Hormonal Control of Reproduction

This report discusses the anatomy of male and female reproductive systems, how hormones control gametogenesis, and the stages of the menstrual cycle. It also evaluates how conception can be prevented and promoted, and how the development of male and female reproductive systems can affect reproductive health.

Hormonal Control of Reproduction
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Contents
INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................3
TASK.........................................................................................................................................3
P3 Describe the structure and function of reproductive anatomy..........................................3
P4 Describe how hormones are involved in gamete development and conception...............6
M3 Explain how development of male and female reproductive system can affect male and
female reproductive health...................................................................................................10
D3 Evaluate how conception can be prevented and promoted............................................13
CONCLUSION........................................................................................................................14
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INTRODUCTION
Human regulation is defined the ability of organism’s that keep remain constant the
internal environment. Homeostasis is the most important characteristic in order to improve
the living style of human body. On the other hand, the reproduction is based on the process
that help to manage sexual aspects. It combined with genetic data or information. In this
report, it will analyse the internal environment and handled the adjustment of condition
change in both outside as well as inside cell.
The report will discuss the anatomy of male & female reproductive systems, using
annotate diagrams description of how each part functions. The reproductive systems are
applied in the report to control or manage by FSH, stands for gonadotropins follicle
stimulating hormones. By using labelled diagrams, it will explain that how hormones control
gametogenesis in terms of females and males. Furthermore, it will produce labelled diagram,
identify the different stages of menstrual cycle and understanding the actions involves in
controlling the cycle. However, it will identify the normal regulation in regards of male
fertility.
TASK
P3 Describe the structure and function of reproductive anatomy
The Male Reproductive System-
It is situated in the outside of human body. It should be covered the external organs
such as testicles, penis and scrotum. Male reproductive system is one of the responsible part
in terms of sexual function and urination.
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Figure: 1
Anatomy
 The Root- It is main part of penis that attached to the wall of abdomen.
 The Shaft – it shows the shaped such as cylinder, tube. It has been developed by three
chamber. In the internal, it has made up erectile tissues that should contain large
amount of spaces. It has been filled with blood.
 The glans – it is also representing the cone shaped end and also known as penis head.
It is covered with layer of skin and removed in the specific procedure.
Functions
The function of male reproductive system is dependent on the hormones. It will be
released the chemicals that stimulate or regulate the activity of organs, cells. Initially, the
primary hormones are performed the functioning of male reproductive system such as
luteinizing (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). These kind of hormones are produced
with the help of pituitary gland. It also managed and control the brain functionality and
responsible for handling entire body functions. FSH can be produced the sperm production
and LH stimulates the production of testosterone. Testosterone is helping the development of
characteristics of male. It includes strength, bone mass and distribution of fat.
The Female Reproductive System –
It is defined the series of organs which is primarily located inside the body and
situated in the pelvic regions. It consists of three important parts- vagina and also lead from
vulva, opening of vaginal. Usually, it has been identified that vagina is directly meets the
outside a vulva. In order to perform different functions while releasing the lubricants. On the
other hand, it has been identified that ova can be fertilized because of sperm. After few
months, it does not happen a fertilization and also linked with uterus. It is also known as
endometrium.
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Figure: 2
Anatomy
 Labia majora – it is main part of female reproductive system which enclose and
protect the external organs. At the time of puberty, it has been occurred the growth of
hair and contain a sweat & oil-secreting glands.
 Ovaries- it represents the oval shaped glands that are majorly located on the one
sided. It has been produced the hormones as well as eggs.
 Uterus- it has been shown a pear shaped organ and also developing fetus. Uterus can
be categorised into different ways: - Cervix and corpus. The main function of Corpus
that can easily expand and hold the baby. In some cases, it allows sperm to enter and
attached with menstrual blood.
 Bartholin’s glands- it has been situated in the next of vaginal opening on every side. It
produced a fluid of secretion.
 Clitoris- it consists of two labia minora and meet at the clitoris. A small division of
sensitive protrusion which has been compared to the males. It should be covered by
skin fold and also known as prepuce. It is similar to the foreskin and located at the end
of penis. It is the most sensitive part of female reproductive system and easily erect.
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Functions
In this section, it has been identified the function of female reproductive system which
produce and sustain sex cells such as eggs, ova. These kind of cells are performing the
different role in order to transport in site where it would be increased the possibility of
fertilization by sperm. It also creating a suitable environment so it easily developing fetus. In
some cases, it is also moving towards outside of development period. The significant roles
are played by ovaries, uterus, accessory glands and tubes.
P4 Describe how hormones are involved in gamete development and conception
FSH is kind of hormones which act as gamete-producing the cells and regulate the
level of gametogenesis. On the other hand, LH behave as endocrine, producing the hormones
cells. It is helping to stimulate the steroid, assume as sex hormones. These are helping to
check the level of producing cells and also controlled over production of sex hormones.
The reproductive systems are used the sexes and helps to share kind of enterprise. For
example- the gonads has produced the gametes like sperm & eggs, united at the time of
fertilization. Whenever it has produced the level of steroid hormones which plays an essential
role in the reproduction. The genitalia is becoming consider as an external reproductive
structures such as clitoris, vulva in females and penis in the males. These are allows to
transmit the sperm from male to female. As identifying the gametes creation which is also
known as gametogenesis. It has been following the process and maintain a sequence in both
cases such as male and female. On the basis of analysis, Gamete started to the germ cells and
develop and also multiplying the embryo. It contained with 23 different pairs and showing
total 46 chromosomes. It can be occurred through mitosis.
In the context of female reproductive system, it has been produced the progesterone,
estrogen hormones. The main aspect of these hormones to develop or maintain
characteristic’s level of female reproductive system. It is also helping to control the level of
fertility and menstrual cycle.
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Figure: 3
In Female reproductive systems, progesterone as well as estradiol are the useful
steroid hormones. It helps to prepare the entire body for purpose of pregnancy. In case of
estradiol, it is always produced the secondary characteristics in female while regulating the
cycle of menstrual. By using FSH and LH, the pituitary glands associated with the portion of
anterior and supports to produce the prolactin hormones (PRL). The level of prolactin has
been stimulating the level of production of milk through mammary glands. Apart from that, it
is also regulating the prolactin with the help of prolactin releasing hormones. The posterior
releases the hormones of oxytocin which stimulates the contraction in the uterine at the time
of child-birth. Oxytocin also stimulates the level of contraction and also managed or
controlled the myoepithelial cells.
In the context of male reproduction, it has been suggested that uses LH, FSH
hormones and always supports the spermatogenesis process. This kind of process is helping
to establish a connection or signals from one node to another. Thus, it is promoting the
importance of spermatogenic cells. In some situation, It can be produced the hormones while
using the sertolic cells. In order to concern about the female and male reproductive systems.
It is capable of producing enough level of hormones like estradiol, inhibin. This kind of
hormone is capable to produce the high level of estradiol. Additionally, it including the
enough testosterone so that it can be managed or controlled the role of hormones.
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On the basis discussion, it has been summarised the concept of both female and male
reproductive systems. It focuses on the gonadotropins FSH and LH hormones, and also
produced with the help of pituitary gland. Gonadotropin will be released as control or handle
by hypothalamic hormones. It is also stimulating the level of maturation of cells in the female
or male. The major role of oestrogens’ are producing the steroid hormones and automatically
triggered the development of characteristics of sex. On the other hand, it should be used the
Leydig cells which produced or maintained the testosterone. It regulates to the both female
and male reproductive system. Generally, it can be categorised into different groups-
menstrual cycle as well as ovarian cycle. It occurs the Menopause when it loses the ovaries
because of sensitive hormones like FSH, LH. Producing a graphical representation to
describe the stages of menstrual cycle and actions of hormones included in controlling the
cycle.
Menstrual cycle is defined as monthly procedure and series of common changes in a
female body that goes via in preparation for possibility of pregnancy. This cycle encompasses
different stages and these are;
Menstrual phase-
This stage usually lasts from day 1 to 5, which define the time when lining of uterus is
mostly shed out via vagina, when pregnancy among female has not occurred. It can be said
that most of the female's bleed during this time duration from day one to 5, but a time lasting
only two days to as more than seven days is still recognized normal.
Follicular phase-
The second phase of menstrual cycle may begin in term of lowering the extent of
progesterone and estrogen. As an outcome, the top-level of thickened lining of endometrium
break down and are outbuilding as well as menstrual bleeding happens. About this duration,
follicle stimulating hormone extent increase slightly and stimulating the formation of
contains an egg.
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Ovulation phase-
It can be said that the third stage of menstrual cycle may begin with a surge in
masculinizing hormone and follicle stimulant hormone extents. These essential hormone may
support to stimulate the egg which mostly occurs 16 to 32 hours after flow begin. The steroid
hormone extent may decrease at the time of surge and progesterone level begins to increase
more than that.
Luteal phase-
The current term is also included in category of menstrual cycle phases, which may
begin after ovulation. This stage may need only 14 days and end just before a menstrual time,
that help to move overall procedure toward further outcomes. The ruptured follicle in the last
phase of overall cycle has closed after releasing egg in female body and form specify
structure named a corpus luteum.
Actions of hormones involved in controlling menstrual cycle-
Progesterone and estrogen, are the two types of hormones included in menstrual cycle
and support to control the overall cycle in appropriate manner. Progesterone may prepare the
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Illustration 1: Menstrual Cycle Stages
(Source: Menstrual Cycle, 2022)

female body for pregnancy in releasing the egg that is fertilized. When the egg is not
fertilized, then corpus luteum may break down and the overall production of current hormone
fall that outcome in form of forming new menstrual-cycle. The main action of progesterone is
to support continuous the cycle and get uterus ready to accept the situation that is called
pregnancy. Like progesterone, estrogen as another hormone support to control the entire
cycle during luteal phase, where extent of this element is high. It may help to stimulate
endometrium to thicken. The increasing extent of this hormone may case milk ducts in the
women breasts to dilate, which in return provide outcomes in form of swell and tender.
Normal regulation of male fertility-
CFTR is the main regulator of male fertility that is considered as a defect of that
outcome in varied forms of male fertility other than congenital absence of vas deferens. The
cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulatory is a CAMP activated HCO3 and CI
conducting sources, mutation of which are named to be connected with male infertility.
Increasing mutation frequency or elimination of CFTR express in male with congenital
bilateral absence of CBAVD. This term may cause by low sperm development and abnormal
sperm action that may prevent the delivery process of sperm from male to female body.
Chronic health issues, illnesses, and other factors contributes to male infertility. It is fact that
osteocalcin is the main factor or supporter that regulate make fertility and verify that
osteocalcin may continue the process or not.
M3 Explain how development of male and female reproductive system can affect male and
female reproductive health
The health of males and females is affected because of reproductive development.
GnRH stimulates pituitary gland in order to produce follicle stimulating hormone. The
hormone is mainly responsible for starting the follicle development and creating the level of
Estrogen which is primary female hormone in order to rise. Testosterone mainly stimulates
the sperm production in the male. These hormonal changes affect the health of males and
females. There are many ways in which reproductive health of individuals can be affected
because of reproductive system and can result in infertility. These are defined below:
Meiosis during gametogenesis
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The procedure of the meiosis is mainly responsible for the gamete formation that
ensures offspring is being inherit the complete set of chromosomes from each of the parent.
The errors that has been arrived due to this process is generally results in the abortions,
infertility and birth defects. While meiosis produce gametes with the extra and missing
chromosomes than this results in that fertilisation in which the chromosomes are affected.
Often, in this case the embryo is not viable. However, some of these errors can lead to
trisomy conditions and sex chromosome disorder. As a result, this leads to develop infertility.
Thus, major two errors either the part of chromosomes are attached to each other or the part
of chromosomes in completely missing. These errors impacts meiosis during gametogenesis
and develops the infertility. If often reduces the cell’s chromosomes numbers by the half and
also creates disturbed combination of chromosomes.
Obstruction of male and female tubules
The tubal factor infertility mainly occurs when the blockage under the fallopian tubes
nor allow egg and sperms to meet. The tubal factors infertility has been mainly witnessed
about 25-35% in all the cases of infertility. The major conditions are associated with the
blocked fallopian tubes and other cases in which only one is blocked tube and scarring
narrow to the tubes. The major causes of tubal factor infertility are the endometriosis. It can
cause the scarring in between the end if fallopian tube and ovary. Chlamydia
and Gonorrhea has been determined as the commonly sexually transmitted infections that
might often cause infertility. In male, damage that occurs in reproductive system leads to
cause low or no sperm. Male who are facing azzospermia are concerned with the blockage in
the tube where the sperms travel. Epididymis which has been considered as the long coiled
tube is located at the back of the testis. It mainly collects and store sperms. Thus, Epididymal
blockage prevents sperms in order to get into the ejaculate. As a result, it leads to develop
infertility.
Hormonal control of egg\sperm development
Ovulation can be disturbed due to the changes occurs in the ways in which certain
hormones has been released from hypothalamus. (Part of the brain that releases GnRH and
the pituitary gland and FSH). Thus, Backward movement of the sperm in the bladder instead
of getting out through the penis causes the infertility. In rare cases, infertility results from the
hormone deficiency. When the GnRH and Gonadotropin hormone in female and FSH and LH
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in men gets disturbed then, it leads to impact the development of egg and sperms that further
causes the situation of infertility.
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Development of zygote
ZIFT refers to the zygote intra-fallopian transfer. It refers to the fertility treatment that
has is assisted reproductive process that is similar to the vitro fertilization and the ebryo
transfer. In this, embryo has been transferred with the help of fallopian tube rather than
uterus. During the process of fertilization, the egg and sperms unite in one fallopian tube in
order to form zygote. Afterwards, zygote travels from the fallopian tube in which it becomes
the morula. When zygote reaches the uterus then the morula become blastocyst and then it
forms in the uterus lining. The abnormal development of zygote leads to development of
infertility.
D3 Evaluate how conception can be prevented and promoted
Hormonal method for preventing and managing conception contains the Estrogen ir the
progestin only as it has been considered as the safe and reliable method for managing and
preventing fertility. The different method if hormonal controls includes:
Birth control implant
The implant is the small rode that is mainly concerned with the progestin. It has been
inserted in the skin into upper inner arm by health care practitioner. It is mainly effective for
three years. However, it can be removed earlier as well. This has been considered as one of
the most effective method for managing and preventing fertility. It provides protection for the
long period of time. Implant has been performed on the basis of menstrual cycle. However,
this is associated with certain side effects and that is irregular or unpredictable bleeding.
IUD with progestin
There are certain several intrauterine devices that contains the hormone named
levonorgestrel. Liletta and Mirena can be left in the place for six years. Other options are the
Kyleena and Skyla which is placed for three years. All the levonorgestrel IUDs are highly
effective in managing and preventing fertility. However, irregular bleeding is the common
sign after progestin IUD placement. Those who prefer Kyleena or Skyla face the situation of
irregular bleeding.
Injectable birth control
DMPA (Depot medroxyprogesterone acetate) is injected into the muscle such as
buttock or upper arm. It prevents the ovulation and thickens the cervic mucus, makes the
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cervix impenetrable to the sperm. The dose of DMPA during the first seven days of menstrual
cycle immediately managed the fertility. This method has been considered as highly effective
as it assures the lack of failure.
Birth control pills
Along with above methods, the current one is also appropriate in the context of
managing and preventing fertility. This approach may contain a combination or set of
progestin and estrogen that help to eliminate the risk of pregnancy in form of preventing
ovulation, keeping lining of uterus thin and mucus in the cervix think as well as impenetrable
to sperm. In the recent time, majority of females take this approach into their consideration
and used to make menstrual bleeding more common with some days of flow and entire
lighter flow. The utilization of this method may provide user a lot of benefits such as
menstrual pain or cramps are reduced, and risk of ovarian cancer is also eliminated. Birth
control pills in the recent time may have some potential downside such as it helps to increase
efficacy, which drive the attention of user toward taking it every day, usually at the same time
of day. Along with some benefits, this approach also encompasses some drawbacks such as
side effects that affect user body. Irregular bleeding, nausea, bloating, breast tenderness and
mood swings are considered as negative impacts of birth taking pills that affect user. It can be
said that irregular bleeding in female after taking birth control pill is common during the first
few months, but risky when it across the limit.
CONCLUSION
On the basis of above discussion, it has been concluded that male and female
reproduction systems has supported by several factors that exist in the body of both
candidates. The hormones have appropriately controlled gametogenesis in male and females
that in turn provided desire outcomes to both. Furthermore, from above analysis, it has been
identified that each phase of menstrual-cycle has contributed to fertilized egg and make a
woman pregnant. All the four stages of this cycle encompasses some specific and essential
actions that in turn provide the desire outcomes. Along with above consideration and
information, it has been determined that progesterone and estrogen, hormones are supported
to make appropriate and essential controlled over menstrual-cycle. The implication of each
approach of hormonal control has prevented and managed fertility that a female or male
wants to do so. The appropriate utilization of each approach managed egg fertilization
according to their requirements.
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