Design and Construction of Industrial Complex: Factors to Consider

This document discusses the factors to consider in the design and construction of an industrial complex. It covers topics such as earthworks, equipment, complex foundations, drainage work, underpass and culvert constructions, risk assessment, site installation, environmental issues, and highway design. The document provides insights into the various aspects of the construction process and highlights the importance of safety and structural integrity.

HNCB 18- CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY- SPRING 2019
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Introduction
They're very many different factors that are usually considered in the establishment of an
industrial unit. Despite the fact that most of the private investors prioritize market potentiality,
designers and engineers focus on the structural viability of the buildings. The impact of the
factory within an area will only be in line with the expectations of the developer when the
chances of making profits are high. Engineers will, therefore, strive to ensure that challenges of
the planning and design are properly addressed in a professional way that enhances safety and
atheistic requirements1.
Task One
(a) Earthworks
The activities of earthwork on this site will involve excavating, transporting, screening and
finally placing over thousands of cubic meters of fill material to the standard of the first level.
This level is commonly referred to as level 1.Completion of the project on time will be a factor
of strategies and planning.
Coverage
Transportation after excavation and an approximate value of 500000 cubic meters of fill material
Sorting, grading and finally a screening of more than 110000 cubic meters of the component
Compaction and placement of material fill to required level 1
1 Adhikari, R.S., Moselhi, O. and Bagchi, A., 2014. Image-based retrieval of concrete crack
properties for bridge inspection. Automation in construction, 39, pp.180-194.

Equipment
Bulldozers
Are normally used for shifting of a large amount of dirt on the construction site. In some cases,
they assist in the grinding of rocks and rough grading2.
Excavator
Used in dirt shoveling and lifting of the heavy components of another operation heavy,
machinery
Backhoe Loaders
They are very crucial in the accessibility to very small jobs on the site whose location is strained.
Operation activities include shifting trenches, dirt shifting and positioning of pipes.
Motor Graders
The construction of the structures meant to be used for interconnection will utilize these machine
components to generate very smoother surfaces.
Skid steer loaders
Heavy earthmoving on the site will be done by the use of these machine components3. It will
specifically be used in the lowering of the soil compaction and again in muddy operations.
2 Alani, A.M., Aboutalebi, M. and Kilic, G., 2013. Applications of ground penetrating radar
(GPR) in bridge deck monitoring and assessment. Journal of Applied Geophysics, 97, pp.45-54.
3 Dabous, S.A., Yaghi, S., Alkass, S. and Moselhi, O., 2017. Concrete bridge deck condition
assessment using IR Thermography and Ground Penetrating Radar technologies. Automation in
Construction, 81, pp.340-354.

(b)
Construction of complex Foundations
The digging of the trenches will extend deep to the sub-soil. As compared to the topsoil, the
subsoil is normally more solid. After the required depth has been achieved, wires will be laid
down for concrete to be poured. The resulting product is called reinforced concretes.
Piling of other components
Piling work will be achieved through the drilling of a vertical hole into the soil using a bore
piling machine. The drilling of the piles can also be achieved by the use of a pile driver. Piling
work will be preferred in places with poor conditions of the soil4.
Work of drainage
 Drainage work entailed activities such as:
 Diverting runoff of the stormwater
 Portioning of the site into areas of drainage to make them manageable
 Control of rill type of erosion through sheet runoff management
 Minimizing soil erosion by controlling the velocity of the flow.
(c)
Underpass and culvert constructions.
4 Koch, C., Georgieva, K., Kasireddy, V., Akinci, B. and Fieguth, P., 2015. A review on
computer vision based defect detection and condition assessment of concrete and asphalt civil
infrastructure. Advanced Engineering Informatics, 29(2), pp.196-210..

The construction of the accessible infrastructure feeder units will utilize the construction of
culverts. Various techniques can be used in the construction culvers including pipe culvers, pipe
arc, and box culverts. The selection of the type of culvert to be used will be dependent on the
dimensions required and the available space.
Again the construction of the underpass will include excavation of a ditch on a specific side of
the construction. The underpass will involve the utilization of a pier type of the foundation.
(d)
In the construction of the office blocks, deep excavation will be used while using an effective
support system in protecting the cut. Since it is not possible to avoid groundwater completely, it
will be advisable to use a cofferdam. The sheet pile cofferdam can be used for digging up to 15m
deep5.
(e)
Use of external and internal stabilization system will be the most effective method to address the
issue of instabilities of the slope. External stabilization will involve the use of steel bin walls,
cantilever and timber crib. For the case of the internal stabilization, reinforcement mechanisms
will be used. The retaining walls will be used in the reduction of the angle of the slope.
Task Two
(a) Risk, hazard and arrangement of safety
5 Prasanna, P., Dana, K.J., Gucunski, N., Basily, B.B., Li, H.M., Lim, R.S. and Parvardeh, H.,
2016. Automated crack detection on concrete bridges. IEEE Transactions on Automation Science
and Engineering, 13(2), pp.591-599

Falls, trips, and slips
The construction sites are always uneven and chances of one slipping are high. The proper
walkway should be provided to control slips. The walkways should be designated in very good
conditions. Places that have a lot of mud should be corrected by the use of the stone.
Collapsing trenches
Places that undergo very deep excavation will experience falling trenches. They should be
properly secured to enhance safety for the workers.
Working at a height
This possesses a risk to the workers. The components involved like hoisting chains should be
properly and regularly checked
(b)
Method statement of site installation
The site installation team will be made up of four Individuals who will be getting directives from
the manager on matters pertaining:
 Emergency of procedures6
 Rules of the site
 Welfare facilities
6 Strauss, A., Vidovic, A., Zambon, I., Dengg, F., Tanasic, N. and Matos, J.C., 2016.
Performance indicators for roadway bridges. In IABMAS Conference 2016 (pp. 965-970). Taylor
& Francis.

 Restrictions regarding security
 Possible hazards identification
The process begins with the delivery of conservatory of about 7.5 tons by a lorry which is to be
offloaded on the site by the team members.
 Matters related to safety including the use of gloves to be monitored by team members
 All materials to be checked by the team leader and report any shortage
 The stacking of the components to be done in a manner that reflects the order of their
requirement.
 Initial erection of the frames to be done.
 This is to be followed by plumping of rainwater pipes that are properly fixed by the use
of brackets
 Trimming of the metal components of the roofing’s
 Roof glazing to follow7
 Opening vents fittings
 Finally hanging of the doors
Safety plan
Duty to be performed Requirements N/A Name of individual
7 Xia, Q., Cheng, Y., Zhang, J. and Zhu, F., 2016. In-service condition assessment of a long-span
suspension bridge using temperature-induced strain data. Journal of Bridge Engineering, 22(3),
p.04016124.

responsible
Supervision of safety
generally at the site
Need to be competent
Crane operation safety Need to be qualified
Design and inspection
of falsework
Need to be qualified
Checking of ladders
conditions
Need to be competent
Use of heavy
equipment
Need to be qualified
Plans to avoid fall at
the site
Need to be competent
Construction site Risk Assessment plan
Sample Form of risk assessment
Name of the person carrying out an assessment:
Date:
Assessment steps:

Possible/known risk and hazards connected with the operations:
The possible aftereffects: What are the likely consequences? What is the likely degree of the
damage?
What kind of a person is actually or likely to be at risk?
What remedies are to be put in place to remove the hazard or lower the level of risk?
Are there risk control mechanisms that are likely to fail? What are the possible aftereffects?
Any need for training?
The degree of remaining risk:
What kind of activity to be carried out in the event of an emergency:
Any place or points to refer if any:
Assessor’s signature:

(c)
The regulation part 317 part of Federal Register of Regulations states that a person carrying out
any business must check the compliance of workers with the rules regarding construction
induction. Training8. This should be done a few days before the construction work begins. Every
worker must have a card showing she/he has undergone an induction program and a certificate
which is issued within 60 days period before the construction.
(d)
Justification
The establishment of proper site installation will be very necessary to ensure that the materials
and equipment used for construction remain safe during the period of the exercise. It should
therefore not be undermined or overlooked. The safety plan that has been recommended will also
help to reduce cases of accidents and death in the period of construction.
Task 3
(a)
The industrial complex is set to be located close to a river that drains its content into the Thames.
The discharge from the industrial plant will definitely affect the water bodies. The surface runoff
will carry spills of oil, diesel, and paint chemicals into the river. The excavation process will set
8 Yi, T.H., Li, H.N. and Gu, M., 2013. Experimental assessment of high-rate GPS receivers for
deformation monitoring of bridge. Measurement, 46(1), pp.420-432

loose debris and dirt that will again make water in the river to be turbid. These are possible
environmental interference that must be given attention.
The PH of the soil will effectively change as a result of the acid nature of the pollutants. This
will affect the geological integrity of the area for other construction works. The groundwater
quality will deteriorate and its treatment is expensive and such projects may not be economically
viable.
(b) Proposal for addressing environmental, geotechnical and quality issues in the economic
context
 Containers carrying chemicals like paints, and oil should properly be monitored
 Application of the chemicals for curing should only be done after the protection of the
drains.
 Surface runoff with the pollutants should be managed at a specific place including pits.
Task 4
(a)
The design of the highway takes into consideration the capacity of the expected load to be
handled. The design of the highway basically starts with the subgrade. The subgrade is made up
of the bottom cut and the embankment. The materials choice is properly made in order to obtain
a perfect quality of the superior pavements. In this regard, the efficiency, performance, and
thickness of the pavement will be affected directly by the bituminous material, subsoil, and
aggregates. The base course will be installed just immediately after the upper wearing surface.

This is expected to be of super quality compared with the basement soil9. The uppermost
component of the design will be a flexible product which is durable and structurally integral.
Proposal for the infrastructure of the accessibility
Considering that the industrial complex will be having several industrial units, accessibility and
transportation of raw materials must be given priority. Also dealing with highly perishable goods
like foodstuff, effective transport must be provided. In order to address this, a proposal to have
more access roads to the industrial complex unit has been made as per the diagram or sketch
shared.
(b)
In the piling foundation, long and narrow posts that are known as piles are hoisted into the air by
the use of cranes and then driven down the ground by use of pile driver as the hammer. The pile
is capped off and tied after reaching the required depth. The technological information will also
be used as criteria for highway foundations. The parameter of soli condition will determine the
number of layers to be used in the laying of the foundation. The proposed bridge will be having
two carriageways each 80m long and 20 m wide. They should be supported on 20m span piers.
The use of a piling foundation will be based on one of the criteria which are the type of the soil.
The geotechnical information from the site indicated varying components from silty gravel with
intact rocks
Conclusion
9 Zampieri, P., Zanini, M.A. and Modena, C., 2015. Simplified seismic assessment of multi-span
masonry arch bridges. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 13(9), pp.2629-2646.

The conceptualization design of the industrial complex was done under consideration of several
factors that were important. The structural integrity and performance of various components took
precedence over all other factors. This was necessary to enhance safety. The materials selection
like the use of steel concentrated primarily on the performance and not aesthetic value. It is
contemplated that the implementation of the conceptualized design will be characterized by good
results that are profitable to the investor.

References
Adhikari, R.S., Moselhi, O. and Bagchi, A., 2014. Image-based retrieval of concrete crack
properties for bridge inspection. Automation in construction, 39, pp.180-194.
Alani, A.M., Aboutalebi, M. and Kilic, G., 2013. Applications of ground penetrating radar
(GPR) in bridge deck monitoring and assessment. Journal of Applied Geophysics, 97, pp.45-54.
Dabous, S.A., Yaghi, S., Alkass, S. and Moselhi, O., 2017. Concrete bridge deck condition
assessment using IR Thermography and Ground Penetrating Radar technologies. Automation in
Construction, 81, pp.340-354.
Koch, C., Georgieva, K., Kasireddy, V., Akinci, B. and Fieguth, P., 2015. A review on computer
vision based defect detection and condition assessment of concrete and asphalt civil
infrastructure. Advanced Engineering Informatics, 29(2), pp.196-210.
Prasanna, P., Dana, K.J., Gucunski, N., Basily, B.B., Li, H.M., Lim, R.S. and Parvardeh, H.,
2016. Automated crack detection on concrete bridges. IEEE Transactions on Automation Science
and Engineering, 13(2), pp.591-599.
Strauss, A., Vidovic, A., Zambon, I., Dengg, F., Tanasic, N. and Matos, J.C., 2016. Performance
indicators for roadway bridges. In IABMAS Conference 2016 (pp. 965-970). Taylor & Francis.
Xia, Q., Cheng, Y., Zhang, J. and Zhu, F., 2016. In-service condition assessment of a long-span
suspension bridge using temperature-induced strain data. Journal of Bridge Engineering, 22(3),
p.04016124.
Yi, T.H., Li, H.N. and Gu, M., 2013. Experimental assessment of high-rate GPS receivers for
deformation monitoring of bridge. Measurement, 46(1), pp.420-432.

Zampieri, P., Zanini, M.A. and Modena, C., 2015. Simplified seismic assessment of multi-span
masonry arch bridges. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 13(9), pp.2629-2646.

Appendix
Proposed conceptual design