Rainwater Harvesting: A Review

The assignment presents a comprehensive review of rainwater harvesting systems, primarily focusing on their application in Australian residences. It analyzes various aspects, including system performance, economic benefits, energy efficiency, and water quality considerations. The review draws upon published research articles and case studies to provide insights into current practices and future directions for rainwater harvesting.

Running head: HOUSEHOLD RAIN WATER TANK SAVINGS
Household rainwater tank savings
Name if the student
Name of the university
Author Note:

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Abstract
Rainwater tanks are always termed as an alternative source to water supply for each and
every household. There are lots of advantages of having a rainwater tank in a house. The tanks
are primarily used for supply of a large amount of water while secondarily it is used to make
water supply designs which can be sustainable and can help to conserve and use water in a
proper manner. The following process also helps to reduce the wastage of water. Considering the
case of Australia, the country is one of the leads the way in terms of installation of Rainwater
tanks. Surveys carried on by the government agencies and other nonprofit organizations of
Australia have revealed that the rainwater tanks have contributed to a huge reduction of 42.5% in
average household annual consumption of water. The results also indicates the size of the tanks
which have a indoor plumbing system and a longer payback period that are built mainly for
outdoor use due to the involvement of higher capital and operating cost even with a much greater
discounts from the government of Australia.

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Table of Contents
Introduction......................................................................................................................................5
Literature Review............................................................................................................................6
Methodology....................................................................................................................................7
Data Collection................................................................................................................................8
Cost Effectiveness of the Tanks......................................................................................................8
Cost Effectiveness of rainwater Tanks Rebate Scheme to the Government of Australia................9
Research Objects.............................................................................................................................9
Factors Affecting the Rainwater Tanks.........................................................................................10
Size of the Rainwater Tanks..........................................................................................................11
Figure 1- Rainwater Tanks Size and Installation Costs.................................................................12
Roof Size.......................................................................................................................................12
Table No 1- Roof Size Determinations.........................................................................................14
Climate...........................................................................................................................................14
Temperature...................................................................................................................................16
Catchment Area of Rain Fall Tank................................................................................................17
Results and Discussions.................................................................................................................17
Cost and Installations of the Tank.................................................................................................17
Figure No 2- Rainwater Harvesting System..................................................................................19

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Savings of the Water......................................................................................................................19
Figure No 3- Water Harvesting Tank capacity..............................................................................21
Payback for the owners of the house.............................................................................................21
Payback for the Government.........................................................................................................22
Figure 4- Water Supply and Demand Scenario of the present and the future...............................23
Present value of the Tanks.............................................................................................................23
Levelised Cost Analysis................................................................................................................24
Average Daily Consumption of the Household.............................................................................25
Figure No 5 – Perceived use of water............................................................................................26
Conclusion.....................................................................................................................................26
Recommendations..........................................................................................................................26
References......................................................................................................................................28

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Introduction
Rainwater is considered as an alternative to water. The system has been widely practiced
in Australia since a long time back. The rainwater storage tanks are present at almost every
single house of Australia. The number of households that are installing the new system is on a
rise with the current figures showing 32%. The period starting from the early 2000’s till now has
seen a gradual up rise in the amount of rainwater tanks being installed in the households. This
has been largely due to the increase in the urban population of Australia which leapt to a growth
of 26% in 2010 from a mere 17% in 2007. Rainwater tanks are a must in New South Wales,
Victoria and Southern Australia for all the new residential constructions since the year 2006.
This increase has been influenced by a different number of factors like the ever increasing cost of
the main water supply lines of Australia, availability of the government funds to install the
rainwater tanks and most importantly the mandatory rules to follow the instructions of installing
the rainwater on a strict basis. The buildings built for residential purposes must have the
rainwater tanks installed to go with the green guidelines formulated by the Government of
Australia. The surveys conducted were also helpful to determine other important statistics like
the size of the tank has impact on the NPV. It was seen that the tanks that were greater than 4000
possessed the highest NPV value and had a lowest levelised cost of just 9 cents per kilo liter. The
impact of the household rainwater tanks on the use of water and the factors that formed a main
part of the analysis during the surveys. The aim of this report is to determine the uses and to
discuss about the various elements related to the storage of rainwater.
Among the notable Schemes of the Government of Australia, The Water Smart Gardens
and Homes Rebate Scheme are formulated to connect the residents that use the mains water

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supply system of Australia and instill a habit of saving water for their future needs. An amount of
$1000 is provided to the residents to help them buy a variety of devices that helps to reduce
water supply and save water from getting wasted. The increase in the allowance of the schemes
and the increase in the coverage percentage of the schemes helped to increase the number of
persons who have installed the system within the organization. The government aims to reduce
the mains water usage for unnecessary purposes like gardening, laundry and other miscellaneous
purposes where the percentage of water wasted is much more than its original usage. The project
will look into the detailed system of these rainwater tanks on how it is used and what are the
main characteristics of the following systems.
Literature Review
The main topic of this research is the Rainwater tanks, its use and its different
characteristics. The basic and perhaps the most important function of these tanks is to save water
and reduce its wastage. The selection of this unique topic by the researcher certainly deserves
praise in context of the threat to the diminishing water levels of the earth due to a number of
natural and artificial reasons (Sharma et al. 2016). A number of studies and researches have been
conducted on the same topic by other researchers on the benefits of the Rainwater tanks and the
possible savings of the water in such a crisis period when the world must conserve water in a
sustainable and efficient manner. The studies conducted earlier though discussed all the details of
the following system. was hypothetical in its approach. The main information which could have
added a special purpose to the research was completely absent. The limited number of
information limited the scope of the research and restricted the owners of the household to take a
concrete decision to install the rainwater tanks in their houses. The researchers also failed to

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highlight about the specific schemes of the government that helps the residents to install the
rainwater systems easily in their houses.
The capacity of the tanks depends on the size and the amount of water it can store. Water
savings for tank size ranging from 1 kilo liter to 10 Kilo liter ranges in between the amount of 18
to 35 kilo liter and 25 to 144 kiloliter. Thus rainwater stored in these tanks helps to reduce the
consumption of mains water from approximate 31 Kilo liters to 144 Kilo liters per year.
However the amount of water saving is just an estimate which can vary from place to place
depending on the climate of the particular region. The most important fact is that these stored
water is of immense help to the residents and can be used in a number of different ways possible.
The earlier researches have studied on the savings of the rainwater tanks installation it has left
out the calculation of the impact of the rainwater tanks on the peak demand factors. The peak
demand occurs generally in the afternoon due to the performance of tasks like garden watering
and many more such associated tasks that needs the maximum amount of water. The use of the
stored rainwater to perform the different activities like gardening, rearing or any such other
reasons helps to save the mains water from getting wasted. Thus it can be seen that the peak
demand factors are used to preserve and conserve rainwater for future crisis.
Methodology
Methodology refers to the discussion of the different methods that were used to complete
the research in a proper way. This may involve the calculation of a number of different factors
like the process in which the information about the research was collected, the savings obtained
from the use of the rainwater tanks in the households and many other such different elements.

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All of the above mentioned elements have been discussed in great detail by the researcher in the
research.
Data Collection
The information regarding the following topic of the research has been collected from the
results of the different surveys that were conducted earlier to be included in the following
research. A sample size of 4000 people was taken into consideration. These included only the
persons who did not availed the schemes of the Government of Australia. The study was
conducted across 158 different suburbs of Melbourne. The households were selected based on
the use of the main line water system. The report considered the daily and hourly usage of water
for 200 households of the mentioned zone of research within a stipulated time period of two
years. The average use of water by the people having rainwater tanks with the people not having
the rainwater tanks were considered in the report. This was done mainly to ascertain the
superiority of the rainwater tanks over the mains line in reducing the wastage of water.
Cost Effectiveness of the Tanks
The researchers used the average payback period approach to determine the cost savings
of the . The Australian Government has introduced a payback period which is believed to be by
far the best approach to help the families install the water system in their households. The system
is based on the recovery of the investments that was done by the government initially. Payback
period is termed as the time period in which the actual cost of the project is fully gained. The
payback period was obtained using the average savings in the water consumption, installation

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charges and the cost of the rainwater tank. The initial cost also involves the consideration of the
maintenance of the system and some other related costs. A gap of 12 quarters was provided the
time before and the time after the installation of the rainwater tanks in the household. The
calculation of the amount of water saved by the household was thus made easier in such a
process. The results portrayed $20 as the cost of maintenance of the tanks every year while those
parties which had indoor connections spent around 5 cents per kiloliter of the water received by
them. The cash inflows of the project had direct relationship on the percentage of water saved
which means it increases on the increase of water savings and decreases on the decrease in the
water savings of the household. A discount rate of around 6% was levied on the increase of the
cost of water rate.
Cost Effectiveness of rainwater Tanks Rebate Scheme to the Government of Australia
The Average Payback Period method that was used in the survey conducted by the
government organizations determined the effectiveness of the cost of the different schemes to the
Government. The cost benefit was derived by comparing the sum total of the amount that was
provided to the customers as discounts and rebates for installing the rainwater systems in their
own households ( Imteaz et al. 2016). On the other hand the 4000 households that were
considered in the research had no rainwater tanks installed in their houses and thus they were
used as a control group to find out the amount of water savings that could be possibly achieved
by helping them to install the rainwater tanks. This was done by bringing this population under
the different schemes of the government (Coombes et al. 2016).

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Research Objects
The main use of the research object approach is to provide a concrete structure to
associate the related resources about the scientific investigation which helps the researchers to
share the elements of the research to the different readers and identify the research article as a
single identifier. The following research has many such elements that will help the research to be
compact (GhaffarianHoseini et al. 2016).
Factors Affecting the Rainwater Tanks
Before the installation of the rainwater tanks a number of factors are to be considered
which includes;
1. Tanks that are large in size must be build with consultation of an expert like the engineers
2. The tank must be installed in the household by a plumber or tank manufacturer which
will be useful to maintain the system efficiently
3. The appointment of the plumbers helps to maintain the tanks very easily
4. The pipes must be kept dry that is the pipes must have a chain system of downward path
which will ensure that the pipes never get filled up by excess water
5. The tanks and other openings in the total system must be kept covered by mosquito nets
and insect nets to avoid any contamination
6. A flush diverter must be kept on the downpipe to avoid the spread of the pollution
7. The engineers must make it a point that the tank overflow outlet is connected back to the
storm water pipe or the infiltration trench.
8. The experts involved in the installation of the rainwater tanks must make it a point to
install the pipes and the tank in such a way that no sediments gets stored

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On the other hand there are some issues that are related with the use of rainwater, this
includes;
1. Contamination from pollutants that are found in the roof and the materials of the pipe
2. As mentioned earlier the absence of proper mosquito nets covering can turn out to be a
breeding ground for the mosquitoes and other insects which is no doubt a serious health
issue.
3. There may be contamination from bird droppings, organic materials that are collected on
the top of the rainwater tanks or the pipes
Size of the Rainwater Tanks
The size of the tanks varies from 200 liters to 45000 liters depending on the type of use
by the users. There are slim line tanks, under deck rainwater tanks, small rainwater tanks and
underground poly tanks (Silva Sousa and Carvalho 2015). The average price of the tanks varies
according to the sizes and the capacity of the tanks to store the water. The installation costs,
machinery costs, the plumbing costs along with the maintenance cost are all included in the total
cost incurred while installing the system. The cost of the pumps is also included in the following
system (Gómez and Teixeira 2017). A standard tank has the capacity to save a maximum of 66
Kilo liters of water per household in a given year. The above feat is done by transforming this
system into water efficient machines like washing machines, flash toilets and many more such
different toilet friendly appliances. The savings achieved from maintain the rainwater tanks will
be close to 40 Kilo liter every household per liter of the water appliances used in the homes. The
government of Australia however fixed the target to 105Kl/household because of the absence of
the proper knowledge in this field.

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The Savings received from each one of the tanks size showed that the household that
have a higher consumption level of water will be choosing larger sized rainwater tanks that have
a much higher capacity greater than 4500L tanks and the tanks having water consumption levels
of 600 to 1000 liter. There are households where the water of the tanks are used for different
purposes like toilet/laundry. The houses with tanks having the least average annual consumption
per household choose tanks in a range between 2000 liter– 4999liter and those with the highest
annual consumption of 273 kilo liter own greater than 5000L tanks. Households using the
rainwater harvesting tanks generally uses it for toilet and laundry purposes (Pacheco and Campos
2017). The availability of less information and data sources compelled the readers to have the
idea that the water consumption of the household was based on roof size of the home or the
garden size or the lawn size.

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Figure 1- Rainwater Tanks Size and Installation Costs
Source- (Pacheco and Campos 2017)
Roof Size
Before beginning with the discussion of the roof size that the tanks need to fit the
researcher has discussed the requirements of the buildings in South Australia. The government of
the island nation has set out some strict rules which must be applied at any cost to make sure that
the tanks are installed in a proper and safe way and the parties installing the tanks must not
violate the rules while installing the tanks. There are cases when people are caught having a tank
that violates the policies of the roof size. The government has segmented the buildings into two
parts namely the Class 1a buildings and the buildings labeled Class 1b.
a. Class 1a- A single Dwelling house which includes residential properties like a detached
house or one or two groups of attached buildings separated with a fire resisting wall.
b. Class 1b- A hostel or a boarding house that possess a total ground area of around 300
square meter that is measured over the enclosing walls of the same buildings or the
buildings which can accommodate not more than 12 persons.
The roof area should be a minimum of 50 square meters though if the building roof is smaller
it is suggested to use the total roof for installing this rainwater tanks.
Rainwater tank systems must also possess some necessary requirements to fit into the scheme
of the government. This includes;
1. Mosquito Control screenings

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2. A suitable automatic device must be installed so that the supply is switched automatically
between the rainwater and the alternative supply
3. As mentioned in the project the backflow of the water must be avoided at any cost to
make sure that the water does not get accumulated into the pipes or tanks
Table No 1- Roof Size Determinations
Source- (Magliano et al. 2015)
Climate
The global warming of the decade has tossed the whole temperature of the world and its
very much difficult to predict the temperatures of a given place correctly. In recent news it was
seen that Australia experienced the hottest summer of 2013. Sydney has had experienced the

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driest summer of the last seven decades, with a large portion of the area of New South Wales
parched by three heat waves in January. Nationally, January’s the average temperature of
January was higher than the long-term average, making it the 12th warmest recorded temperature.
Records showed that in the last hottest day of the summer in Melbourne each household used
much higher amount of water as household consumption reached 255 liters in average. The
present water use in Melbourne is much higher than the earlier water usage and stands at 155
liters per day.
This sudden change in the climatic conditions have prompted the Government and the
local authorities to take immediate action and make sure that they arise a sense of awareness
among the people of the country to use water wisely and reduce its wastage as the following
resource is one of the scarce among the all in the island continent.
Most of the water restrictions are only applicable to the people who depend on the mains
water supply to meet their demands of the water. Therefore the installation of the rainwater tanks
help to maintain a continuous flow of water where the levels of water are lower and where there
are water restrictions in place.
There are some rainwater tanks which has the main task of collecting the rainwater and storing
them for future use on the roof, helping one conserve this precious resource that if not stored
could be washed into storm water drains. All such specialized rainwater tanks come with a filter
which helps the leaf matter and the harvested rain water can be pumped and directed to various
outlets: garden taps, toilet cisterns and washing machine connections.

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At a given time installing a rainwater tank in the home allows the users to take part in
making the environment clean. Popular studies have revealed that reduction in the use of water
by an amount of 30% to 50% in cities across the world will have a significant impact on
reducing the possibility of the water shortages in the future (Coombes et al. 2016).
Environmentally the rainwater tanks reduce the contaminants in the waterways as
because rainwater is caught just as it comes falling from the roofs. This prevents it from entering
the streets that may cause pollution. The tanks also play a vital role in reducing the impact of the
storm water on the drainage system, infrastructure, urban streams , lakes , beaches,
infrastructures and also have the capability to reduce the peaks of the flood events. The amount
of sewage discharged to the ocean or the rivers will also reduce considerably due to the
installation of the rainwater storage tanks in the households.
So in the fight to save the nature people live in, people themselves can certainly help by
reducing the chance of water shortages and contamination by implementing and integrating
rainwater tanks in their homes.
Temperature
Temperature is an important consideration whiles the installation of the new tanks in
Australian households. The tanks must be built in such a way that it can withstand extreme
temperatures without the loss of water quality or degradation. There are cases when low quality
tanks installed in the household fails to bear even a minimal change in the temperature. This
hampers the quality of the water and health issues may arise as a result of such degradation.
Therefore it must be the topmost priority to ensure that the tanks have a perfect quality which

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helps them to stand severe temperature changes. Recent changes in temperature are showing
bizarre results as Sydney experienced both the hottest and the driest summer in a span of 72
years. This clearly shows the need to ensure the quality of the tanks.
Catchment Area of Rain Fall Tank
The catchment area of the Rainfall tanks depends totally on the size of the roof area.
More the roof area the more is the catchment area of the tanks. The catchment area for a single
storeyed home is much greater than the actual floor area of the building. Considering each 1mm
of rain is equal to 1 liter of water per square meter of roof area, allowing a 15% wastage factor.
However the rule changes as the smaller the catchment area the larger is the catchment area of
the tank. The tanks are designed in a systematic way to capture as much as water possible.
Results and Discussions
Cost and Installations of the Tank
The cost of a rainwater tank varies from $800 to $3000. A tank with capacity of 5000
liters can cost anything in between $800 to $1000. Whereas for 10,000 liters tank can cost
anything around $1500 to $2000 (Gardner et al. 2015). The largest being the tank with a capacity
of 22,050 liters can cost around $2500 to $3000. However the cost may vary according to the
quality, size and catchment area of the tanks. Steel tanks are also present in the market which is
quiet expensive than the other tanks. The rainwater tanks direct supply to the large range of tanks
that are of different quality. The tanks enjoy a healthy competitive environment in the market

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which helps in the development of this unique technology. Finding a rainwater tank price
to suit the budgetary requirements is as easy as checking through some online
catalogues found in the Rainwater Tanks tab at the top of the home page of
different countries. There you will find all the water tanks: dimensions, colors and
prices to help make your decision easy. Choosing a tank, if possible, where
delivery is included in the price on the website of each and every company,
otherwise one may be paying more for delivery than he needs. All the prices are
on the rainwater tank pages and make sure to visit the websites for monthly
specials and bargains. Naturally prices may be cheaper in or near large cities than
in sparsely populated country areas, although Rainwater Tanks Direct does source
tanks from manufacturers conveniently located in rural areas for the customers of
the country. It is important to carry out special equipments who are in needs of
special fittings for a tank, such as a Storz (fire-fighting) fitting on the steel tank,
or extra fittings on the poly tank or need the poly tank to be a higher SG (Specific
Gravity) because it is for liquids other than rainwater, all these can add to the
price of your tank. Underground concrete tanks too have other options, such as a
specially constructed lid for installation under a driveway, which can add to the
price of a tank. Consider the tank’s purpose or location. Talk to your plumber or a
hydraulic engineer if necessary to make sure your tank is fit for both purpose and
location. Tanks in difficult locations may require hiring a crane to lift them into
place, or removal and reconstruction of fences or walls to provide access to the
tank.

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Although all our tanks are manufactured in Australia, tank prices are
affected by global conditions too. As an example, when the price of oil rises, the
price of polyethylene resin to manufacture poly tanks also eventually rises as it is
no longer economical to manufacture resin in Australia and must be imported; fuel
and therefore delivery charges must increase as well as energy costs for
manufacturers.
Figure No 2- Rainwater Harvesting System
Source- (Gardner et al. 2015)
To protect ones valuable asset and the money that have spent buying the
water water tank, it is essential to install the rainwater tank according to

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manufacturers’ instructions. The base of your water tank must be fully supported
at all times.
Savings of the Water
The average amount of savings every year is calculated for each and every rainwater tank
rebate recipient with the difference in household water consumption before and after the
installation of the rainwater tanks. The information received from the different surveys revealed
the date the rebates were received by the 4000 households and not when the rainwater tanks were
installed. In the following case, it was assumed that the rainwater tanks were installed when the
rebates were received. Household owners started receiving rebates in a stipulated time period.
There are cases when rainwater tanks were used before the rebates thus in the calculation of the
water savings it was assumed that the “before installation” was a time period prior to the
beginning of the survey and the installation phase started from the month of July, 2009 till the
month of June 2010. The average water consumption and water savings per household for each
tank size are shown in. Based on 4000 households, the average annual water consumption per
household is 247 kL before the tank installation in the given period and 142 Kilo Liter after the
installation of the tank. This resulted to average water saving of 105 Kilo Liter per household per
year. Since water restrictions and a strong water conservation campaign were in forced over the
whole period of analysis, the calculated water savings may include savings due to these
initiatives other than rainwater tanks.

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Figure No 3- Water Harvesting Tank capacity
Source- (Silva Sousa and Carvalho 2015)
Payback for the owners of the house
It is a fact that the planning policy regarding rainwater harvesting in the provinces of
Australia could lead towards a developed future and it will be possible for the Australian
Government to save millions of dollar regarding water resilience improvement (Peterson 2016).
It has been pointed out by Mr. Smith that rainwater harvesting could leads towards the
community benefit and damage regarding the flood can be resolved. As per the view of Dr.
Coombes, the rainwater restoration could protect the waterways and wetlands could be getting
rid of floods.

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However, Mr. Smith argued that there is a laxity regarding the state policy over the
rainwater harvesting and investments should be done in this case. It has been pointed out the
New South Wales has implemented certain policies regarding the same and it has been taken to
pay back to the owner of the house where the rainwater is proposed to be harvested (Silva Sousa
and Carvalho 2015). There will be a specific period for the pay back and the average time for the
same will depend on the tank size and the level of its usage. If the water is used for the laundry
services, it will take time to collect the capital, whereas if the waters are used for the pumping,
the related cost can be acquired faster. The payback period for the same is 12 years to 47 years.
In case of 2000-4999L tank, the payback period is 12 years (Hajani and Rahman 2014).
Payback for the Government
It has been stated in the above point that the house owner will get payback regarding the
rainwater harvesting. It is also a fact that the government will also included into the payback
policy regarding the project and in this case, certain data is needed to be analyzed. It has been
noticed that many families are excluded from the government schemes and it has been observed
that in many situations, people has no knowledge that there is any scheme relating to this. It has
been reported that more than 4000 houses are enjoying the rainwater and they did not getting any
rebates from the government (Sample and Liu 2014). Therefore, it is obvious to state that the
government should implement certain payback policies regarding the same.
The main problem that the houses are facing related to their non-recorded condition. It
has been observed that families who are excluded from the government record are not getting the
rebate. Therefore, it is required to amend the records and included all the families in it so that
every single family can get rebate regarding the same. The government payback policies

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implemented period up to 12 years and it has been observed that the families does not get
government rebates are playing important role regarding the same.
Figure 4- Water Supply and Demand Scenario of the present and the future
Source- (Vieira et al. 2014)
Present value of the Tanks
Rainwater is regarded as a potential source of water and it has been understood that they
can be one of the main reasons for the development of the nation. It is a fact that many of the
areas of Australia are affected by draught in every year and rainwater harvesting can be good
remedy for the same (Cook Sharma and Chong 2013). The waters can be used for drinking,
laundry work and for the field works. The water is collected in a tank and is situated on the roof
of the house. In certain times, it has been observed that the government has given rebates to

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construct the tanks and the house owners should have to apply for the government rebate within
the payback time (Moglia et al. 2014).
The value of the tank can be addressed by way of determining the maintenance cost and
the energy cost and it has been observed that $20 has been projected for the maintenance cost per
year. Energy cost for the indoor usages has been specified as 5 cent as against 1 kilolitres. Water
savings plays an important role regarding the same as the annual cash inflows are determined
based on the concept of water savings. In general, the cost of the tanks are depends on the size
and the size can be 200L to 45,000L (Hamilton et al. 2017).
Levelised Cost Analysis
There are numbers of ways by which the water conservation can be conceptualized and it
has been mentioned in the following paragraphs that the process can be facilitate by several
ways. It has to be understood from the government policies that the water harvesting can be
useful for the development of the state. It should be kept in mind that the situation of Australia is
not that good due to draught that are affecting many provinces of Australia and it has been
mentioned in this case that broad analysis is required regarding the levelization of the cost of the
water harvesting process (Vieira et al. 2014). It is a fact that the government implementation
process is very much depended on this cost. These levelised costs are to be calculated on the base
of current value off the government schemes, total water counting is to be included under the
costing, and it has been mentioned under the encoded version that total cost regarding the level is
$0.09 kilolitre.
The main thing regarding the levelised cost of the rainwater is depending on the total use
of water and it is also a fact that the value of the government schemes are playing role regarding

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those cost analysis. Usage of the water for the households can be determined by following the
Diurnal pattern.
Average Daily Consumption of the Household
It has been stated earlier that in the provinces of Australia, the rainwater consumption has
reached in higher peak. It has been reported that almost 4000 families are using the rainwater
with higher priority and the government is also implementing schemes regarding the same and it
has been observed that the water is used for the indoor as well as the outdoor purposes
(Belmeziti, Coutard and De Gouvello 2014). It has been reported that the families are consumed
almost 358 liters per day by installing water tanks in their house and the count of families who
are using the rainwater without tank is also attractive and they are using 368 liter per day.
Hundred families were projected in this process and it has been observed that every family is
using 19 liter per day on daily average. Therefore, it can be stated that each of this house is using
74 liter to 139 liter per year.

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Figure No 5 – Perceived use of water
Source- (Magliano et al. 2015)
Conclusion
The researcher had been successful in his venture to study the different activities related
to the Rainwater Tanks program of Australia. The researcher has been able to provide a loud
message to the readers about the importance of conserving the Rainwater and put it to the variety
of daily uses. He also stresses on the needs for stopping the wastage of water. The research has
provided all the details regarding the rainwater tanks installation system in Australia and the
schemes that are provided by the government to help out the particular population with the
installation of new Rainwater tanks. After a thorough analysis of the following report the readers
will have a clear idea about the Rainwater Harvesting System followed in Australia, the
specifications of the tanks that are used in the households and the different necessities for
installing the tanks in the households. The information regarding the details of the system has all
been obtained from different researches that were conducted earlier by the government as well as
the private institutions. Last but not the least in any ways the use of the tables, figures and charts
has helped to provide a compact shape to the project.
Recommendations
The research comprises of a large piece of information collected from a variety of
sources. The use of such a vast information size has been helpful to determine the different
factors related to the installation of the Rainwater tanks in Australia. The main objectives of the
research has been met by the researcher, however some important points regarding the
development of the tanks, materials of the tank, additional graphs and the selection of a moderate

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HOUSEHOLD RAINWATER TANK SAVINGS
research sample limited the scope of the research. The research should have focused on these
factors which could have made it more perfect in nature.

28
HOUSEHOLD RAINWATER TANK SAVINGS
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