Structural Design Principles and Statutory Requirements

This document covers the principles of structural design, including beam arrangements, shear force, and bending moment calculations. It also discusses the statutory requirements for building safety, such as fire safety, resistance to contaminants, and ventilation. Additionally, it explains the concept of factors of safety, maximum bending moments, and the selection of steel beams. The document concludes with an explanation of how deflection in beams affects structural stability and the different methods of support for structures.

HNCB 20 PRINCIPLES OF STRUCTURAL DESIGN
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Task 1 a
Beam arrangement
Reactions
RA + RB =P , HA = 0
Taking The Moments about Point A:
RA * 0 + (P * 7) – (RB * 14) = 0
150 * 7 - 14 RB = 0
SOLVING;
RB = 75
But RA + RB =P
Therefore , RA = P – RB
= 150 – 75
= 75
SHEAR FORCE
SF x-x = P
2
= P
2 −P ( BUT P=150 )
−P
2 =−150
2
= -75

Bending moment
BM = P
2 x
At x= 0, BM = P
2
At x= 1
2, BM = PL
4
Hence; BM = P
2 x−P(x− L
2 )
BM = 150
2 x−150 ( x−7 )
BUT x = L
2 =7
SUBSTITUTING :
= = 150∗7
2 −150 ( 7−7 )
= 525
At K = L
BM = = P
2 L−P ( L− L
2 )
= P
2 L− P
2 L
= 0

BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAM
PART B)
Beam arrangement
RA + RB =65 KN ,
Taking The Moments about Point A:
RA * 8 - (0 * 6) – 65(2) = 0
8 RB = 130
RB = 16.25
RA = 65 - RB (16.25)
= 48.75

PART 1C)
SKETCH
RA + RB = WL
Also the moments about A =0
WL * L
2 −¿RA * L = 0
RA = WL
2 = 25∗25
2
= 312.5
RB = WL- RA
= 625 – 312.5
= 312.5

Taking a section
V = WL
2 −¿ WX
= 312.5 -25X
= WL
2 X −WW
2
= 312.5x

Task 1d

1e)

Task 1B
Statutory requirements in structural designs: safety
By definition, statutory requirements are like a licensee, official approval or a permit
which guarantees the operation of a certain activity. A legislative body is in charge of ratifying
such activities. In our case, the activity is building or construction of structural designs.
Primarily, the major statutory requirement for the design of structures is the building regulations

authorization. Globally, each ministry of housing is responsible for the ratifications so that the
health and safety of individuals both within and around the structures are ensured. These
requirements apply both to the new buildings as well as the old ones. Below are some of the
statutory requirements1
Part A: Structural safety
Majorly, the structural safety requirements deal with fostering the communication on
reliability and risks assessments. The structural designs need to meet this requirement so that the
risks that may be associated thereafter are minimized.
Part b: fire safety
These measures are meant to minimize the destruction that is likely to be as a result of the
fire. It encompasses measures put into place to limit the spread of effects of fire as well as those
for the prevention of uncontrolled ignition. In general, these measures include those for the
structural safety of the design and the practices which are taught to people in the eventuality of a
fire accident2
Some of the personnel who is concerned with fire safety are the fire prevention officers, who do
an inspection and educate on the various fire hazards. In order to fully meet the safety of the
structural designs, various features have to satisfy, for instance: signage, fire exits, as well as
construction details such as fire rated doors and fire stop.
By extension, various fire codes necessitate for certain equipment such as fire extinguishers and
suppression fire alarm system and sprinkler system.
1 Jean B, The consumer society: Myths and structures (Sage 2016)
2 Andrew B and others. Structural design for fire safety (John Wiley & Sons 2017)

Part C: Resistance to contaminants and moisture
Contaminants pose a wide range of health hazards and should be properly handled and
kept to prevent them from causing any harm3
Part D: Toxic substances.-
Toxic substances and Chemical hazards pose a wide range of health hazards, for instance:
sensitization, irritation, and carcinogenicity. Additionally, they can also result in physical
hazards, including corrosion, and explosibility, and flammability. These substances should be
properly handled and kept to prevent them from causing any harm.
Part E: Resistance to sound
The building under design needs to take care of better sound performance. Usually, no
single sound requirements will be appropriate from different structures as they have different
purposes. For instance, in the case of a hall, better sound amplification will be needed, while in
the case of a hotel room, it will require sound attenuation. Thus, clear utilization of the
objectives for each space under design is needed for proper and effective noise control4
Part F: ventilation
By definition, ventilation is a method of controlling the environment by the proper flow
of air. Buildings need to be properly ventilated so that the quality of air is maintained in the
structural designs.
Part G: Sanitation, hot water safety, and sanitary efficiency.—
3 Bryan C and others, The electronic structures of solids (Vol. 4 Elsevier 2013)
4 John C, Sedimentary structures (Dunedin Academic Press Ltd 2019)

These statutory requirements relate to codes which cover the standards for hot water supply and
efficiency, cold water supply and efficiency, kitchens, bathrooms, washing facilities as well as
the areas of food preparation.
Part H: Drainage and waste disposal
These building codes concerns how wastewater and drainage systems need to be
managed. It gives a clear guideline on the various options which needs to be followed in order of
priority. For instance, if the first option is not applied, the second option applies, and so on and
so forth5
Part J: heat producing appliances
Basically, the heat regulations seek to offer the guidelines on the
Things concerning fuel storage systems and combustion. The aim is to ensure that any system
installed and deals with fuel storage and combustion is safely installed. This statutory regulation
is portioned into five sections, namely6
 J1 – Supply of air- the installation of hat producing equipment should be such that they allow
for enough circulation of air in case of any combustion.
 J2 – Discharge of combustion waste and by-products- adequate discharge of the byproducts
and combustion waste be provided for the heat producing appliances
 J3 – Carbon monoxide warnings- appropriate provisions should be availed so that safety of
the occupants is ensured in the event of carbon monoxide gases explosion.
5 Radison E and others, Principles of yacht design (A&C Black 2016)
6 Ladislav E, The vibration of solids and structures under moving loads (Vol. 1 Springer Science & Business Media
2013)

 J4 – Building protection- reasonable structures need to be constructed or put into place so
that the possibility of building catching fire is reduced.
 J5 – Providing information- information concerning any system installed needs to be availed
so that the risk countering measures are known and to avoid risk to health.
Part K: Protection from falling.
Among the various accidents in buildings is falls from overhead platforms, holes in the
floors, as well as elevate work stations. OSHA requires that various provision be put into place to
prevent these falls from occurring. For instance: guard rails, safety nets, safety harness, among
other measures. Further, the fall hazards need to be identified in prior and control strategies put
into place. These strategies need to follow below the priority of control Hazard Elimination,
Passive Fall Protection, Fall Restraint, Personal Fall Arrest System, and finally, Administrative
Controls7
Part L: conservation of fuel and power-
This relates to the installation of energy efficient techniques such as water heater systems,
which promotes sustainability, as opposed to systems which may pose a health risk to the
occupants.
Part M: access to and use of buildings.
The access, as well as the entrances, should be made such that they are accessible to
everyone as well as being gentle sloping. By extension, the ground surface should be
appropriate8
7 Viet-Anh H and others, Structural design principles for deep whole effective mass s-orbital-based p-type oxides.
Journal of Materials Chemistry (2017) Rev 23
8 John H and others, Blast and ballistic loading of structures (CRC Press 2014)

Part N: glazing safety
Glazing safety comes with various areas which will necessitate for glazing inside the
building. Various guidelines stipulate the various dimension for ensuring enough glaze within
the building.
Part P: electrical safety
Annually, a number of death occurs as a result of electrical concerns. Comprehending
the significance of electrical safety, provision of implementation resources as well as instating
electrical programs needs to be met by any building plan9
9 John H, Wind loading of structures (CRC press 2018)

TASK 1C
Factors of safety
Dead loads are a permanent or static load which are present in the building for a long
duration and at times includes the structure itself, while life/imposed loads are those which only
occur for a temporary duration. The factors of safety details the strength of structures in relation
to the applied loads. Taking the example of concrete, the factor of safety for the dead load is
1.35, 1.4 for imposed loads, and 1.5 for live loads. The reason as to why the factor of safety is
high in the live loads is because the possibility/probability of these factors is hard to determine
and are unpredictable10
10 Xiaochao J and others, Dynamic response of sandwich structures with graded axenic honeycomb cores under blast
loading (Composites Part B: Engineering 2016)

TASK 1D
Maximum bending moments and steel beam selection
Basic design calculations influence the selection of the steel beam. To begin, you first
need to have the loading details of the steel I beam. After which, draw a bending moment
illustration, which through calculation will guide in determining the maximum bending moments
(M) which is anticipated to be experienced in the steel. After that, select a suitable dimension of
the steel beam, and determine its moment of inertia (I) as well as its beam depth (d). These
values help in determining the stress developed, i.e., in the below expression
f/(d/2)=M/ I
Where
The obtained value is then checked against the yield stress of the steel in order to determine the
safety factor of the design. Below is an illustration
Example
A 78 in long simply supported solid steel beam is 2 in wide by 5 in tall. The cross-section is shown
below. Use an allowable bending stress of 1.228 kpsi for steel and find the maximum safe uniformly
distributed load that the beam can carry, if the loading is in the y-direction. Maximum safe uniformly
distributed load = __________ Ibf/in.

Solution
L = 78 IN
b = 2 in
h= 5 in
for a uniformly distributed simply supported beam, the maximum bending moments is obtained by
¿ WL∗l
8
And I = b∗h∗h∗h
12 Y = h
2
= 2∗5∗5∗5
12
= 20.83
Y= h
2 = 5
2
= 2.5 in
Thus , W∗78∗78
8 * 2.5
20.83
W= 13.41 lbf/in

Task 2 A AND B
How deflection in beams affects the structural stability
Structural stability relates to the ability of a structural assembly to sustain forces and
loads exerted to it. The structural assembly comprises of beams, plates, rings as well as arches.
Deflection makes the concrete to crack, allowing atmospheric exposure to get to the steel nearer
the bottom face, which eventually will begin to rust. This will make it lose its strength.
Additionally, the deflections affect the serviceability, such that the slab supporting t makes it
deflect. This makes the floor not to be perfectly horizontal, and thus, the structure may not be
able to withstand loads as it is unstable structurally11
11 Sabine K and others, Stability and electronic properties of new inorganic perovskites from high-throughput ab initio
calculations. Journal of Materials Chemistry C (2016) Rev 15

TASK 2C
Methods of supports for structures and effects on a deflection in fixed structures.
Structural support offers the necessary strength and stiffness in a building to be able to resist
internal forces and firmly hold the structure on the ground. There are five basic supports namely
1. Roller Supports
This kind of support allows for thermal contraction and expansion of span as well as protecting
other structural members from damage. Typically, it's applied in bridges as it tends to resist the
normal displacement. In application to the steel and concrete structures, when the lateral loads
attempt to displace the structure, the later will roll back in reaction to the force.
2. Pinned support
This kind of support connects the beam web to a shear connection and prevents both the relative
displacements and the translational movements of member ends in all direction. It implies single
linear forces in horizontal and vertical directions, hence does not involve the rotational
movements12
3. Fixed support
This rigid support offers moment resistance and force and maintains the angular connection
between the joint elements. It prevents both the rotational and translational movements in all
directions. In steel applications, they are common for the beam to column moment resisting steel
frame and for the concrete frames in terms of the column, beam and slab connections.
4. Hanger support
12 Riccardo M and others, From nature to fabrication: biomimetic design principles for the production of complex spatial
structures. International Journal of Space Structures (2013) Rev 28

This kind of support only exerts a force by preventing any member of the support from
translating away in its direction. It is mostly applied in the steel structures for the roof systems
and the cable supported bridge.
5. Simple support
Similar to the roller support in a way. However, it's where the structural member rests on an
eternal structure, for instate two concrete blocks sustaining blocks of wood at the tops.
The table below shows a summary of the methods of supports.

TASK 2D
Effective support method
From the description and analysis above, the most effective support method is the fixed
support technique. This is because not only does it offers moment resistance and force but also
maintains the angular connection between the joint elements, thus preventing both the rotational
and translational movements in all directions13.
13 Sandeeka M and others, Build back better principles for post-disaster structural improvements. Structural Survey
(2013) Rev 31

TASK 3A
 Task 3a )
Ac = area of concrete
Asc = area of steel
Therefore: substituting :
= 0.45 * 6 * 350
1000 * 350
1000 +0.75∗2950∗0.000001
= 0.33
Task 3a, i)
Alternative steel column
Serial size = 152 * 152 * 30
Depth = 1 52.4
Thickness of web = 5.8
TASK 3B
SOLUTION
PU = 0.45 Fck * Ac + 0.75 Asc
= 0.45 * 6 *
350
1000∗350
1000 +
0.75∗152
1000 ∗152
1000
= 0.35

Concepts of slenderness ratio and effective length in the design of both steel and reinforced
concrete columns
The slenderness ratio is defined as the ratio of effective length to the radius of gyration
and used for the determination of the design load and classification of various columns as either
short, long, or intermediate. In doing so, it offers the likeliness of buckling failure in the column.
On the other hand, the effective length is the shortest distance between the bottom and first
points of a column at the point of bending which a column effectively offers resist against
buckling. It depends on the provided support conditions14
 In comparison: The Effective Length defines the distance between consecutive points of null
moments whereas the Slenderness Ratio is the ratio of effective length to the shortest radius
of gyration of its cross section.
14 Miguel P and others, Elastic frustration causing two-step and multistep transitions in spin-crossover solids: the
emergence of complex ant ferroelectric structures. Journal of the American Chemical Society (2016) Rev 138

TASK 3C
Properties of different materials used for beams and columns in fixed structures
Basically, the beam and column in fixed structures make use of steel and concrete
materials. These materials have unique properties, which makes them suitable for certain
applications. Timber can also be used, though it is not common as such, and would only apply in
the fully wooded building. We will explore these properties in the form of a table
Property Structural steel Reinforced concrete
load carrying capacity
Can offer a great load carrying
capacity without deformation15
Can offer a great load carrying
capacity, however, its prone to
deformation.
size The various sizes of steels
come in dimensions of 10mm,
12 mm, 16mm, 20mm, 15mm,
28mm, 32mm, and 36mm.
However, large dimensions can
be produced depending on
special order.
The most common size of
concrete used in construction is
20mm. however, A larger size
of 40mm is also used
Weight ratio Has relatively high
compressive strength features
hence has the ability to carry
weight structures
Has relatively high
compressive strength features
hence has the ability to carry
weight structures
corrosion resistance When it comes to contact with
water, it forms a dangerous
structure, thus should be
avoided at all costs. For
instance, painting it helps in
becoming corrosion
resistance16
Has excellent corrosion
properties not only to water but
other substances.
15 Tilo P and others, Eco-friendly concretes with reduced water and cement contents—Mix design principles and
laboratory tests — cement and Concrete Research (2013) Rev 51
16 David R , Mechanics of solids and structures. (World Scientific Publishing Company 2016)

TASK 4A & B

LO4 TASK 4C:
: an alternative material: Wood
Apart from steel and concrete, wood can also be utilized in attempts to achieve a design
solution. Typically, timber is an inorganic, anisotropic and hygroscopic material. Its properties
make it suitable to be used in the construction of a fully wooden building. However, it cannot be
combined with other materials. In most cases, it has not been of recently used in the construction,
but then it's associated with certain benefits include17
Tensile strength- wood has a better breaking length when it is compared to steel,
implying that can offer support to its weight and thus allowing for greater spaces and less basic
support in certain building designs
1. Heat and electrical resistance: when dried, wood offers a great resistance to electrical
conduction. Further, heat does not affect its strength and stability thereby offering
suitable stability to the building
2. Sound absorption: wood has acoustic properties making it absorb sound rather than
magnifying it. This significantly helps in reducing the noise levels in buildings such as
offices18
3. Environmentally friendly: other construction materials when exposed to disposal takes a
longer time to decompose, as opposed to wood which quickly decomposes and in the
process replenish the soil.
17 Asko R and others, Durability design of concrete structures (CRC Press 2014)
18 Yanchao W and others, Materials discovery via CALYPSO methodology. Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter
(2015)

Disadvantages
1. Shrinkage a swelling - Since wood in a hygroscopic material, it will absorb the
surrounding moistures below the fiber saturation point and then well and shrink.
2. Prone to deterioration: biological and no-biological agents contribute to the
destruction of the wood material such as the decay of the wood19
19 Murat Y and others, Experimental and numerical study of foam filled corrugated core steel sandwich structures
subjected to blast loading — composite structures (2014)

TASK 4D
Building Information Modelling
BIM is a process which is supported by several technologies and tools, including the
production of digital illustrations of functional and physical characterizes of places. The BIM
files contain files which can be manipulated in order to offer decision making support of built
asset. Presently, the build information modeling software is utilized by business, individuals and
various government agencies to design, plan, construct as well as maintain different physical
structures such as electricity, water, roads, among others20
BIM follows a four-stage workflow in the structural design. This various process includes social
BIM, individual BIM, big BIM, and little BIM. Some of the advantages associated with this
building modeling include
1. Improved quality- insignificant errors are associated with the building information modeling,
making the quality of the work enhanced21
2. Greater efficiency- the BIM tools leads to greater efficiency as the structural engineers would not
rely on logical models for the prediction of events.
3. Design flexibility- BIM is associated with budget and time indep0endence, giving rom for other
options which promote flexibility. Additionally, there is a better time-saving opportunity.
4. Effective collaboration- BIM allows for the evaluation, alteration, and correcting of information
precisely and effectively.
20 Guoqi Z and others, The response of sandwich structures with pyramidal truss cores under the compression and impact
loading. Composite Structures (2013) Rev.451-463.
21 Xinxin Z and others, First-principles structural design of superhard materials-The Journal of chemical physics’ (2013)
Rev 114101.

5. Reduced work – fixing of errors in early stages ensures minimal issues in later stages
6. Improved productivity- BIM offers an integrated database that is applied in the automation
construction which as well enhances the productivity
7. Better marketing- more customers would start requiring the BIM jobs, hence expanding its
market shield22
22 Lijun Z and others, Materials discovery at high pressures. Nature Reviews Materials (2017) Rev 17005.

REFERENCES
Baudrillard J, The consumer society: Myths and structures (Sage 2016)
Buchanan A and others. Structural design for fire safety (John Wiley & Sons 2017)
Coles B and others, The electronic structures of solids (Vol. 4 Elsevier 2013)
Collinson J, Sedimentary structures (Dunedin Academic Press Ltd 2019)
Eliasson R and others, Principles of yacht design (A&C Black 2016)
Frýba L, The vibration of solids and structures under moving loads (Vol. 1 Springer Science &
Business Media 2013)
Ha V and others, Structural design principles for deep whole effective mass s-orbital-based p-
type oxides. Journal of Materials Chemistry (2017) Rev 23
Hetherington J and others, Blast and ballistic loading of structures (CRC Press 2014)
Holmes J, Wind loading of structures (CRC press 2018)
Jin X and others, Dynamic response of sandwich structures with graded axenic honeycomb cores
under blast loading (Composites Part B: Engineering 2016)
Körbel S and others, Stability and electronic properties of new inorganic perovskites from high-
throughput ab initio calculations. Journal of Materials Chemistry C (2016) Rev 15
Magna R and others, From nature to fabrication: biomimetic design principles for the production
of complex spatial structures. International Journal of Space Structures (2013) Rev 28
Mannakkara S and others, Build back better principles for post-disaster structural improvements.
Structural Survey (2013) Rev 31
Paez-Espejo M and others, Elastic frustration causing two-step and multistep transitions in spin-
crossover solids: the emergence of complex ant ferroelectric structures. Journal of the
American Chemical Society (2016) Rev 138

Proske T and others, Eco-friendly concretes with reduced water and cement contents—Mix
design principles and laboratory tests — cement and Concrete Research (2013) Rev 51
Rees D, Mechanics of solids and structures. (World Scientific Publishing Company 2016)
Sarja A and others, Durability design of concrete structures (CRC Press 2014)
Wang Y and others, Materials discovery via CALYPSO methodology. Journal of Physics:
Condensed Matter (2015)
Yazici M and others, Experimental and numerical study of foam filled corrugated core steel
sandwich structures subjected to blast loading — composite structures (2014)
Zhang G and others, The response of sandwich structures with pyramidal truss cores under the
compression and impact loading. Composite Structures (2013) Rev.451-463.
Zhang L and others, Materials discovery at high pressures. Nature Reviews Materials (2017) Rev
17005.
Zhang X and others, First-principles structural design of superhard materials-The Journal of
chemical physics’ (2013) Rev 114101.