Tourism Impacts and Destination Management

This assignment requires a comprehensive analysis of various research papers exploring the multifaceted impacts of tourism on destinations. Students are tasked with examining topics such as destination image decay, push and pull factors influencing tourist choices, high-speed rail systems and their impact on destination selection, religious tourism, eco-tourism, cultural heritage tourism, and internet adoption in the travel industry. The analysis should draw upon provided research papers and demonstrate a critical understanding of the complexities surrounding sustainable tourism development and effective destination management.

Travel and Tourism
TABLE OF CONTENTS
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INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................1
1.1 Key historical development in the travel and tourism sector in UK................................1
1.2 Structure of travel and tourism in general and particularly into UK................................2
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................4
2.1 Analysing the functions of governmental bodies and international agencies in promotion
of travel and tourism in UK....................................................................................................4
2.2 Explaining the influential factors of local and national economic policies in success of
travel and tourism sector in UK..............................................................................................5
2.3 Discussing the implications of political change on the travel and tourism sector in
different countries...................................................................................................................6
TASK 3............................................................................................................................................6
3.1 Explaining the factors affecting tourism demand in London...........................................6
3.2 Explaining altered supply to meet the effects of demand.................................................7
TASK 4............................................................................................................................................8
4.1 Evaluating the main positive and negative economic, environmental and social impacts of
tourism on London and the surrounding areas.......................................................................8
4.2 Explaining strategies to minimise the negative impact of tourism while maximizing the
positive impacts on London and the surrounding areas.........................................................8
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................9
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................10
2

INTRODUCTION
Travel and tourism sector is considered to be amongst the most enthralling segments to
significantly attract numerous visitors towards its paramount structure. This directly results in
not only seeking an amiable attention of the tourists but engagement of tourists that plays a vital
role in crucially enhancing the prevalent economic state of a country. However, it is together
essential for the citizens, governmental parties and other affiliated bodies of tourism to maintain
the appealing factor of their nation (Chon, 2013). It is with a need base deliberation of sustaining
a requisite consideration of tourism by optimistically encouraging an applicable touristy in the
state. The below report is with a similar perception of enhancing the pertinence of tourism in the
United Kingdom (UK) by primarily recognizing certain upcoming alterations in this specialised
arena that in turn results to a direct influence in the existent preferences of the prospective users
or travellers.
TASK 1
1.1 Key historical development in the travel and tourism sector in UK
Tourism is basically regarded to be a complex procedure for the accompanied firms
where their major duty is relied on rendering some apt number of services to the approaching
users. It together recommends the firms to build some relevant number of products to
significantly match the modern specifications of tourism with its lot more variations into the
presently actuating amenities by the respective firms (Fletcher, 2014). Thus, with a similar
perspective of adapting certain requisite modifications in tourism, UK's tourism sector has too
opted for a dynamic perception to significantly match the current recommendation of
formulating some applicable changes in their prevalent services. Thus, on ascertaining the key
historical developments in the tourism sector of UK, one can segregate it into certain distinct
periods starting from the time span of 18th century.
It is however due to some other sort of business activities in the earlier period of 16th
century when a majority of people were indulged into the sectors of agriculture with a slight
undemanding existence of industries. This resulted into a prior stage of 1945 when there was a
prevailing state of wars into the countries and thence, the considerable facilities were mainly for
the rich and upper class people. The industrial revolution thereby initiated in the ulterior period
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of 18th century with a considerable yet dilatory commencement of industrial developments with
a further portioning of urban and rural development.
This initiated the prevalence of tourism in which certain higher class people started
travelling activities as a part of rejoicing the leisure activities and acquiring relaxation from their
routine jobs (Swarbrooke and Horner, 2012). The second duration of tourism can be enumerated
from the year 1945 to 1979 when their started a seeming development in the industrialisation of
tourism. This further took a revolutionary mode from a momentous year of 1950's when people
related to tourism industries like the tour operators and hotel agents contingently interrelated
their assorted services into a single formation of packages for the approaching travellers and
tourists.
The ultimate stage of tourism development which is still active into current years
primarily initiated in the year of 1980's when airline services in UK were flourishing with
certainly paramount facilities to the users and some other requisite amenities of medicine faculty
to the travellers. By the end of 1990's, tourism development of UK was at a booming status
where their existed some latest developments into the accompanied arena of tourism to specially
render a chartered service to the visitors. This was even continuing into the forthcoming years
with some more innovative intervention of developed services to the tourists.
1.2 Structure of travel and tourism in general and particularly into UK
In regard to primarily define the future implementation of tourism into the ongoing span
of 21st century, UK's tourism sector is significantly developing the existent state of their global
economy (Ryan, Ninov and Aziz, 2012). It is especially due to an enhanced cultural trade bought
by the tourism sector which has in turn resulted into a peaceful environment of planetary
cosmopolitan society. This has not only contributed to a reliable enlargement and restoration of
local communities but has together led to an improved system of education. It is further believed
to create a significant opportunity of occupation into the upcoming years of tourism business
with a more nurturing factor for the succeeding generation.
General structure of tourism is mainly regarded to an amalgamated components of
attractions, transportation services and travel agents. This together refers to the affiliated tour
operators and their relevant amenities of rendering information to the approaching tourists and
other guiding services to them (Harish, 2010). It is along with a last but the most essential factor
of providing the most desirable service of an apt catering and accommodation to them. Thus, on
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ascertaining the above considerable elements, below stated facets refer to a prominent structure
of tourism in reference to UK- Attractions- UK is famously known for its enumerable attractive places for the visitors.
This is a major cause for UK to be at the 3rd high position of tourism sector with a
significant number of both domestic and international tourists. It consists of both natural
and artificial attractions. Black Pool beach of UK is the most notable location to attract
numerous viewers to experience its pure natural form of beauty (Timothy, 2011).
Similarly, Alton tower in UK is yet another form of beauty with a man-made formation to
significantly attract the people visiting from a perception of spending their holidays into
such famed theme park. It is especially structured with a consideration of conducting
varied activities for both the families and their children within a fun filed surrounded
area. Transportation services- The transportation amenities of UK are undoubtedly an utmost
part of encouraging tourism with some apt number of facilities for the travellers. This is
in regard to specify a viable condition of both its public and private means of
transportation. It is fundamentally due to the active public of UK who constantly demand
for such raised services of transportation to even execute their routine activities as well.
Virgin and Eurostar are the two private firms to significantly operate with leading
transportation services in UK. Travel agents and tour operators- This is regard to specify the roles of some
accompanied travel agents and tour operators of existing tourism industry in UK. Both
play an essential role in attracting the visitors where Thomas Cook is currently leading its
tour operations in UK. It is due to their consolidated service of providing both facilities of
accommodation and transportation to the approaching users (Underberg-Goode, 2014).
Travel agents and tour operators are thus responsible to build relevant tour packages for
their customers. The framed packages are consequently acknowledged to the prospects
via distributing them the printed brochures which also includes a reliable discount or
other promotional offer for the clients. Tourist information and guiding services- This relates to the major obligation of the
above defined bodies of tourism where governmental bodies together play an
equivalently crucial role. This refers to conduct certain requisite establishments in form
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of information centres at the prospected arenas of tourism with more number of visitors.
The solicitous bodies are hereby recommended appointing some proficient
representatives to resolve any arising queries of tourists. It is by subsequently
broadcasting them about other momentous locations that mainly signify the art and
literature of ascertained places. The Blue Badge firm of UK is playing a significant role
in such assistance of their tour representatives.
 Accommodation and catering- This refers to two other major concerns of tourists where
they largely prefer to avail some effectual services of accommodation into a laid-back
mode in order to spend an accurately leisured time. This together relates to their nutrient
facet where especially the international visitors are more likely to zest the food of another
culture (Vrana and Zafiropoulos, 2006). Travel Inns, Self-catering villas and Caravans
are known to be some illustrious set ups in UK to render such comfortable services to
their users.
TASK 2
2.1 Analysing the functions of governmental bodies and international agencies in promotion of
travel and tourism in UK
Governmental bodies play a vital role in the tour and travel orientation of a nation where
they are referred to be a directly responsible party for commencing a better establishment of
structures in the country. This together refers to some common yet significant obligations of
public sector authorities to promote a better service of tourism in regard to implement it with a
safe and healthy persistent state (King, Chen and Funk, 2015). It is mainly due to a direct
concern of active population of the nation which is primarily affected by such substantial outset
of promotional measures. This also regards to opt a fair trade of services with a satisfactory
formulation to satisfy the dynamic nature of user's preferences. Below segregated parts advert the
major functional aspects of the related bodies. These are stated as- Local political or governmental bodies- Their role is similar to the above identified duties
of central government. It is however with a more comprehensive function in which they
together have to merge the other significant measures along with maintaining a fair trade
practice as well as health and safety measure for the tourists. This relates to render repose
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facilities to the users by together protecting the surrounding area as a major concern of
the obligation of holding UK's cultural heritage. International administrative units- Such international bodies are referred to both the
governmental and non-governmental agencies where governmental agencies are more
concerned about protecting the basic interests of central government. However,
international parties are interested into setting up more number of tourist interventions in
the UK (Zoltan and McKercher, 2015).
 United Nations World tourism organisations- World Tourism organisation is referred to a
specialised office of United Nations to commence some differentiated activities in
tourism. They therefore work with a considerable aspect of executing the practices of
both the local and central government by together sustaining the fundamental rights of
tourists in the UK.
2.2 Explaining the influential factors of local and national economic policies in success of travel
and tourism sector in UK
Economic policies of a country are highly influencing factors which in turn directly affect
both the domestic habitants and foreign arrivals in the nation. It together creates an ad-versified
effect on businesses where it is especially with respect to discover the major impact on the tour
and travel business. This has apparently been observed by the major incursion of recession in the
year 2009 when tourism business of UK was tremendously affected with a declined GDP rate of
around 9.8% (Guan and Jones, 2015). This has significantly resulted to a decreased arrival of
tourists in the nation. This particular situation was later reinforced by the governmental bodies
where they consequently considered yet another significant economic policy of exchange rates.
Here, exchange rate of pounds in UK was comparatively made higher than the other international
countries.
The overseas tourists as a result to which got a significant chance of investing more funds
in tourism. This automatically results into an enhanced state of tourism with more number of
forthcoming travellers in the nation. Tourism seasonality is remarked to be yet another crucial
factor for the related businesses of tourism where holidays are referred to be a peak time for the
tourists for visiting distinct destinations. Governmental bodies should hereby consider to make
certain optimistic changes in the prevalent economic policies to attract more number of travellers
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at the peak time of tourism (Allameh and et. al., 2015). This will effectively result to a
sustainable formation of tourism with a prolonging nature of existence.
2.3 Discussing the implications of political change on the travel and tourism sector in different
countries
A stable existence of political environment utterly matters into the zealous sector of
travel and tourism where governmental bodies play a significant role to consider the safety
aspects of their tourists. However, an unstable political surrounding will defiantly produce a
drastic factor of fierce among the visitors. It is where the travellers duly avoid visiting certain
effected areas with such fearsome component (Huang, Li, and Li, 2015). This refers to a live
prevalence of terrorism attacks which in turn results in raising observance of the tourists. This
reduces appealing factor of the nations with a subsequent facet of lessened number of travellers
in the state. However, an affirmative change into the political intervention can contradictorily
amend the pessimistic state.
It is where the solicitous bodies of political party should rather consider opting for more
precautionary measures for the approaching tourists instead of penetrating them with a non-
impulsive force of action. At this point, Iran can be taken into a valid consideration to define its
diminished state of tourism after the commencement of war in the year 1980 between the two
significant counties of Iran and Iraq (Nikjoo and Ketabi, 2015). Contrary to which, China has
seen to make some remarkable formulations of launching a free market industrialisation that has
significantly resulted into a raised economic state of the country. WTO has together referred
China to seemingly become the largest country of tourism by end of the year, 2020.
TASK 3
3.1 Explaining the factors affecting tourism demand in London
Tourism is directly affected by numerous number of constituents that result in
showcasing an applicable state of tourism in a particular nation. London is thereby considered to
be among the most illustrious destinations of tourism with an apt formation of certain reliable
factors of attraction and other requisite services for the forthcoming tourists. Tourism demand
and a significant number of monetary gain from tourism are the two critical factors that directly
exhibit an actual demand of tourism in London (Pagliara, Delaplace and Vassallo, 2015).
However, tourism here plays an interrelated role with a prior aid of the governmental bodies.
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They are together responsible to fetch a likely interest of travellers to visit their respective tourist
destinations with a desirable service for the upcoming users. Below ascertained are some other
vital influential factors which directly relate to the demand of tourism in London- Economic factors- The economic factor directly relates to the prevalent economic state of
London where its existent exchange rate is relatively assumed to be persuasive than the
other such destinations of tourism. Legal and political- This relates to the governmental functionalities of London where
taxation policy for tourists is regarded to be into a favourable position. Menace- It is basically to define any grievous state of crisis that results to an endangered
situation of threats for tourists (Mason, 2015). However, the related governmental bodies
of London are referred to have an appropriate outlook of safety for their approaching
tourists. Demographic state- The demography of London is to refer the age structure of major
number of visitors where it has been found to have a balanced existence of all age slots.
 Technical prospective- This is especially to relate the modern and progressive services of
transportation and other related amenities of tourism in London which is considered to be
another major reason of a succeeding tourism.
3.2 Explaining altered supply to meet the effects of demand
Tourism is together considered to have a seasonal aspect that has greatly inculcated the
other two factors of extrinsic components and consumer behaviour which highly demand for
tourism in London. It is where the outer factors relate to the cognition and motive of travelling in
terms of healthy, physical and mental state of a person with a reliable fund for outlay. Consumer
behaviour however is an entirely influencing factor that primarily results to impulsion the
extraneous factors (Raj and Griffin, 2015). Supply is often considered to be an overlooked part
of tourism due to highly pursuant conception of demand. Supply is however a compact package
of attraction, transportation, service, information and promotion where attraction is referred to be
the foremost concept of an elongated tourism. This recommends a firm contribution of both the
public and private sectors of tourism to essentially preserve the cultural aspects of tourism.
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TASK 4
4.1 Evaluating the main positive and negative economic, environmental and social impacts of
tourism on London and the surrounding areas
Tourism is significantly affected by certain prominent considerations of economic,
environmental and social constituents with both positive and negative impact of each standard.
Economic state is referred to an enhancement of the global economic state of the country with
more number of job opportunities for the localised citizens. It is therefore regarding a positive
outlook of tourism with no such implication of services by the domestic residents (Brotherton,
2015). Environmental factors are considered to make a negative impact on tourism where health
and safety aspect will be considered as two major concerns for the related bodies of the nation.
This can also lead to create a protestation by the local bodies of the nation which specially
regards to the local residents and citizens of London. Lastly, social factor considerably regards to
the cultural aspect of London where tourism may result into a consolidated creation of their own
culture with certainly varied inclusion of the tourists belonging to another culture.
4.2 Explaining strategies to minimise the negative impact of tourism while maximizing the
positive impacts on London and the surrounding areas
The above ascertained negative factors are mainly referred to the environmental and
social influence of tourism. Governmental bodies and other related parties should hereby
consider opting for a greener approach of tourism. Green tourism is the most efficient way to
encourage tourism in the nation by together benefiting the local communities. This will not only
eliminate any pessimistic factor of tourism but will reliably execute welfare of the residing
people of London (Structure of travel and tourism, 2015). NGO can also become a momentous
part of such execution where their respective officials can broadcast more plantation into the
surrounding areas by themselves implementing the similar objective of acquiring greenery. On
considering the socio cultural facet of tourism, people of London should together opt for a social
tourism where they significantly respect another cultures as well in the most gratifying way.
CONCLUSION
The present report has elucidated the major considerations of travel and tourism sector
with its most reasonable approach of servicing the upcoming visitors. It is mainly based upon the
momentous structure of tourism in UK where it has together demonstrated the related aspects of
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other interventions. This has principally concluded the major roles and obligations of
governmental bodies to prolong sustainable tourism in the nation. However, it has together
enlightened some leading formulations by the other related bodies of this specialised sector of
tourism.
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REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Allameh, S. M and et.al., 2015. Factors influencing sport tourists’ revisit intentions: The role and
effect of destination image, perceived quality, perceived value and satisfaction.Asia
Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics. 27(2). pp.191-207.
Brotherton, B., 2015. Researching hospitality and tourism. Sage.
Chon, K. S., 2013. Tourism in Southeast Asia: A new direction. Routledge.
Fletcher, R., 2014.Romancing the wild: Cultural dimensions of ecotourism (p. 264). Durham,
NC: Duke University Press.
Guan, J. and Jones, D. L., 2015. The contribution of local cuisine to destination attractiveness:
An analysis involving Chinese tourists' heterogeneous preferences. Asia Pacific Journal
of Tourism Research. 20(4). pp.416-434.
Harish, R., 2010. Brand architecture in tourism branding: the way forward for India. Journal of
Indian Business Research. 21(3). pp. 153–165.
Huang, Z., Li, M. and Li, Q., 2015. An examination of Taiwan destination brand associations:
From the perspective of mainland Chinese tourists.Journal of Travel & Tourism
Marketing. 32(1-2). pp.50-64.
King, C., Chen, N. and Funk, D. C., 2015. Exploring Destination Image Decay A Study of Sport
Tourists’ Destination Image Change after Event Participation. Journal of Hospitality &
Tourism Research. 39(1). pp.3-31.
Mason, P., 2015. Tourism impacts, planning and management. Routledge.
Nikjoo, A. H. and Ketabi, M., 2015. The role of push and pull factors in the way tourists choose
their destination. Anatolia. 26(4). pp.588-597.
Pagliara, F., Delaplace, M. and Vassallo, J.M., 2015. High-Speed Rail systems and tourists'
destination choice: the case studies of Paris and Madrid. International Journal of
Sustainable Development and Planning. 10(3). pp.395-405.
Raj, R. and Griffin, K. A., 2015. Religious tourism and pilgrimage management: An
international perspective. CABI.
Ryan, C., Ninov, I. and Aziz, H., 2012. Ras Al Khor—Eco-tourism in constructed wetlands: Post
modernity in the modernity of the Dubai landscape. Tourism Management Perspectives.
4. pp. 185-197.
Swarbrooke, J. and Horner, S., 2012. Business Travel and Tourism. Routledge.
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Timothy, J. D., 2011. Cultural Heritage and Tourism. Channel View Publications.Uzama, A.,
2009. Marketing Japan's travel and tourism industry to international tourists.
International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management. 21(3). pp.356 – 365.
Underberg-Goode, M. N., 2014. Cultural heritage tourism on Peru's north coast. Worldwide
Hospitality and Tourism Themes. 6(3). pp.200 – 214.
Vrana, V. and Zafiropoulos, C., 2006. Tourism agents' attitudes on internet adoption: an analysis
from Greece. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management. 18(7).
pp.601 – 608.
Zoltan, J. and McKercher, B., 2015. Analysing intra-destination movements and activity
participation of tourists through destination card consumption. Tourism Geographies.
17(1). pp.19-35.
Online
Structure of travel and tourism. 2015. [Online]. Available through: <http://web.sob.hu/icm/icm-
Structure-of-Travel.pdf>. [Accessed on 3rd June 2016].
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