Turkey's Foreign Policy and History

This assignment delves into Turkey's geographic position, biblical beginnings, Roman arrivals, Turks taking the East, Christian West resistance, World War I and Ataturk, and the country's moving towards uniting with the West. It provides a detailed analysis of Turkey's foreign policy, including its relations with the US and EU, from 1980 to the present day.

HISTORY
OF
COUNTRIES

Table of Contents
SPAIN .............................................................................................................................................3
.........................................................................................................................................................4
SWITZERLAND ...........................................................................................................................4
THE NETHERLANDS ...................................................................................................................5
TURKEY ........................................................................................................................................6
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................8

SPAIN
Spain is a country of adventures, since so many years, Spain has been a famous place to
spend vaccinations. Economy of Spain very high. Greeks and Romans : The Greek island firstly conquered by Romans in 146 BC after
the Corinth Battle. The Rome city was one of the biggest city of entire world. Moors : This term “Moors” refers firstly to the Muslim occupants of the Maghreb, the
Iberian Peninsula, Sicliy, and Malta during middle ages. Moors are not well-defined or
self-defined people, the term Moors have no actual genetic value. Apart from historic
orientation, Moor designate a specific ethnic group speaking Hassaniya Arabic. Moor is a
very old word. Reconquista : The history period of Iberian Peninsula, this was the sequence of military
battles through which Christian arm forces regain the control of Iberian Peninsula. Ferdinand and Isabella : A King and Queen of Spain in the late fifteenth century, they
integrated their country and subsidize the New World by Christopher Columbus. There
are so many reasons behind, why king and queen supported the journey of Christopher
Columbus, but the main reason was that they believe that his journey would provide
benefit to the Spain. Inquisition : The Spanish Inquisition was established court for the observation of
dissident, although its main purpose remains somewhat mysterious. This waa started
during the time period of Ferdinand and Isabella. It was a institutional group within the
government system of the Catholic Church. Exploration and Discovery :In the 15th century under the Catholic Monarchs, Spain
appeared as a unite country . The states of Spain has been created by the marriage of
Ferdinand of Aragon to Isabella of Castile in 1469 (Akamatsu,1962).
 Golden Age and Decline : The Golden Age is that time during which successful
development of art and literature was come in light, this also includes hike in political
sector in Spain.
The 17th century was one of the decline for Spain, in that period the political and economical
position of Spain was in vain, that time the empire had considerable resources but it was often
problematic to exploit them (Rickard, 1928).

 Political instability : The late 17th century was one of the decline for Spain, during that
period the country was politically and economically unstable. Civil War and Franco : The civil war took place from 1936 to 1939. The war was began
when the leader Jose Sanjurjo, stand against the Republican Government. During war,
Jose Sanjurjo was leading the generals of the Spanish Republican Armed Fores. Franco,
opposed the eradication of the kingship and the inauguration of a socialist secular
republic in 1931. Democracy : In Spain the government structure is different from other countries, the
kingship. In Spain the one monarch is said to state head and the president is said to be
head.
 Modernization : It is a process in which old techniques are altered with new techniques.
It is a process of switching old methods and practices with new methods and practices.
Modernization is a use to modernize the work or we can say that to improve the quality
of the work by using new methods and techniques.
SWITZERLAND
It is one of the most beautiful country in the entire universe. Switzerland was not seized
during either of the world war. In Switzerland, Zurich is the most beautiful city of entire
universe(Bonjour, 1952).
 Helvetians and Romans : According to the Julius Caesar, the Helvetians were divided
into four subgroups, they were a tribal alliance who was occupying most of the Swiss
plateau at the time of their connections with Romans. Switzerland is a Latin word or
name which is derived from Helvetians, for controlling the route from Italy to Spain the
Romans also subjugate the Rhone Valley. When Switzerland was under Roman
domination it was not of single political entity. Holy Roman Empire : The term Holy Roman Empire was used for major political
institute in Europe. 1291 Pact : In this ancient pact, the communities of Central Switzerland, Uri, Schwyz
and Nidwalden vow to help each other under any circumstances.

 Swiss Confederation : It is the official name of Switzerland, in older period the Swiss
Confederation was a loose confederation of independent small states within the Holy
Roman Empire. Reformation and Invasion : Reformation led to notable changes in civil life and states
matters in Zurich. During invasion, the independent Old Swiss Confederacy was
collapsed by foreign invasion. Autonomous Cantons : Switzerland's 26 Cantons are confederate states of the Swiss
confederation. It is a type of executive division of the country. World Wars : Switzerland was not sized during either of the world war. During both
World Wars Switzerland managed to keep stand of armed neutrality, and was not
involved military. Modern Switzerland : The foundation of Switzerland's first central government in 1798
was an principal phase on the road to the Confederation of today.
THE NETHERLANDS
The approx population of Netherlands is around 17 million, and it is situated in Western
Europe. Amsterdam, Rotterdam, The Hague, Utrecht and Eindhoven are the five enormous
cities of the NeTherlands (Parker, 1979). Amsterdam is the capital of the Netherlands. Romans : Netherlands was integrated into Roman Empire. During this period the
Romans in the Netherlands had a huge impact on the living condition and the culture of
the people who lived in the Netherlands. Middle ages : During middle ages the large part of Western Europe was subjugate by
the Carolingain dynasty. 16th Century – 19th Century : This is a period when Northern half of seventeen
provinces formed a alliance to protect each other or support each other in the time of
misery. The Dutch grew to become one of the crucial naval and financial power. Golden Age : The time in which Dutch trade, science, art, military were among the
most acclaimed in the country, was the time of golden age for Netherlands.

 18 Century : In the long term Netherlands were inadequate to keep up with England,
while France as well became ever powerful and expansionistic, at the end of the century
the country was occupied by the French. Modern History : Socialism started taking place in the Netherlands during 20th century.
Ideologies, Protestantism, Roman Catholicism and Socialism was the three sub groups
of Dutch society(Malik, 1996).
TURKEY
Turkey is a country that inhabited distinctive geographic position, situated slightly in
Asia and slightly in Europe.
 Biblical Beginnings : Many ancient peoples named in Bible were entirely or partly in
Turkey(Hilprecht, 1903). It is a old saying that, If You Know Your Bible, You Know
More About Turkey Than You Thought. Romans arrive : In the 2nd century BC, Anatolia was a land of independent kingdom.
Some kingdoms had direct dealing with the Roman republic, and relations were not
always great. Turks takes the East : European Turkey, is the part of the modern republic of Turkey that
is geographically part of South-east Europe, it comprises of 3% of Turkey's land. Christian West Resist : The turning relationships of Turkey-EU was the huge challenge
to Turkey's foreign policy. World War One and Ataturk : Mustafa Kemal Pasa ( Ataturk), he was born in 1881 in
Salonica, as a son of a minor official (Reinhart, 2004). The role played by him during the
war time was very remarkable.
 World War Two to 1980 coup : In Turkey, the summers of 1980 was very disorganized,
during that period the whole country was acquired by the armed forces.
In the early morning hours of September 12, 1980, the armed forces acquired control of the
country.
 Moving to Unite with the West :Collaboration of Turkey, the United States and NATO
during the fight against the states of Islam was said to be the crucial opportunity to bring
Ankara into the European orbit.

REFERENCES
Books and Journal
Akamatsu, K., 1962. A historical pattern of economic growth in developing countries. The
Developing Economies. 1(s1). pp.3-25.
Bonjour, E. 1952. A short history of Switzerland. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Buckland, P.C., 1979. Thorne Moors: a palaeoecological study of a bronze age site: a
contribution to the history of the British insect fauna.
Carr, R., 2000. Spain: A history. Oxford University Press, USA.
Heather, P.J., 1991. Goths and Romans: 332-489. Oxford University Press, USA.
Hilprecht, H.V. and et.al., 1903. Explorations in Bible Lands during the 19th century. AJ
Holman.
Lewis, B., 1961. The emergence of modern Turkey (No. 135). Oxford University Press.
Malik, K., 1996. The meaning of race: Race, history and culture in Western society. NYU Press.
Parker, G., 1979. Spain and the Netherlands, 1559-1659: ten studies. Short Hills, NJ: Enslow
Publishers.
Pierson, P., 1999. The history of Spain. Penn State Press.

Reinhart, C.M. 2004. The modern history of exchange rate arrangements: a reinterpretation. the
Quarterly Journal of economics. 199(1). pp.1-48.
Rickard, T.A., 1928. The mining of the Romans in Spain. The Journal of Roman
Studies.18(2).pp.129-143.
Online
Oguzlu, H.T.,2004. Changing Dynamics of Turkey's U.S and EU Relations. [Online]. Available
through: <http://www.mepc.org/journal/changing-dynamics-turkeys-us-and-eu-relations>