Hospitality Management: Policies and Perspectives in New York City

This article explores the policies and perspectives of hospitality management in New York City, including environmental, economic, and socio-cultural perspectives. It also discusses Butler's Curve and provides recommendations for sustainable tourism.

Running Head: HOSPITALITY MANAGEMENT 1
Hospitality Management

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Table of Contents
Introduction.................................................................................................................................................3
About the Policies........................................................................................................................................4
Environmental Perspective......................................................................................................................5
Economic Perspective..............................................................................................................................5
Socio-cultural Perspective.......................................................................................................................7
About Theory (Butler’s Curve).....................................................................................................................8
Exploration..............................................................................................................................................9
Involvement.............................................................................................................................................9
Development...........................................................................................................................................9
Consolidation...........................................................................................................................................9
Stagnation...............................................................................................................................................9
Decline or Rejuvenation........................................................................................................................10
Recommendations.....................................................................................................................................10
Policies...................................................................................................................................................10
Agenda..................................................................................................................................................10
Conclusion.................................................................................................................................................11
References.................................................................................................................................................12

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Introduction
Nowadays, tourism and leisure places are having very much priority everyday across the world.
As the finance and people are getting mobile in tourism and leisure industry, strategic planning is
becoming very important for the development of tourist places. Today, tourism is one of the
major wheels of country’s economy. The countries are shifting from traditional processes like
firms, factories and industry; they are giving preferences to non-industrial places and activities.
This is the reason that tourism and leisure is considered as the most significant sector. For this
discussion, New York City is chosen as a tourist place. New York City (The City of New York)
is the most populous city in the United States of America. This is known as global power city
that can be described exclusively as financial, media and cultural capital of the world. It
exercises a huge impact on entertainment, research, education, commerce, technology, art,
tourism, sports, fashion and politics. It is the part of UN WTO (United Nations World Tourism
Organization) (Maitland and Newman, 2014).
New York City is important in the development of American tourism as it is one of the greatest
cities all over the world. It is always a whirlwind of activity with popular places at every turn. In
the year 2017, this city received an 8th successive yearly record of around 62.8 million tourists.
The major reason behind this is that there are various famous destinations like Statue of Liberty,
Empire State Building, Coney Island, Times Square, Central Park, Broadway theater
productions, Ellis Island, the Financial District, sports stadiums, museums, premium shopping
along Madison and Fifth Avenues and different events like Tribeca Film Festival and
performances in Central Park at Delacorte Theater and Summer-stage (Law, 2018). The
economy of this county is highly dependent on the travel and tourism activities. It is under the
top five tourist destinations all over the world.

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Figure 1: 3 Year Forecast of Top 5 Tourist Destinations
(Source: Maitland and Newman, 2014)
It is a growing and substantial component of this state’s economy in US. In the city, an
international visitor spends about $1600 per trip in comparison to just $400 spent by the
Americans. Recently, tourism spending in New York has increased by 5.4% to $62.5 billion (The
Weissman Centre for International Business, 2018). The data shows that New York’s economy is
highly dependent on travel and tourism. The current scene of state’s tourism is that it has
generated nations for foreign visitors to New York City were Brazil, United Kingdom, China,
Canada, Australia, Germany, France, Mexico, Japan and Spain. It has social, economic and
environmental impact in the area.
About the Policies
In New York City, there is a significant growth in the travel and tourism as there is an increase in
the number of visitors from international countries. This state is continuously attracting travellers
from United States and across the world. As a foundation of New York’s economy, tourism
directs assists over 914,000 jobs and produces billions of dollars spending across the county
every year. The UNWTO has created and implemented various policies and programs to sustain
and grow tourism in the county (Jarvis, Stoeckl and Liu, 2016). These policies can be divided in
three perspectives which are given below:

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Environmental Perspective
In United States, ecotourism activities may be subject to the policies and regulations at different
levels of government depending on the status and location. In New York, the management and
land utilization activities are controlled at state level. The regulatory authority in the state has
imposed various local and state policies related to ecotourism. These policies are implemented in
the form of code of conduct, best practices, environmental protection measures, zoning, entrance
fees, fines for inappropriate disposal of wastage and effective utilization of eco-tourism facilities.
In this state, the regulations generally seek to reduce the environmental effects from the presence
of tourists in area like foot traffic, noise, trampling, and collection of animal and plant materials.
The country has introduced its environmental policy in the year 1960 (Alonso and Liu, 2013).
UNWTO has come with different acts and regulations like Clean Water Act, Comprehensive
Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA), Endangered Species Act
etc. One of the major policies is CERCLA that was passed by Congress in the year 1980. It is the
policy that is aimed to reduce the hazardous pollutants at uncontrolled waste sites. This initiates
different clean-up projects at tourism destinations in New York City and require the responsible
tourists to pay for costs of cleaning. This policy is very effective in the city as it improves and
protects the environment and natural resources. It has various authorities which impact all the
activities consisting of eco-tourism operations, waters, private and public lands of US
concessions (Adriana, 2009). The authority is able to manage and protect tourism destinations
like parks, national forests, wildlife refuges etc. Same as this policy, another NTO like European
Travel Commission has also introduced a policy that includes highest environmental standards
that assists green the economy, protect the natural resources and preserve the quality and health
of people’s lives.
Economic Perspective
Travel and tourism operations constitute a significant part of the economy of New York State.
National Travel and Tourism Office in US is the major source of economic data on foreign
visitation to New York. It provides policies to assist the tourism and travel exports in the state
(Mowforth and Munt, 2015).

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Figure 2: Tourism spending on New York in 2017
(Source: The Weissman Centre for International Business, 2018)
Under economic perspective, the government has introduced fiscal policy that is related to
spending, taxation, stimulus measures etc. In New York, it impacts the tourism investment and
customer spending in travel and tourism activities. Moreover, monetary policy has a significant
impact on the exchange rates that in turn affects the demand of foreign travellers and exchange
earnings from tourism activities. The economic policies of this county supports value added
pricing and heavy discounting that enhances tourism and hospitality to New York. The
effectiveness of this policy can be analyzed by looking at the economic effects of tourism. Last
year, tourists spending generated $43 billion including induced and indirect effects. The city has
sustained 383,385 jobs by tourism and hospitality activities with the total income of $33.1 billion
(Pereira, 2018).

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Figure 3: Economic Impact of Tourism on Economy of New York City
(Source: The Weissman Centre for International Business, 2018)
In contrast to this, European Travel Commission has introduced the policy with the aim of
developing tourism destinations while increasing the tourism’s contribution to the employment
and economic growth of European states. This policy is very much focused on the development
of tourist destinations, hotels and places.
Socio-cultural Perspective
Considering the impact on culture and society’s people, the government has passed various laws
and policies. One of the major policies is Public Health and Safety Policy that protects and
improves tourist satisfaction and destination image. In New York, there are some policies which
are for managing the infectious diseases in livestock and human beings as it can have adverse
impact on access of visitors. In this context, tourism authority has designed the policies to
encourage the people to travel to New York. The city is going under gentrification and it is
renovating the damaged urban neighborhoods by inflow of rich population. In New York City,
the globalization and tourism forces have driven this state to develop. It shows the globalization
of both tourism and culture on the global platform (Barron, 2018). However, these policies are
effective for the health and safety of local and domestic people, but it does not involve the
culture of county. The people are facing different issues due to arrival of increased number of
tourists in the city such as noise pollution, traffic, infrastructure issues, diversity issues,
inequality issues. It indicates that policy under this perspective is not more effective in New

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York City. As compared to this, European Tourism Organization is focused on cultural tourism
so that they can promote the culture and traditions of their own countries. It has cooperated with
the food festivals and fair portals so that they can encourage the food and traditions of European
nations (Dalonso et al, 2014).
About Theory (Butler’s Curve)
The major objective of Butler’s model is to focus on the manner that the tourists in a specific
area develop and grow. Like other industries, the tourism sector is continuously changing and
dynamic. So, Butler’s model is the way to study the tourism possibilities how they are changing
over the time. As per this model, Butler’s model is the graphical presentation of increase in the
number of tourists. It is divided in various stages like exploration, involvement, development,
consolidation, stagnation and decline or rejuvenation stage (Kristjánsdóttir, 2016). The below-
given graph presents the situation of New York City on Butler’s Curve.
Figure 4: Butler's Curve for New York City
(Source: Kristjánsdóttir, 2016)

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Exploration
This is the first stage of Butler’s model that indicates the smaller number of tourists in any
specific area. At this stage, tourism does not have economic and social impact in the county.
New York City was on this stage in the period of 1991-1998. In this duration, the number of
tourists were smallest i.e. 36.4 million that include both local and international visitors. That
time, travel and tourism operations do not have economic and social impacts on domestic people
(Pereira, 2018).
Involvement
It is the second stage of Butler’s curve where the local tourists cover a significant part of total
tourists’ population. At this stage, there was an increase in the number of tourists in any specific
area. This city was on this stage in the duration of 2001 to 2009 when more travellers had arrived
to this state by hearing about its tourist destinations by the word of mouth advertising. In 2009,
the number of tourists was 45.8 in which 37 million were from domestic states. At that time,
there was the development of hospitality and tourism services like hotels, guest houses in New
York (Short, 2017).
Development
Development is the third stage under this model where higher number of visitors which may
exceed the domestic population during the peak season. As the above diagram indicates that
currently, New York City is on this stage. There is the highest number of visitors that can exceed
the domestic visitors in the future (Kristjánsdóttir, 2016). It shows that New York is and has been
emerging since past few years. The city is focused on the development and advertisement of
tourist destinations and attractions.
Consolidation
At this stage, the growth of tourism slower down but the number of international tourists exceeds
the domestic people. In New York, it can happen in the timeframe of next 10 years. There may
be possibility that tourism organizations will focus more on the advertising and marketing
activities.
Stagnation
At this stage, the number of visitors to New York will reach to its peak. There will be
improvement in the carrying capacity. Additionally, there may be different problems like social,

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economic and environmental. It is very important for NTO to focus on the development of tourist
attractions.
Decline or Rejuvenation
At this stage, New York City has two alternatives either to decline or to rejuvenate. The past
situations of this city indicate that it will rejuvenate by using different strategies and policies
(Mason, 2015).
Recommendations
Policies
From the above analysis, it is hereby recommended that the tourism authority in New York City
should focus on improving the policies so that it can provide positive impacts socially,
economically and socio-culturally. Firstly, the NTO should implement the Tourism Indicator
System (TIS) for sustainable management of the tourist destinations in the city. This tool will
support the places in monitoring and evaluating the performance of sustainable tourism.
Considering the socio-cultural perspective, New York needs to develop a policy that engages,
involves and empowers the community and other stakeholders. It should develop the famous
destinations in New York City like Statue of Liberty, Empire State Building, Coney Island,
Central Park so that it can enhance their economic impact on the local people of New York. It
should develop the policies for the infrastructure development which will help the city to
improve the lives of society people (Edgell, 2016).
Agenda
In addition to above policies and regulations, the tourism authority in New York City should
adopt Agenda 21 to develop sustainable tourism. The government and different tourism
companies should follow the steps of Agenda 21 so that they can make the future of New York
tourism more sustainable (The World Tourism Organization, 2017).
UN WTO should follow the below-given steps to make the New York tourism more sustainable
and profitable:
 Enhance the foreign direct investments, partnerships and global cooperation to improve
tourism operations.

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 Conduct different training and development programs which will encourage New York’s
people to take part in the eco-tourism activities. It will engage the local societies in
development of cultural heritage, natural resources and overall environment.
 Help the hosting societies in the management of tourism destinations for their own
benefits.
 Promote the economic activities’ diversification. It will enable the local firms to
participate in development of sustainable tourism (Judd, 2015).
Conclusion
In the limelight of above discussion, it can be stated that New York is the greatest cities of
United States. Some tourists reach there to enjoy the Broadway shows and some reach to shop.
This is the reason that the number of tourists is increasing every year. The above report includes
the discussion about the policies and importance of New York City in context of travel and
tourism. In this city, tourism is the major contributor to its economic growth. It can be concluded
that this city will be able to develop itself by focusing on the tourism operations in the future. By
the development of new policies and implementation of Agenda 21, the government will be able
to have bright future for New York tourism. In the future, there will be development in the
tourism attractions and destinations which will improve the conditions of this “Big Apple” city
effectively.

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References
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tour operators. Journal of Cleaner Production., 17, pp.1385-1392.
Alonso, A.D. and Liu, Y., (2013) Local community, volunteering and tourism development: The
case of the Blackwood river valley, Western Australia. Current Issues in Tourism., 16(1), pp.47-
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September 2018].
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events and public policies. Annals of Tourism Research, 46(2), pp.181-184.
Edgell, D.L., (2016) Managing sustainable tourism: A legacy for the future. UK: Routledge.
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factors on trip satisfaction and the likelihood of visitors returning. Tourism Management, 52,
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Judd, D. R. (2015) The Infrastructure of Play: Building the Tourist City: Building the Tourist
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maximum tourism level? A comparison of Norway and Iceland to other OECD
countries. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 16(1), pp.61-75.
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beaten track. UK: Routledge.

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Mason, P. (2015) Tourism impacts, planning and management. UK: Routledge.
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new tourism in the third world. UK: Routledge.
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[Accessed on 6 September 2018].
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