FNDH022 Human Biology Report: Analyzing Exercise and Homeostasis

This report investigates the effects of exercise on heart rate and breathing rate, exploring the concept of homeostasis. The study involved participants performing jumping jacks and running in place, with measurements of heart rate and breathing rate taken at regular intervals. The results indicated a clear correlation between exercise and increased heart and breathing rates, supporting the hypothesis that physical activity affects both the respiratory and circulatory systems. The report discusses the physiological reasons behind these changes, highlighting the body's effort to maintain equilibrium during exercise. Limitations of the study, such as measurement inaccuracies and lack of professional equipment, are acknowledged, and recommendations for future research, including studies on smokers and individuals with asthma, are provided. The report concludes that exercise significantly impacts breathing and heart rates due to the body's increased need for oxygen and energy.

HOMEOSTASIS AND EXERCISE 1
HOMEOSTASIS AND EXERCISE
Student’s Name
Institution Affiliation
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Introduction
Homeostasis is defined as the ability of a cell or the body to maintain and seek a state of
equilibrium within its internal environment, while external factors are conflicting or changing
them. Typically, the process of homeostasis is sustained through three vital organs, the brain, the
liver, and the kidney (Cassidy et al., 2016, pp.56-66). The mind is the regulator of the body as it
controls critical daily functioning like breathing, heart rates, and digestion. The liver regulates
blood sugar and filters outs toxins. On the other hand, the job of the kidney is to produce urine
and to filter things like salt and water out of the body. Moreover, when there is a change in the
internal environment as a result of external activities such as exercise, there are changes that
occur within the body to maintain an equilibrium state (Güder et al., 2016). For example,
perspiration or sweating is one of the changes that occur when an individual is involved in a
vigorous exercise. Perspiration plays a critical role as it helps the body to maintain and seek a
state of equilibrium within its internal environment.
Exercises play a significant role in a person’s body as it keeps one healthy and fit by
making a person heart to beat fast and strengthening the muscles (Guyenet, and Bayliss, 2015,
pp.5727-5732). The brain, muscles, and liver coordinate together to ensure that there is enough
supply of oxygen in the body. Therefore, there will be an increase in breathing rate and heart
rates this is because the body is working harder than when it's resting (Rizzo, 2015). The heart
rates increase so that it can pump oxygenated blood to the target muscles. The report aims to
validate the hypothesis; “how will exercise affect heart rate and breathing rate?”.
Materials and Methods

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In the case of this report a calculator, a stopwatch, two participants and a pen were used
in the study.
Procedure
The first step is to choose one participant to complete a jumping jack at a pace that can
be sustained for 6 minutes. Each participating should repeat the exercise three times. The
participant has to be inactive before the experiment begins. The next step is to measure the heart
rate by taking his or her pulses either through Carotid or Radial pulsation. Then the next step is
to calculate the beats per minutes by multiplying the number of pulses in 15 seconds by four.
After that have another participant running on the sport for two minutes. Then after every two
minutes observe and measure the breathing level as quickly as possible before the participant
resumes the exercise then record the results on a sheet keeping in mind that all activities have to
be repeated three times each two minutes a total of six minutes then record the results at each
point. The last step is after all the dependent variables have been recorded then wait for one
minute and measure all the variables again.
Results
Graphical Representation of Heart rate Per Minuet

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Graphical Representation of Breathing Rate per Minutes
Analysis of the Results
Both graphs indicated that there is an increased effect of exercise over time on the
respirator and circulatory system. The participants began their activities in two minutes intervals.
The heart rates increased from 84 beats per minute, and after jumping jack for six minutes, the
heart rates increased by 113 pounds per minutes. Also, the breathing rates increased from 34
breaths per minute to 43 breaths per minute. Based on the findings it is clear that exercise does
affect both the respiratory and the circulatory system. Therefore, it causes an increase in both the
breathing and heartbeats per minutes.
Discussion of the Results
The hypothesis “how will exercise affect heart rate and breathing rate?” is accepted
because the results indicated that physical exercise affects both the respiratory and the
circulatory system therefor, there will be an increase in both the breathing and heart rate per
minute. The study predicted that there would be an increase in both the breathing and the heart

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rate because of the physical activities. The change in the internal environment is because the
body wants to maintain a state of equilibrium through the process of homeostasis (Herzig, and
Shaw 2018, p.121). An increase in heart beats is to ensure that oxygenated blood is pumped.
According to Rizzo, (2015) drugs, alcohol, and obesity can affect a person breathing
and heart rate. For instance, alcohol weakens both breathing and heart rates, which makes it hard
for an alcoholic to engage in vigorous activity (Kenney, Wilmore, and Costill, 2015). Moreover,
some drugs may increase the heart rate while other medications decrease the breathing rate. For
example, asthma drugs make it easier for one to breath as it relaxes the muscles surrounding the
bronchi (Neufer et al., 2015, pp.11). Recent studies have shown that fat people find it difficult to
engage in physical activities because of their weight and mass. Therefore, they need more
oxygen and energy to participate in physical activities.
Validity
The result was valid in the sense that all the experiment was repeated three times to
avoid case of one person working harder others than others, this guaranteed consistent and
accurate data throughout the experiment. Lastly, using accurate equipment such as stopwatch to
measure time ensures that all the participants rested for the same amount of time.
Limitation
The results were not 100% accurate because of the measurement that was used was not
good enough. For example, the variable was measured for 15s then multiplied by four which
resulted in an error of 16 heartbeats, this would have been avoided if the variables were
measured in 60 seconds. Also, the study did not have appropriate measuring equipment, for
example, the results could have been reliable if professional breathing and pulse meter were used

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to measure the breathing and heart rates. Also, the study lucked a treadmill for the participants
running on the sport so that all participant would make the same activity. Recommendation for a
future report will be to conduct a similar experiment but for smokers and people with asthma.
Conclusion
Engaging in exercise activity will increase breathing and heart rate of a human being. In a
nutshell, homeostasis plays a critical role as the body can maintain and seek a state of
equilibrium within its internal environment, while external factors are conflicting or changing
them. Exercises play a significant role in a person’s body as it keeps one healthy and fit by
making a person heart to beat fast and strengthening the muscles. Typically, engaging in physical
activities will increase breathing and heart rates because the body needs more oxygen and
energy.

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Bibliography
Cassidy, S., Thoma, C., Hallsworth, K., Parikh, J., Hollingsworth, K.G., Taylor, R., Jakovljevic,
D.G. and Trenell, M.I., 2016. High intensity intermittent exercise improves cardiac structure and
function and reduces liver fat in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomised controlled
trial. Diabetologia, 59(1), pp.56-66.
Güder, F., Ainla, A., Redston, J., Mosadegh, B., Glavan, A., Martin, T.J. and Whitesides, G.M.,
2016. Paper‐based electrical respiration sensor. Angewandte Chemie International
Edition, 55(19), pp.5727-5732.
Guyenet, P.G. and Bayliss, D.A., 2015. Neural control of breathing and CO2
homeostasis. Neuron, 87(5), pp.946-961.
Herzig, S. and Shaw, R.J., 2018. AMPK: guardian of metabolism and mitochondrial
homeostasis. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology, 19(2), p.121.
Kenney, W.L., Wilmore, J. and Costill, D., 2015. Physiology of sport and exercise 6th edition.
Human kinetics.
Neufer, P.D., Bamman, M.M., Muoio, D.M., Bouchard, C., Cooper, D.M., Goodpaster, B.H.,
Booth, F.W., Kohrt, W.M., Gerszten, R.E., Mattson, M.P. and Hepple, R.T., 2015.
Understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms of physical activity-induced health
benefits. Cell metabolism, 22(1), pp.4-11.
Rizzo, D.C., 2015. Fundamentals of anatomy and physiology. Cengage Learning.

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