Cultural Tourism and Sustainable Practices

This assignment delves into the realm of cultural tourism, examining its impact on destinations and communities. It encourages students to analyze various case studies related to cultural tourism in Southern Africa, particularly focusing on sustainable practices. The analysis should encompass the role of e-participation models, perceptions of local residents, and the experiential value of heritage assets. Students are tasked with evaluating the success of these initiatives and proposing strategies for responsible tourism development.

Heritage and
Culture Tourism
Management

TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................1
1.1 Growth and development of heritage and cultural...........................................................1
1.2 Potential conflicts for Tibet..............................................................................................1
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................3
2.1 Purpose of heritage and culture attractions......................................................................3
TASK 3............................................................................................................................................5
3.1 Impact of different kinds of ownership on management of cultural and heritage sites. . .5
3.2 Role and responsibilities of organization in heritage sector.............................................8
TASK 4..........................................................................................................................................10
4.1 Methods and media used for interpretation at heritage and cultural industry................10
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................11
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................12

INTRODUCTION
The protection of intangible cultural heritage and maintaining the continuity of national
culture constitutes a pivotal cultural base for enhancing cohesion in the nation. It has been
assessed that concentrated efforts made by the citizens to preserve the heritage of respective
country is an imperious link to its cultural, aspiration, educational, aesthetic and economic
legacies (Du Cros and McKercher, 2015). The present report is conducted to ascertain the
importance, purpose and growth of heritage and cultural activities. Further, the study also covers
the roles, duties and ownership of corporations in the cultural and heritage sector. However, the
above enumerated criteria is the basis of entire report which further aids in understanding the
contribution made by the heritage and culture industry in the growth and development of tourism
sector. Apart from this, the two most famous heritage sites of London that is British Museum and
Royal Academy of Art has been discussed in the following section.
TASK 1
1.1 Growth and development of heritage and cultural
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1.2 Potential conflicts for Tibet
Draft article
POTENTIAL CONFLICTS FOR TIBET
As per the given scenario, Tibet is a country where every year large number of tourist comes
and visits. Lhasa is a part of Tibet where 10 million visitors come every year out of 15 million
visitors. In Lhasa, various natural and man-made attractions are there which attracts the tourists
towards the capital of Tibet. When government of Lhasa observe this all, then they decide to
renovate it which assists in attracting more peoples. On its contrary, local people do not accept
this and this created a reason for conflict. Following points show the reason of conflicts in both
points of view.
Access versus conservation
Erosion
When changes take place to built new things and for renovation, large number of area may be
clear and its negatively impacts on the environment. This is hazardous for future because it is
not appropriate for human body because for hotel development, they destroy all greenery. It
impacts on peoples heaths so they can raise their voice which leads to the conflict.
Impact of visitors on sites and their immediate environments:
In the case of government initiative towards the change, that it may impacts on number of
visitors. It is true that modernization in that place reduce the value of tradition. This change
impacts on the local people earning because of immediate change in environment so they can
raise their voice for the same.
Presentation of heritage and culture to visitors
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If Tibet government change place then it may negatively impacts on their heritage value. On the
other hand, government have their point of view towards the development. Both have their
different point of view so that it create problem among them. This may also raise as a conflict
condition in this situation.
Planning and land use
Tibet government, use their land for develop luxury hotel so that when tourist come to the
Lhasa, for them every facility available for them.
Brown field sites versus green field sites
Lhasa government want to build 1100 luxury rooms with significant facilities. For which they
must cut out all green field which negatively impacts on their environment.
Conservation threats imposed by further growth
All above reasons develop the conflicts interest between local people and government which
negatively impacts on their visitors. It is also impacts on the visitors which leads to occur
various problems in future growth of Lhasa tourism.
Potential role and impact of new technologies
virtual reality and interactive software
Changes also impacts on the technologies in which local people impacted with this. They may
not take the change in effective way because it is hard to manage with new software and work
with this. This impacts on their employment and it also becomes expensive.
Access to the new technologies
Capital costs and revenue generation
Local people have their concern traditions with emotionally but government has their own point
of view, regarding generating more revenues. It leads to create misunderstanding among them
so it becomes conflicts among them.
Training and up-skilling of staff
This change also impacts on the employee who they work under this. It becomes necessary for
every employee to give them training about the change. Private owners must invest for training
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sections to develop their employee skills with change. It impacts on private users economic
condition so they raise their voice against the same.
Management of change
Change management is not easily adopt by every some but after the renovation it becomes
mandatory for government and private employees of Lhasa to adopt this change. Various
problems also occur by the workers which they may also create reason for conflicts.
TASK 2
2.1 Purpose of heritage and culture attractions
Heritage and culture places are the most renowned and famous tourist destinations that
attract wide range of visitors every year. The ancient and traditional buildings are the locations
that provides the tourist with numerous kinds of knowledge and understanding of the historic
stories. Likewise, the Royal Academy of Arts and British Museums are the famous institutions of
London that attracts numerous of voyagers every year (Museum, Heritage and cultural
Organizations, 2016). Both the monuments are notable heritage sites that aids attracting tourist
from distinct parts of the world.
These cultural and heritage sites accomplish several purposes. It aids in rendering
knowledge and understanding of the past stories, inhibits creativity, cognitive learning, amends
individual to gain insight of the cultural and place. Nonetheless, museums are not only created
for the purpose of enjoyment and delectation. It serves the purpose to enlighten the viewers about
acquisition skills and understanding of the past lives (Butler and Ivanovic, 2015). It is essential
to protect and preserve these heritage sites as it accomplish several purposes. Additionally,
renovating and altering it according to the current trends will cause the building to loose its
originality. Therefore, it is imperative preserve the heritage sites in the utmost manner.
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There are several of visitors that come to London, in regards to explore the places. Each
of these have varied kinds of reasons or purposes. Some of them are fond of histories. Therefore,
they visit the museums to understand the lifestyle of kings and queens at the particular period.
However, others came their for learning new facts and figures that will enable them to compete
their research (Hartmann, 2014). Nonetheless, some of the special kinds of tourist have also been
acknowledged that does not have any special reason to visit. No matter, what there purpose of
visit is but it has significantly contributed to the tourism sector to develop and prosper. In
addition to this, it has been analysed that British museum mainly attracts the visitors from
international boundaries that are there for certain research. In contrast to the above, Royal
Academy of arts mainly became the focal point for science and art lovers.
Addressing customers needs of museum
As discussed above both the museums has there own purpose and activities through
which they fulfil the needs of the visitors. There are four main purposes of tourist to visit at the
above enumerated destinations. These includes education, recreation, entertainment and research.
The British museum has almost 95 galleries that has present varied kinds of arts and craft present
under it. Students from both primary and secondary sections visit the heritage every year
(English Heritage new model, 2014). These school tours aids the students to learn varied skills
and knowledge of the ancient period. Moreover, others that are fond of art and science also visit
the Royal academy art every year to learn new facts and figures.
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As enumerated above that both the monuments are famous for its science and arts,
therefore, it caters the attraction of many visitors whose main purpose is to engage in certain
kinds of research. It has been analysed that there are several other museums in UK such as
NHM, V&A that attracts PHD candidates to indulge in investigation. Apart from this, the
government is also making efforts to improve the museums so as to attract adequate amount of
visitors each year. This will enable to accomplish or fulfil both the economic and social purpose.
Some of the tourist also visit such monuments fir the purpose of recreational and
entertainment activities. Therefore, separate gallery have been created in these art museums
wherein the tourist can eat, drink and rest (Prideaux, Timothy and Chon, 2013). Lobbies are
converted into restaurants and bars that aids in fulfilling the requirement of tourist. Likewise,
numerous entertainment activities and events are organized at special occasions that aids in
enhancing the experience of visitors. Additionally, these events comprises of music, dance, acts
and cultural events that also enlightens the viewers about the cultural and social life of people in
the respective area.
Therefore, from the above discussion, it can be stated that both the museums aids in
meeting the economic and social purposes of London (Chiabai, Paskaleva and Lombardi, 2013).
Along with that, the rejuvenation and leisure activities provided by the government aids in
meeting the demand of customers as well.
TASK 3
3.1 Impact of different kinds of ownership on management
of cultural and heritage sites
IMPACT OF VARIED KINDS OF OWNERSHIP ON
CULTURAL AND HERITAGE SITES
Travel and tourism sector has significantly contributed to the growth and success of the
economy. Additionally, the historic monuments has made the maximum contribution in the
respective area. With the amount of money generated in the concerned period, more and more
organizations are jumping in the following areas so as to take maximum advantage out of it.
There are mainly 3 kinds of organization that is public, private and voluntary (Du Cros and
McKercher, 2015). To understand the concept of ownership and its impact, the two most
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illustrious heritages sites of UK has been selected. National trust and English Heritage are
commercial and public operated organization.
Public Organization
Public organization in the respective industry is mainly concerned with educating the visitors
and citizens about the importance of such sites. There main purpose is to conserve the culture
and heritage monuments. In this way the government generate revenue which can further be
used in tourism developmental projects.
English Heritage
English Heritage is the major example of public ownership organization. Its two main function
is to become the custodian on behalf of the country and the other is to engage in sustaining the
historic environment. Being the custodian of the nation, the corporation is deemed to look after
and collect 500000 objects, more than 12 million photographs and approximately 400 historic
sites (Boukas, Ziakas and Boustras, 2013). Moreover, English Heritage is also concerned with
instigating the government to engage in promotional activities through which more and more
tourist can be attracted. Apart from this, it is also indulge in making education visits by creating
alignment with private and voluntary organizations.
The statutory measures undertaken by the authoritative of English Heritage aids in valuing the
sites as well. It provides great support in form of resources and advice to the sites that has
suffered failure and collapsed (Hartmann, 2014). Therefore, through the means of effective
training, conversation and guidance the English Heritage helps the other owners to develop and
renovate the old buildings so that tourist can be attracted.
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Private Organization
Apart from the above discussed organization and ownership, there are private firms that are
mainly concerned with employment generation, increased revenue, foreign investment, etc.
However, there main purpose is to generate and enlarge economies of scale through which they
can gain maximum benefit. For this purpose, they play a significant role in creating
entertainment, leisure, fun, events in the country.
Voluntary organization
Last but not the least is the voluntary organization that functions to preserve the historic and
ancient buildings. Its most of the functions are similar to that of a public owned enterprise that
is mainly concerned with conserving and protecting the cultural. The major example of these
are cemeteries, trails, museums and historic buildings (Butler and Ivanovic, 2015). Unlike, the
private firms functions for the purpose of making profit, these companies does not charge any
fees or money from the tourist. These companies are indulge in renovating the buildings and
monuments. Along with that, the funds used by the firms is self funded. However, fees are
charged by the tourist to generate revenue which can further be reused in the developmental
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projects.
National Trust
National Trust is the notable commercial firms of UK that aids in preserving and protecting the
historic monuments. It was incorporated in the year 1895 with the special privileges derived
from the National Trust Act 1907 (Prideaux, Timothy and Chon, 2013). Its institutes are present
in Wales, Northern Ireland and England. It has been assessed that with the means of effective
partnership, collaboration and cooperation tourism developmental projects can be successfully
laid. This will enable the nation to get maximum advantage as well as assist in enhancing the
heritage and cultural sites.
3.2 Role and responsibilities of organization in heritage sector
The above enumerated organization aids in preserving and protecting the historic
buildings of UK. Each of the organization has distinct roles and responsibilities which needs to
be accomplished in the respective manner (Benur and Bramwell, 2015). For this purpose, the
roles and responsibilities of English Heritage has been enumerated below:
It has been ascertained that English Heritage is a non departmental executive public
sponsored body. It has been advocated by the Department for sports, cultural and media. Further,
it has been officially declared as Monument commission of England and historic buildings. It
also holds upto and even more than 10 million items including documents, reports, plans and
photographs associated with the historic or ancient environment of England. Some of it major
roles and duties comprises of:
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 The authoritative are regarded to look after and administer the listed building of England.
Additionally, it register gardens, parks, historic battlefield. Scheduling of monuments
also takes place within the the English Heritage (Barile and Saviano, 2014).
 It is also deemed to indulge in effective research and planning. These plans and policies
are further being advised to the government so that developmental projects can be
undertaken. These projects also comprises of building new infrastructure so as provide
the tourist with ravishing experience.
 It has been assessed that the firm has built a plan commonly known as National Heritage
Protection plan wherein efforts are made by the company to bring together all the efforts
and laid by other institutes to promote heritage and culture tourism (Su and Lin, 2014).
 It also provides funds to the underdeveloped buildings and monuments so as to renovate
its structure. Moreover, promotional activities are undertaken so as to aware the tourist
about diverse museums and institutes through which they can gain relative knowledge
and understanding of the past.
It has been assessed that there are approximately 2700 employees presently working in
the institute that aids in carrying out the above enlisted activities. Additionally, it also indulge
themselves in training and providing guidance to the staff members through which its aims and
objective can be successfully achieved. In addition to the above, it has been assessed that the
above enumerated roles and responsibilities are just few in number. There are varied duties as
well which are undertaken to achieve the main aims. The concerned heritage is governed and
managed by the board of trustees (Mason, 2015). However, it is led by the Vice Amiral, Tim
Laurence which is its chairman. Numerous developmental projects has been undertaken since it
was incorporated and plans were laid and proposed to the government through which sustainable
tourism development can be undertaken.
Apart from this, it has been assessed that a new scheme of London was launched named
as Blue Plaque. Herein, all the relevant and significant places of the respective region lies under
the following institutes. English Heritage and its respective members are responsible for the
development and improvement of these places (Poria, Reichel and Cohen, 2013). Therefore,
from the above discussion, it can be stated that English Heritage has played a significant role in
protecting and conserving the national heritage of UK. It has been assessed that the above
activities, roles and responsibilities aids the London to become the hub of tourist which will
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thereby attract a large number of visitors from different corners of the world. In addition to the
above, the concerned institutes has assisted the historical monuments of London to get renovate
and reuse for varied other purposes that renders maximum benefit to the nation as a whole.
TASK 4
4.1 Methods and media used for interpretation at heritage and cultural industry
Interpretation is the concept of rendering knowledge and insight about the cultural and
heritage sites to the visitors. It is a communication process through which the history and past
events are enumerated to the tourist so as to make them better understand about the social and
cultural aspects of the region. In addition to the above, it has been assessed that interpretation is
more often termed as an educational activity wherein the tourist get acknowledged about the
stories that are linked with the particular palaces (Smith and Richards, 2013). It not only present
documents and plans rather displays objects that showcase the originality and relevance of the
history associated with the region. However, there are numerous of methods or media through
which the stories are interpreted to the customers. It has been observed that the British Heritage
and Royal Academy of Art uses the following tools to enlighten its viewers: Guides: It is the most common form of personal media tool through which the
information is passed or interpreted to the tourist. Herein, a person dictates all the
relevant or essential information to the visitors (Jaafar, Noor and Rasoolimanesh, 2015).
However, the amount of data provided by the guide largely vary upon the interest of the
visitors. If they are interested in knowing about each and every details about the museum
or palace, then appropriate information is delivered to them. Audio and visual media: With the advancement of technology, the following tools is
devised through which the visitors are enlightened about the history and events associated
with each part of the palace (Laing and et.al., 2014). Herein, the entire facts and figures
related to the heritage is recorded in an audio or visual form. This CD or DVD is
presented or displayed to the visitors so that they can better understand it better. The
major advantage of the particular interpretation technique is that it can be recorded in
every language which may further create and maintain the interest of the visitors. Signage: It is an old outdated tool through which only brief information can be generated
and presented to the tourist. This kind of media was more prominent at time when
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technology has not been outpaced. However, it cam even been used in the present case
when tourist possess the knowledge and understanding about the palace. Auditoriums: It is a large are or gallery present in the museums such as British Heritage
and National Trust. The viewers are showcased a small video in form of story that
displays the importance of monuments (Page, 2014). This will enable them to understand
and gain insight regarding varied places and arts related to the heritage.
 Performing art: Reconstruction video and performing are often similar to one another.
the only difference lies is in their execution. The former is converted and presented into a
video form. However, performing art is live presentation short story that displays the
tradition and culture of English Heritage. Live performance is given by the performers to
the visitors that is the best method to maintain the interest of tourist.
Therefore, all the above enlisted interpretation techniques have their own relevance and use in
the current world. It aids the voyagers to gain personal or first hand experiences. It also enable
them to get connected with the culture, history, tradition of the nation and built knowledge and
understanding of historical process. These are the most prominent means to create appreciation
and awareness amongst tourist.
In regards to the British Heritage and National Trust, it can be stated that the above
enumerated interpretation and media tools has been successfully used. In the former site, visual,
audio and light effect interpretation has been used to enlighten the viewers of heritage sites.
There are many Greek sculptures present in the monuments that is displayed using visual
presentation (Raj, Griffin and Morpeth, 2013). However, the national trust uses a mixture of
methods to display about the history and culture of monument. Audio and thematic presentation
are two most predominantly used here. When the tourist are presented with certain clues then it
is deemed as thematic presentation.
CONCLUSION
In the light of above study, it can be concluded by stating that tourism in UK is the
quickest growing sector. There are varied monuments and historic buildings that has been used
to gain maximum tourist. Several methods of interpretation has been enumerated above which
will help the organization to acknowledge the visitors about varied sites. The report also
highlights the purpose of heritage and culture sites along with the impact of ownership.
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REFERENCES
Books and journals
Barile, S. and Saviano, M., 2014. Resource integration and value co-creation in cultural heritage
management. Aiello, L.(Ed.), Management of Cultural Products: E-Relationship
Marketing and Accessibility Perspective, IGI Global, Hershey. PA. pp.58-82.
Benur, A. M. and Bramwell, B., 2015. Tourism product development and product diversification
in destinations. Tourism Management. 50. pp.213-224.
Boukas, N., Ziakas, V. and Boustras, G., 2013. Olympic legacy and cultural tourism: Exploring
the facets of Athens’ Olympic heritage. International Journal of Heritage Studies. 19(2).
pp.203-228.
Butler, G. and Ivanovic, M., 2015. Cultural heritage tourism development in post-apartheid
South Africa: Critical issues and challenges. Cultural Tourism in Southern Africa. 47.
pp.58.
Chiabai, A., Paskaleva, K. and Lombardi, P., 2013. e‐Participation Model for Sustainable
Cultural Tourism Management: a Bottom‐Up Approach.International Journal of Tourism
Research. 15(1). pp.35-51.
Du Cros, H. and McKercher, B., 2015. Cultural tourism (Vol. 2). New York, NY: Routledge.
Hartmann, R., 2014. Dark tourism, thanatourism, and dissonance in heritage tourism
management: new directions in contemporary tourism research.Journal of Heritage
Tourism. 9(2). pp.166-182.
Jaafar, M., Noor, S. M. and Rasoolimanesh, S. M., 2015. Perception of young local residents
toward sustainable conservation programmes: A case study of the Lenggong World
Cultural Heritage Site. Tourism Management. 48. pp.154-163.
Laing, J. and et.al., 2014. Assessing the experiential value of heritage assets: A case study of a
Chinese heritage precinct, Bendigo, Australia. Tourism Management. 40. pp.180-192.
Mason, P., 2015. Tourism impacts, planning and management. Routledge.
Page, S. J., 2014. Tourism management. Routledge.
Poria, Y., Reichel, A. and Cohen, R., 2013. Tourists perceptions of World Heritage Site and its
designation. Tourism Management. 35. pp.272-274.
Prideaux, B., Timothy, D. and Chon, K., 2013. Cultural and heritage tourism in Asia and the
Pacific. Routledge.
Raj, R., Griffin, K. and Morpeth, N. D. eds., 2013. Cultural tourism. CABI.
Smith, M. and Richards, G., 2013. The Routledge handbook of cultural tourism. Routledge.
Su, Y. W. and Lin, H. L., 2014. Analysis of international tourist arrivals worldwide: The role of
world heritage sites. Tourism management. 40. pp.46-58.
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English Heritage new model. 2014. [PDF]. Available through:
<http://www.theheritagealliance.org.uk/wp/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/CR-English-
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