also very popular in the UK
because every year thousands of people come at this place in order to view unique things. In
National history museum exhibitions are organized in which number of paintings are presented
before the people (Hogan, 2012). These paintings are very attractive in nature and due to this
reason those who love nature like to visit this place. This is because at this place people see
natural beauty under one roof. Apart from this, temporary exhibitions are also organized in the
National history museum time to time. These exhibitions are very unique in nature and due to
this reason large number of people is visiting this place in a year. British Museum is dedicated to
human history, art and culture so, these are the major attraction for visitors. There are number of
departments such as Department of Ancient Egypt and Sudan which is the house of world’s
largest collection of Egyptian antiquities. Along with this, Department of Greece and Rome has
collection of Greek objects from across the ancient Greek world ((Dale, 2005)). Along with this,
different other departments such as Department of the Middle East, Prints and Drawings,
Prehistory and Europe, Asia, Africa, Oceania and the Americas and Coins and Medals,
Conservation and Scientific Research, libraries and Archives increase the attraction of visitors
who wamnts to know the different culture and art.
The National History Museum is populous in giving cultural and historical education to
clients and it also emphasizes on different arts and monuments. Tourism of such place is
valuable for those clients who need to acquire information on different values and cultural beliefs
of the country. It is a museum of natural history that depicts vast range of specimens from
diversified segments of natural historical aspects. Along with Victoria and Albert museum, the
natural history museum is the major one that is visited by huge number of clients during peak
seasons. The main area of visiting is the Cromwell Road and the museum is also called as home
to life. It gives information and knowledge regarding botany, entomology, mineralogy,
paleontology and zoology; hence it is highly useful for biological students as they can acquire
information regarding these aspects (Sharpley, 2003). This is also vital in terms of collecting
knowledge about all those aspects through which new things can be involved in the museum for
visiting. Along with this, the Museum’s 80 million specimens form the world’s most important
natural history collection are considered as major attraction for tourists. This museum is one of
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the major destination of scientific community because using the collection they can find the
answers of different key questions about the past, present and future solar system, geology and
life on earth. So, these are considered as major attraction.
The Museum is also renowned center of research because it is specialized in taxonomy
and it also identifies the ways through which resources can be conserved. The tiles and bricks
featured to prepare the museum are comprised of varied relief sculptures of flora and fauna,
which gives innovative look to the museum and along with the same, it also includes living and
extinct species featured within the west and east wings respectively which entices customers on
higher extent towards tourism. Moreover, the central axis of the museum is aligned with the
tower of Imperial College London along with Royal Albert Hall and Albert Memorial. The
museum also has a geological museum which became worldwide populous for the varied
exhibitions that includes active volcano model and earthquake machine (Kibicho and et.al,
2013). All the artifacts and gallerias were completely rebuilt and launched so that new look can
be given to the museum. The new design and covered with all the walls in recycled slate and
sandblasted includes geological exhibits.
These two museums have collections of nature and culture of different countries or
nations. So, these helps in increasing knowledge of students and other researchers about these
subjects. Along with this, these collection are very unique and rare so, these provides appropriate
entrainment to visitors also. So, Government needs to focus on entrainment and education of
visitors of these museum and provide appropriate maintenance to these museums.
TASK 3
3.1 Impact of different types of ownership on the management of heritage and cultural sites
In order to exploit various resources of the country and make the proper utilization
various organisation function for it. Each organisation has different tasks and duties to perform
with different aims and objectives. On the basis of allocation of resources and intentions,
organisations are categorized as Government body, private body and charitable organisation.
Methods are different in all the types of organisation due to different approaches adopted by
them (Nunkoo and Gursoy, 2012).
Each country is governed by the group of people who caters their need to stabilize the
condition of the country. They improve all the aspects in which country has its operation of
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working. Hence, that government and other legislative body aim to exploit all the available assets
for the growth and development of country. One such area in which a nation has keen focus is
the cultural and heritage tourism of the country (Acton, 2012). UK is the treasure trove of many
such resources with the availability of castles and palaces. Government and other public bodies
take steps to prevent them from damage and promote to conserve them for future generation.
Among many organisations working in the area, two of them are Science museum and Heritage
lottery fund. Owned by Government, these organisations function under the control of
Government and its operation with the supervision of higher official who are accountable for the
maintenance of nation's assets and legacy. Science museum established in London has the prime
function of taking care of all the monuments of country with the aim to renovate and maintain
them. These monuments are preserved for the present and future generations (Gautam, 2008).
Another example is the Heritage lottery fund which functions to generate revenue for the
preservation and conservation of the resources by attracting finances from different sources.
Private organisations are privately owned bodies that also function in the same field or
area that is in the maintenance of all the heritage and cultural sites of the country (Martin, 2007).
These organisations have the primary aim to maximize their profit and revenue along with the
consolidation of the larger number of people. For that purpose, they adopt different ways to
attract people with their organisation such as marketing, campaigning and others. In reference of
the maintenance of these sites, there are two organisations namely; British Tours and
Trailfinders. These two organisations along with the collaboration of government and their
support function to attract large number of tourists in the country (Gnedovsky and Dumbcke,
2013). Their objectives are to showcase the country offerings to the world. In that regard, they
supply their services to the travellers to provide memorable experiences and reason to visit more
often. Trailfinders is the established tour operator having its centres in number of countries. With
its outstanding products and warm welcoming services, it enables to capture the interest of many
tourists in the country (Jayawardena and et al., 2013). British offer its distinguished products in
the form of different services and packages to make their country's places visit and explore them.
Services offered by them are attracting people to visit these places and increase the foreign
exchange earnings of nation along with creating prominent position in the global market. Not
only in physical evidences, but through virtual platform as well they connect to the public that is
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via social media and websites (Son, 2012). Platforms services offered by them along with the
nations offerings are presented in the lucrative manner.
Along with government and private organisations, there are many charitable and non-
profit organisations working in this area (Jayawardena and et al., 2013). With no motive of
maximizing profit and revenue, they function to operate and bring growth and development in
the cultural and Heritage tourism of the country. Two of such organisations who are voluntary
working in this area are VISIT Britain and NAFADAS. These organisations get the help from
people and government in the form of donations and aid. Their fundamental aim is to bring
awareness among the people to prevent them from damage and make it utilize for purposes such
as research, development, entertainment and fun (Buckley, 2012). They conduct campaigning
and programs collaboration with the educational institutes and more.
3.2 Roles and responsibilities of organizations in the heritage and cultural industry
With the fundamental duty to preserve the assets of nation, there are many organisations
that function in this respect and make sincere efforts by inculcating effectual ways and strategies
in their process. Their basic aim to enhance the tourism sector in the country is by providing
better ways to explore nation's assets and resources for varied purposes such as education and
learning, recreation and entertainment and many more. In this respect, there are two such
organisations which function in their respective field for the better management of culture and
heritage tourism:
 English Heritage: This organisation is entitled to maintain all the pictorial monuments
and buildings of the country that are registered under it. With the adoption of different
measures it undergoes the process. Adopting the set of activities in the planned and
structured manner, objectives are met by this organisation (Morosan, 2013). It has total
400 cultural and heritage sites under this. Preserving sites for present and future
generation enables to showcase nation's assets to world. It has the efficient team of
analyst which frequently check the status and condition of buildings and process
renovation and improvements. Further, board of directors take decisions with respect to
the funding and finances required for the maintenance. A team is there who undergo the
process of campaigning and promoting the need and benefits of promotion. This team
interact with the wide stream of people via personal interactions and internet (Clarke and
Chen, 2012).
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 Heritage lottery fund: It is the organisation to generate revenue for the maintenance of
cultural and heritage sites from different sources and methods. Heritage lottery fund in
collaboration with department of culture, sports and heritage collects finances. These
funds are utilized for the repairing of damage occurred to the buildings belonging to long
history of UK. There are different sources from which revenue is gained in this respect
such as taxes and tariff collected by visitors to visit the places, donations from people and
voluntary organisation, separate fund allotted to the tourism sector and aid given by other
government bodies (Acton, 2013). Further, there are different programs, events, functions
and other are organised to more revenue and finances for the country.
TASK 4
4.1 The role of methods of interpretation within the heritage and culture industry.
Having resources and assets for the country is not enough in nature for the country to
have in with it. It is imperative for any organization or group to interpret it in the lucrative
manner with the utmost efficiency. In that regard country and associated organization are
working to enhance the culture and heritage tourism in the country by adopting effectual and
innovative methods. In the process of interpretation, various methods are being adopted by the
organization so that messages and information about the place in communicated in the best
possible way and to entertain the public to the fullest (Dale, 2005). Different organization
engaged in it adopts various methods to make their journey memorable and comfortable in
nature. The process of interpretation is adopted in two stages that is prior to the visit of any
visitor to the place and next is after the visitor reaches to the destinations such as British
Museum and The Natural History Museum in London. In this an integrated approach is adopted
by concerned organization to make good interaction level with the visitor.
Before stepping into that place
With the advancement in technology and increase in the domain of working by the
organizations operating in the travel and tourism sector, the process adopted by them has been
changed to the very large extent. In that respect various organizations are connected to it such as
government and other legislative bodies, private organizations, tour operators, travel agents, non-
profitable organizations, charitable institutes and private firms that are associated with it.
Government attracts the visitors from around the globe by adopting different methods of
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promotions and showcases the country's offerings to the persons around the Globe (Jayawardena
and et al., 2013). Information about the country's places such as British Museum and The Natural
History Museum and their offerings are advertised on radios and televisions. Further, the
attractions and events at these museums are narrated in very lucrative manner to capture the
attention of people. In hospitality magazines and published items, advertisements are stated and
explained to connect with people. One of the most effectual methods to get connected to the
people is via websites. Websites are the platform for any organization or place to get connected
with the targeting people with the provision of content and information at these museums.
Advanced technology and innovation has led to the inception of new system at the websites that
is virtual tour. It is one of the lucrative methods adopted at websites through satellites that enable
the user to have an experience of visiting that place without any physical evidences (Buda and
McIntosh, 2013). Along with there are many official books and magazines released every year
from the government and other private organizations that advertise events and methods at British
Museum and The Natural History Museum in London and seek attentions of visitors.
The above mentioned methods and resources enables the visitor to decide about the
destination of visit in very precise and accurate manner with the availability of many options and
information about them makes the person to choose the optimum choice for them.
After the visit at that place
Apart from the above mentioned ways of interpretation and linking with the public,
organization adopts different methods to explain and narrate the information about these
museums and to get connected with the travelers at the place itself. Few such methods are:
 Printed form: It refers to the material available in the printed form. When a person visits
these museums or tourist place, visitors are given some printed material such as
pamphlets and handouts that contain the information or the historical significance and
collections about the place. These materials make the experience of any visitor more
entertaining and resourceful (Fletcher, 2013).
 Electronic ways: Use of better technology has enabled the cultural and heritage sites to
facilitate the visitors with one more lucrative way that is the electronic way of interacting
with the visitors. In this process certain instruments are placed at the sites which are
controlled and monitored by the expertise and specialist in the field. It directly connects
with the traveler and guides about the way to proceed and also explains about British
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Museum and The Natural History Museum (Nunkoo and Gursoy, 2012). This is
processed by adopting audio and visual modes to connect.
 Guides: Cultural and heritage sites make available many guides to have the warm and
personal interaction with the people around the world. In that regard different people are
appointed at sites of UK which are well versed with the commonly used languages such
as English, German, Spanish, French and Greek. With the knowledge of all this
knowledge guides build good interaction level with them and make their experiences
useful and meaningful. Further, on frequent basis training and development sessions are
organized by the government and other agencies to enhance their skills and talents in
order to provide outstanding services (Martin, 2007).
 Drama and plays: The combination of two that is entertainment and education,
organizations and sites adopt the process of display through dramas and plays. These
dramas and plays portray the historical and cultural significance of the place in very
effectual way. Renowned and efficient artist from different corners of the world portrays
this to the visitors (Toney, 2000). Events on different subjects are also one of the major
way to attract visitors towards the British Museum and The Natural History Museum.
CONCLUSION
With the fast pace growth of travel and tourism sector around the globe in all the
countries, cultural and heritage tourism got the boost in each sector. Different measures are being
adopted by the countries in order to enhance the tourism in the country. Adopting different ways
and techniques organizers captures the attention of large stream of visitors in the country such as
interpretation, promotions, finances and others. Various organization have major role to play in it
like British Museum Heritage lottery fund etc.
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