Material Storage: Efficient and Safe Storage of Construction Materials

This article discusses the importance of efficient and safe storage of construction materials. It covers waste storage, storage of hazardous and non-hazardous materials, and recycling. It also explores the benefits and limitations of steel and concrete, and suggests bamboo as an alternative material. The article provides information on standards and testing procedures for material storage.

HNCB 3 SCIENCE AND MATERIALS
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Task 1: Material Storage
It is very essential to regular ensure that the construction materials are stored safely in the
construction sites. The efficient and safe storage of the construction material generally relies on
the proper co-ordination and good co-operation of the parties involved in the storage of the
material. The parties involved usually includes the construction traders, contractor, client and the
suppliers (Hornbostel, 2011).
Waste Storage
Always there should be a provision for the waste receptacles within the construction site to
accommodate of all types of wastes that are generated in the site.
The storage area must be of sufficient size to accommodate all the wastes that are generated.
The cardboard boxes are supposed to be made flat and then assembled in a room for the store.
All the workers in the construction site can be able to recuse all different materials in site. The
wastes generated on site should not be mixed while there is no waste that should be left in the
corridors where they will be likely to block the movement.
Storage of the hazardous wastes
The materials which are considered to be non-hazardous in many ways should be;

o The waste skips should be covered
o The skips where the wastes are stores should be well labelled. There should be regular
inspection of the waste skips in order to ensure that everything is in the stable condition.
o All the wastes should be transferred in a timely manner from the construction site to the
location which is far away from the construction site. The wastes which are mixed should
not be stored in the same area.
Storage of non-hazardous material
The nonhazardous are wastes which does not have an adverse effect on the environment and
there storage will maximize the concept that the wastes should be stacked together to
maximize the ability to reuse the same materials which are considered wastes .The reusing of
this materials greatly helps in reducing the any safety hazards which were possible to take place
in the construction site.

The construction wastes which are as a result of demolition of structures include
o Bricks
o Wood studs
o Wood paneling
o Concrete reinforcing materials
o Concrete
o Insulation materials
o Roofing materials
o Structural steel
o Rough hardware
o Masonry units
o Wood trims
Other demolition materials include; carpets , doors, cabinets, plumbing fixtures, acoustic tiles,
copper wiring, lamps, lighting fixtures, refrigrianat, piping, metal studs, glazing , windows,
ballasts, firefighting equipment, mechanical equipment and electrical equipment.

Safety storage and the subsequent recycling
Concrete: All the reinforcements which were used during the concrete pouring should be
carefully removed and stored and then other ingredients of concrete sorted out and recycled.
The concrete obtained from the demolition can be broken down and then reused as asphalt
material. This will save a lot of cost which were to be used in acquiring new asphalt materials.
The metal reinforcements which were used during the construction of masonry walls should be
carefully removed together with the supports and anchors that were also used and with that
they are sorted together.
Wood materials
All the wood members which are obtained from the demolition should be carefully sorted and
stacked together depending on their size and their length. The timber should be separated, from
the engineered wood products and the paneling products.
Metal: All the metals which were used in the construction process should be separated from one
another depending on their type. For the situations where steel was used as a structural members,
they are stacked in groups depending on their size, length and type of steel. Different nuts were
removed which includes the washers, nuts and the other rough hardware. The asphalt shingle
roofing.
Metal wastes
The metal wastes are separated from each depending on their type. In the scenarios where there
are steel wastes, which are obtained from the structural members, they are stack together
according to their length and size and their types. The bolts which contained in different types

of wastes are removed and these usually included the washers and the nuts and other rough
hardware which are contained in the wastes.(Z hang, Wu, Shen and Skitmore, 2014).
Carpet and pad
The pads and carpet wastes which are obtained after demolition are rolled together after the
trashes and the adhesives have been removed .
The equipment such as piping are joined to straight and then stored depending on their types
and sizes.
Task 2
Cross laminated timber (CLT) is made from softwood timber, that is contained fragments that
are laid more than each other at right edges already the finished material is then mechanically
overlaid. The amount of layers joined depends upon thickness and essential essentials and
everything considered can make by the right helper loads required in each piece of CLT. The
layers are sawn, planed and after that stuck together under strain using a polyurethane bond.
Sheets are produced to correct estimations in building plans, including window, door, funnels
and ventilation openings with any channels for electrical wiring or organizations being cut into
the sheets in the workshop (Somachandra and Sylva, 2018).
Recyclability: Upon the pummeling of a CLT based improvement adventure, additional wood
can be utilized or reused for a degree of various uses due to its wood nature. The CLT contains
biomass and its sheets and some other individual segments are recyclable, they can be sent back
to the producer for reuse and reusing. While things, for instance, sawdust and wood-scraps are
not as easily reused or reused, they can be changed over to imperativeness through devouring.

Then again they can be made into chips or compacted into beds that can be dispatched to
associations where they're seared thusly to coal as a wellspring of essentialness.
Easy to Demolish: Cross Laminated Timber is inconceivably strong in regard to its weight; it
weighs just a single fifth of reinforced bond (Movilla-Quesada et al., 2015). Despite CLT
adventures being astoundingly easy to create in light of their ease nearby correct measures, they
can in like manner be adequately deconstructed and destroyed inside an astonishingly little
proportion of time. Post demolition of CLT considers the reuse and reusing of remains. On
account of the lightweight structure of CLT, improvement and pummeling is out and out
snappier than that of various materials. This prompts diminished work beds at the two stages.
Environmental friendliness: CLT offers countless as for the execution of the earth. Sensibly
managed woods consider carbon absence of inclination and goes about as a document of carbon
by changing over CO2 into biomass through the method of photosynthesis. Interestingly with
bond and steel, CLT and wood when all is said in done out performs in the two issues. Wood and
wood things, for instance, CLT convey less nursery gases, require less proportions of water,
essentialness and oil based goods than both bond and steel. CLT has a lower exemplified
essentialness for each heap than various other building materials and 'negative' carbon
impression, leeway to the individual and system when all is said in done.
Durability: CLT is made anyway a multi-layer improvement system which is made absolutely of
solid wood. The delayed consequence of holding the transverse layers together ensures that the
risk of swelling, contracting and turning of the wood is diminished to an immaterial
measurement. CLT being developed effectively fulfills the measures and essentials of current
building material (Movilla-Quesada et al., 2015). The characteristics of the CLT structure thinks

about openings, shapes and modifications of a gigantic extensive variety of shapes and structures
without the tradeoff of a structures fundamental decency. The arrangement considers fewer parts
to make comparative structures that are both confounding and unique that can be practiced by
other standard materials (Maduka, Udeaja and Greenwood, 2015). Assembled wood things have
portrayed and standardized helper properties which make the quality and thickness of the sheets
both reliable and quantifiable. With extended movements in advancement and pastes, CLT offers
a monetarily insightful decision for any arrangement and essential application while keeping up a
strong and reliable establishment.
Limited waste: The utilization of the cross laminated timber on the area lead to purposes and
intents zero business site wastage in all the edges. In the view of the way in which the cross
laminated timber is fabricated as a pre-amassed thing.it does not transfer the one area
wastage and any misuse which is made clean be easily corrected. The wastes which are
generated in the building site will be reversed back to the area where they were generated,
whereby they can be used as carbon unbiased imperativeness. In the view of the offsite
organizing work which will require minimal cleaning of the wastage which will directly result
to a decline in the intrusion of the Neighbours and the labour houses is will be kept
awesomely.
Task 3:
a) Benefits and limitations of steel.
Benefits

o Steel has a high strength to the weight ratio and at the same time steel is tensile
implying that steel has a high strength per unit mass thus the steel section would
always remain lightweight irrespective of the size of the structure.
o Steel has ability to be fabricated much easily and at the same time it can be fabricated
massively unlike other construction materials.
o As compared to the other construction materials steel has very high flexibility which
makes it easy to use (Iron, 2018)
o Highly durable as it is able to withstand external pressures among the cyclones,
thunderstorms and earthquakes (Christie, 2011)
o Steels is cost friendly when compared to the other materials used in construction.
Limitations
o Steel is well known to experience high rates of expansion when there is a sudden change
in temperature and this can be very risky in the stability of the structure.
o Steel being an alloy of iron it is very susceptible to corrosion
o The structures which are constructed from steels regularly experiences buckling which is
likely to affect the stability of the structures.
o High cost of maintenance due to the need of painting to make it resistant to corrosion
Advantages and Disadvantages of Concrete
Advantages
o Able to withstand considerable amount of tensile stress
o High durability (Hornbostel, 2011)

o Fair fire and weather resistance
o Requires low maintenance cost
o High compressive strength in comparison with other building materials
Disadvantages
o Shrinkage leads to loss of strength and development of cracks
o Relatively higher cost of forms used in casting
o Tensile strength is approximately 1/10 of the compressive strength
b) Alternative material
Bamboo may be considered to be one of the most promising alternative material to wood and
steel. For many years bamboo has been used as a construction materials for the construction of
human shelter and other structures. There are many reasons why bamboo is considered as one
of the most promising material in this given scenario. First it is due to its lightweight nature,
sustainability and flexibility which other construction materials lack (Shah, 2011)
c) Standards
o They must be vertical and at the same time they must be constructed before the walls
are constructed , and there is need to ensure that they are one part .
o The members must be integrally linked to the foundation so that they will ensure there is
sufficient support for the members.

o In the scenarios where they are made up of the reinforced , they has to contain a
minimum of 4 bars , where one will be located at each corner, which is a minimum of
12mm and a minimum spacing of 12cm.
o The vertical steel which will be used will be required to have hoops around the outside,
which will be a minimum of 8mm.
o All the hoops which will be located on the outside of the vertical steels will be spaced at
no further apart width of the column
o In order to avoid the mixture which is dominated with stones at the bottom of the
column, the mixture which will be placed initially will be required to contain a
higher proportion of the cement to sand and less proportion of the stones. (Zuofa and
Ochieng, 2016).
d) Testing procedure for bending test in wood
o The bending device id embedded into the UTM
o The depth as well as the width of the wooden bar is measured and recorded.
o The support is changed for the needed separation and then clinched to the lower table.
o The transverse of the test skillet is fixed at the lower side of the cross head.
o The rollers of the transverse test section are fixed with the end goal where the load
comes in the middle and determines the length of the range of the pillar between the
backing and the focal stacking (Yu et l., 2018).
o The load pointer is changed to the zero mark through the lifting of the lower table. The
diversion which relates to each heap is discovered from the veneer scale in the
UTM while The load is being applied.

o The maximum load and the maximum deflection are noted.
Task 4
a)
Temperatures
In the scenario where indoor flow of air is slow i.e. where the indoor air flows at a speed of
less than 40ft per minute and having a relative humidity of 50%, the accepted temperature inn
such scenarios which will be able to achieve thermal comfort of the indoor environment
ranges from 68.5 F and 75 .,during the winter season and from 75 F⁰ ⁰ ⁰ to 80.5 F during the⁰
summer. The variation in temperature ranges between the seasons is largely due to the clothing
selection. It is also highly recommended that the indoor relative humidity to be maintained at
65%
Humidity
Humidity is generated when water is heated and evaporates to the atmosphere and the
surrounding. Relative humidity is defined as the ratio of the actual water vapour in the air
to the maximum amount of water vapour which can be held by the same air at the same
temperature.
The relative humidity which ranges between 40% and 70% does not have a great effect on the
thermal comfort of a given space. In the work spaces which are not efficiently conditioned or
the work places which are located in areas where the indoor conditions are influenced by the
outdoor weather conditions and where the drying process where steam is continuously being
generated.

Having high humidity in the indoor environment results in high amount of water vapour in the
air, this reduces the comfort of the users of that given space since they cannot be able to get lead
of sweat considering the amount of water vapour in the air.
Radiant temperature
The radiant temperatures is the influence of the surface temperature on the comfort levels of the
users of a given space. In most scenario in practice the mean radiant temperature is usually
ambiguous as the occupants of the given indoor space keeps moving within the given space
and because of the various geometry of the room, and the changes to the external and internal
environmental conditions.
Ventilation
Ventilation is defined as the rate at which the air moves through the internal environment. In any
given space ventilation is very important in many ways such as;
The stagnant air which may be within the indoor space which heated by man-made heating
system may cause people to have a stuffy feeling. In most cases the stagnant air in the indoor
spaces leads to the development of odours.
In most cases the humid air in the humid or warm indoor environment can greatly increase
the rate at which the heat is lost through the process of convection without any change in the
temperature of air.
Reverberation and illumination
The table below shows the different levels of illumination which are accepted in different
indoor spaces depending on their indoor activities which are performed in the given spaces.

b)
∆ Q
∆ t =−kA ×(T2−T 1 ) ∆ x
For the windows, we have
∆ Q
∆ t =( 0.9W /(m ℃)) ×( 0.3× 17 ×30)×(20 ℃−T 1)
For the roof we have
∆ Q
∆ t =( 0.23 W
m℃ )× (17 × 8 ) + ( 8 × 30 ) × T1−T 2
For the walls we have
∆ Q
∆ t =( 0.2 W
m℃ )× { (17 × 8 ) + ( 30 ×8 ) }× T2 +0 ℃
The first and the third equation can generate;

20 ℃−T1=T 2 +0 ℃; T 2=20 ℃−T 1
Inserting the expression for T2 into the second equation;
∆ Q
∆ t =( 0.23 W
m℃ )× (17 × 8 ) + ( 8 × 30 ) × T1−(20 ℃−T1 )
∆ Q
∆ t =( 0.23 W
m℃ )× (17 × 8 ) + ( 8 × 30 ) × 2T 1−20 ℃
Combining this equation into the first equation;
( 0.23 W
m℃ ) × ( 17 × 8 ) + ( 8 ×30 ) ×2 T 1−20 ℃ = (0.9 W /(m℃))×(0.3 ×17 × 30)×(20 ℃−T1 )
86.48 ( 2 T1 −20℃ )=137.7 (20 ℃−T 1)
172.96T 1=2754 C-137.7T⁰ 1+1729.6 C⁰
35.56T1=4483.6 C⁰
T1=127.2 C⁰
(0.9 W /(m℃))×(0.3 ×17 × 30)×(20 ℃−107.2℃)
=14.76kW
c) Qs occupants=No. of people*Sensible heat gain/person*CLF
=150*0.6*1=90kW
d) Given L=17 m, W=30, H=8, a=0.03, n=150
Required: τ

Solution
∑ a1 s1 =0.03 ×2 {(17 × 30)(30 × 8)(17 ×8)+4.7 × 150 }
∑ a1 s1 =0.03 ×886+4.7 ×150=26.58+705=731.58
τ = 0.05V
∑ a1 s1
= 0.05 × 4200
731.58 =0.287
τ ≅ 0.2875 s
e) With the increase in the number of people in the hall to 200 audiences the reverberation time
would have decreased due to the high levels of abortions of sound by people and their clothing.
f)
 Using energy efficient HAVC equipment as well as systems
 Including strategies that lower excessive changes in air and the use of energy recovery
systems for making up air
 Use of lighting systems which consume less than 1 watt/square foot
 Adopting energy approved and/or FEMP-designated energy efficient products

References
Christie, J. (2011). Wrought Iron and Steel in Construction: Convenient Rules, Formulæ and
Tables for the Strength of Steel Shapes Used as Beams, Struts, Shafts, Etc., Made by the
Pencoyd Iron Works, A. & P. Roberts Company, Iron and Steel Department ... Bridge
and Constructi. New York : New York Public Library.
Hornbostel, C. (2011). Construction Materials: Types, Uses and Applications. Chicago: John
Wiley & Sons.
Iron, P. (2018). Steel in Construction: Convenient Rules, Formulæ and Tables for the Strength of
Steel Shapes Used as Beams, Struts, Shafts, Etc., Made by the Pencoyd Iron Works, A. &
P. Roberts Company, Philadelphia ... Chicago: Pencoyd Iron Works, A.&P. Roberts
Company,.
Shah, G. (2011). Concrete Technology. London: CRC Press, .