Impact of Education on Handwashing in Tanzania

This assignment investigates the influence of education level on handwashing facilities at home in Tanzania. It presents findings from a statistical analysis using SPSS, revealing a significant correlation between higher education and access to handwashing facilities. The report offers policy recommendations to the Tanzanian government to enhance both education and public health initiatives.

SPSS PROJECT

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction......................................................................................................................................1
Validate the data set, use descriptive statistics, charts or tables to describe and summarise the
key characteristics of the variables..............................................................................................1
Graphical Presentation.................................................................................................................3
Critically apply chi-squared tests.................................................................................................7
Regression Analysis...................................................................................................................16
T-Test Model.............................................................................................................................17
Recommendations for the LTT or Tanzania Government.........................................................18
Conclusion.....................................................................................................................................19
References......................................................................................................................................20

INTRODUCTION
The Livingstone Tanzania Trust is a grassroots self-help development charity that
facilitates social, economic and environmental change within the Manyara Region of Northern
Tanzania. This is achieved by addressing education and enterprise issues that hinder the
community from achieving their development potential. In this regard, Household survey was
conducted by the Livingstone Tanzania Trust. However, the main purpose of this survey was to
understand and identify the areas in which Managhat community is facing major issues and
problems. The majority of the survey was conducted face to face with the head of the household
or their representative while the remaining aspects of the survey were gained through visual
inspections of the property. Furthermore, in order to analyse the collected SPSS tool has been
used in which descriptive analysis and Chi Square test has been employed to analyse the
collected data so that appropriate and suitable recommendations can be made to the Government
of Tanzania.
Validate the data set, use descriptive statistics, charts or tables to describe and summarise the key
characteristics of the variables
Primary data Descriptive analysis:
Level
of
educa
tion
attain
ed by
Head
BoysEducP
rimary
BoysEducSe
condary
GirlsEdu
cPrimary
How
many
mosquit
o nets at
home?
GirlsEducSe
condary
N Valid 295 117 39 82 289 30
Missi
ng
2 180 258 215 8 267
Mean 1.57 1.21 .87 1.11 1.37 .63
Median 2.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 .00
Mode 2 1 0 1 2 0
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In general, descriptive analysis can be defined as the discipline quantitatively describing
the main features of a collection of information. The main purpose of descriptive analysis is that
it assist in describing basic features of the data in the entire study. On the basis of above
descriptive analysis different aspects of collected information has been analyzed. The main
elements of descriptive analysis are mean, mode and median. However, in the present study,
mean of level of education attained by the head of family is identified at 1.57 which clearly
indicates that, average of head of the family in Managhat Community are educated to 1 to 4 or 1-
7. However, it also indicates that there are several senior member of family who even does not
attain the formal education.
Furthermore, the means of boys in primary education clearly defines that, out of 117
respondents most of the boys are in 1st to 4th class because the mean is 1.21. Furthermore, it can
also be interpreted that, some of them are also in from 1st to 7th class. Thereafter, boy’s secondary
education average 0.87 denotes that, boys in secondary education system of Tanzania are not
getting proper of formal education due to which they are unable to learn various things.
Contradicting to this, girls primary education mean 1.11 illustrate that, girls are in 1st to 4th class
of primary education and in secondary education girls are unable to attain formal education
system.
Secondary data descriptive analysis:
Statistics
Hospital beds (per 1,000 people) Physicians (per 1,000
people)
N Valid 11 14
Missing 42 39
Mean 1.2028 .0351
Median 1.3031 .0392
Mode .70a .01
a. Multiple modes exist. The smallest value is shown
(The World Bank Tanzania Data, 2015)
On the basis of above descriptive analysis of secondary data collected through World
Bank Data, health system of Tanzania has been analysed. However, on the basis of this statistical
tool suitable and valuable results has been identified. The mean of hospital bed per 1000 people
2

is 1.20 which clearly indicates that lack of resources available for the people of Tanzania. While
on the other hand, mean of physicians per 1000 people is 0.351 indicates that there are very low
health care practitioners available to the people of Managhat Community when they are ill.
However, it is the duty of health ministry of Tanzania to employ quality of physicians as well as
gather adequate amount of resources so as to enhance the health system of Tanzania.
Graphical Presentation
Bar chart:
Level of education attained by Head:
Boys Primary Education:
3

Boys Secondary Education:
4

Girls Primary Education:
5

Girls Secondary Education:
6

Critically apply chi-squared tests
Considering the nature of present study, quantitative analysis has been focused on.
However, in the current study, investigator has gathered data through survey methodology in
which questionnaire method has been used for collecting the data or information the form of
numeric figures. Furthermore, to analyze the data chi square test has been selected because it will
assist researcher in proving hypothesis and analyze the information in appropriate manner so that
desired results and outcomes can be generated and appropriate recommendations can be provided
to the government of Tanzania.
Case Processing Summary
Cases
Valid Missing Total
N Percent N Percent N Percent
7

Level of education
attained by Head * Do
you know what bacteria
is?
295 99.3% 2 0.7% 297 100.0%
Level of education
attained by Head * Do
you know how malaria is
transmitted?
295 99.3% 2 0.7% 297 100.0%
Level of education
attained by Head * Do
you know where
mosquitos breed?
295 99.3% 2 0.7% 297 100.0%
Level of education
attained by Head * How
many mosquito nets at
home?
288 97.0% 9 3.0% 297 100.0%
Level of education
attained by Head *
Where do you get
bacteria from?
295 99.3% 2 0.7% 297 100.0%
Level of education
attained by Head * Do
you know what bacteria
are spread from one
person to another?
247 83.2% 50 16.8% 297 100.0%
Level of education
attained by Head * Do
you know what causes
diarrhea?
279 93.9% 18 6.1% 297 100.0%
Level of education
attained by Head * Do
285 96.0% 12 4.0% 297 100.0%
8

you purify water before
drinking?
Level of education
attained by Head * Do
you have hand washing
facilities at home?
264 88.9% 33 11.1% 297 100.0%
Chi Square Test:
Ha0 = Null Hypothesis
Ha1 = Alternative Hypothesis
Hypothesis 1:
Ha0 = There is no impact of level of education on the awareness about Bacteria in Tanzania
Ha1 = There is impact of level of education on the awareness about Bacteria in Tanzania
Crosstab
Count
Do you know how malaria is
transmitted?
Total
No Yes
Level of education
attained by Head
No formal
education
2 18 54 74
Primary 1-4 1 4 30 35
Primary 1-7 5 11 123 139
Form 1-4 0 0 43 43
Form 5-6 0 0 1 1
Other Certificates 0 0 3 3
Total 8 33 254 295
Chi Square:
Chi-Square Tests
9

Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 22.316a 10 .014
Likelihood Ratio 26.093 10 .004
N of Valid Cases 295
a. 12 cells (66.7%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is .03.
Interpretation:
From the above analysis it has been evaluated that, in order to test the above defined
hypothesis Chi Square Test has been conducted. However, through the means of results it was
discovered that significance value was less than (< 0.1) (Pallant, 2007). Therefore through the
means of this it can be concluded that, Ha0 Hypothesis has been rejected and alternative
hypothesis has been accepted. Thus it can be analyzed that there is great impact of level of
education of enhancing the awareness about the people of Tanzania regarding Bacteria.
Hypothesis 2:
Ha0 = There is no impact of level of education on the awareness about Mosquitos breed in
Tanzania
Ha1 = There is impact of level of education on the awareness about Mosquitos breed in Tanzania
Count:
Crosstab
Count
Do you know where mosquitos breed? Total
No Yes 2
Level of education
attained by Head
No formal
education
2 18 54 0 74
Primary 1-4 1 3 31 0 35
Primary 1-7 5 19 115 0 139
Form 1-4 0 0 42 1 43
Form 5-6 0 0 1 0 1
Other Certificates 0 0 3 0 3
Total 8 40 246 1 295
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Chi Square:
Chi-Square Tests
Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 23.148a 15 .081
Likelihood Ratio 27.605 15 .024
N of Valid Cases 295
a. 17 cells (70.8%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is .00.
Interpretation:
Through the means of above analysis it has been evaluated that, Pearson Chi Square of
the current hypothesis is 0.081 < 0.1. Thus, null hypothesis has been rejected and alternative
hypothesis has been selected. This indicates that the level of education in Tanzania clearly
impacts on the awareness about the mosquitos breed in the people of Managhat Community. It is
important for the government of Tanzania to organize health care camps where people of country
can easily enhance their knowledge about mosquitos and the implications from it.
Hypothesis 3:
Ha0 = There is no impact of level of education on enhancing the importance of Mosquito Net at
home in Tanzania
Ha1 = There is impact of level of education on enhancing the importance of Mosquito Net at
home in Tanzania
Count:
Crosstab
Count
How many mosquito nets at home? Total
0 1 2 3 4
Level of education attained by
Head
No formal
education
32 20 17 3 1 73
Primary 1-4 8 8 16 1 1 34
11

Primary 1-7 33 33 44 18 6 134
Form 1-4 3 16 16 5 3 43
Form 5-6 0 1 0 0 0 1
Other
Certificates
1 0 1 1 0 3
Total 77 78 94 28 11 288
Chi Square:
Chi-Square Tests
Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-
sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 35.013a 20 .020
Likelihood Ratio 37.548 20 .010
Linear-by-Linear Association 16.127 1 .000
N of Valid Cases 288
a. 15 cells (50.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is .04.
Interpretation:
The main purpose of using Chi Square test is that it helps in proving the hypothesis which
can assist investigator in easily underrating the collected data as well as help researcher in
making suitable recommendations (Dretzke, 2009). As significance of hypothesis value is less
than 0.1 and the value of this hypothesis is 0.020 which is less than the significance value.
Henceforth, null hypothesis has been rejected and alternative has been accepted. From this it can
be analyzed that, level of education helps in enhancing the awareness of Tanzania people
towards the importance of Mosquito net at home.
Hypothesis 4:
Ha0 = There is no impact of level of education on creating awareness about what causes Diarrhea
in people of Tanzania
Ha1 = There is impact of level of education on creating awareness about what causes Diarrhea in
people of Tanzania
12

Count:
Crosstab
Count
Do you know what causes
diarrhea?
Total
No Yes
Level of education
attained by Head
No formal
education
44 29 73
Primary 1-4 15 18 33
Primary 1-7 46 87 133
Form 1-4 21 15 36
Form 5-6 0 1 1
Other Certificates 2 1 3
Total 128 151 279
Chi Square:
Chi-Square Tests
Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-
sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 16.544a 5 .005
Likelihood Ratio 17.057 5 .004
Linear-by-Linear Association 2.493 1 .114
N of Valid Cases 279
a. 4 cells (33.3%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is .46.
Interpretation:
In this, researcher used chi square test to prove the hypothesis that, level of education in
Tanzania helps people in increasing awareness about what causes diarrhea and its implications.
However, looking at the outcome it can be said that, value of chi square 0.005 is less than
significance value which indicates null hypothesis has been rejected and alternative hypothesis
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has been accepted. Henceforth, level of education helps people of Tanzania in enhancing their
awareness about the causes of Diarrhea so that they can undertake the potential measures and
avoid getting infected from such a major disease.
Hypothesis 5:
Ha0 = There is no impact of level of education on purifying habits before drinking water among
the people of Tanzania
Ha1 = There is impact of level of education on purifying habits before drinking water among the
people of Tanzania
Count:
Crosstab
Count
Do you purify water before
drinking?
Total
No Yes
Level of education
attained by Head
No formal education 54 19 73
Primary 1-4 21 13 34
Primary 1-7 94 37 131
Form 1-4 26 17 43
Form 5-6 1 0 1
Other Certificates 3 0 3
Total 199 86 285
Chi Square:
Chi-Square Tests
Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-
sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 5.393a 5 .370
Likelihood Ratio 6.426 5 .267
Linear-by-Linear Association .125 1 .724
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N of Valid Cases 285
a. 4 cells (33.3%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is .30.
Interpretation:
By the means of above statistical analysis, researcher has been able to evaluate the impact
of level of education on the knowledge of people of Tanzania in taking care of their health.
Through the means of current hypothesis it has been evaluated that, value of chi square 0.370 is
greater than (>) 0.1 which means alternative hypothesis is rejected and null hypothesis has been
accepted. Henceforth, it has been analyzed that there is no significant impact of education on the
knowledge of people of Tanzania on purifying water before drinking.
Hypothesis 6:
Ha0 = There is no impact of level of education on encouraging people of Tanzania to use hand
washing facilities at home
Ha1 = There is impact of level of education on encouraging people of Tanzania to use hand
washing facilities at home
Count:
Crosstab
Count
Do you have hand washing
facilities at home?
Total
No Yes
Level of education
attained by Head
No formal education 57 14 71
Primary 1-4 30 3 33
Primary 1-7 101 15 116
Form 1-4 18 22 40
Form 5-6 1 0 1
Other Certificates 3 0 3
Total 210 54 264
Chi Square:
Chi-Square Tests
15

Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-
sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 37.045a 5 .000
Likelihood Ratio 32.512 5 .000
Linear-by-Linear Association 4.296 1 .038
N of Valid Cases 264
a. 4 cells (33.3%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is .20.
Interpretation:
The chi square test clearly indicates that, significance value is less than 0.1 (Rumsey,
2007). Thus, which illustrate that, null hypothesis can be rejected and in the present study, value
of chi square 0.000 is less than significance value of 0.1 which means alternative hypothesis is
accepted. Therefore, there is impact of level of education in encouraging people of Tanzania for
making the use of hand wash facilities at their homes so that level of hygiene can be maintained
which leads to lesser infection of diseases.
Regression Analysis
Ha0 = There is no impact of level of education on creating awareness about what causes Diarrhea
in people of Tanzania
Ha1 = There is impact of level of education on creating awareness about what causes Diarrhea in
people of Tanzania
Findings:
Model Summary
Model R R
Square
Adjusted
R Square
Std.
Error of
the
Estimate
Change Statistics
R Square
Change
F
Change
df1 df2 Sig. F
Change
1 .095a .009 .005 1.124 .009 2.507 1 277 .114
a. Predictors: (Constant), Do you know what causes diarrhea?
ANOVA:
16

ANOVAa
Model Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
1 Regression 3.169 1 3.169 2.507 .114b
Residual 350.186 277 1.264
Total 353.355 278
a. Dependent Variable: Level of education attained by Head
b. Predictors: (Constant), Do you know what causes diarrhea?
Coefficients:
Coefficientsa
Model Unstandardized
Coefficients
Standardize
d
Coefficients
t Sig.
B Std. Error Beta
1 (Constant) 1.422 .099 14.307 .000
Do you know what
causes diarrhea?
.214 .135 .095 1.583 .114
a. Dependent Variable: Level of education attained by Head
Interpretation:
The main purpose behind using regression analysis model is that it assist in evaluating the
relationship between two models. On the basis of above computation of regression analysis it has
been identified that, defined variables are not related to one another. However, value of R2 0.009
clearly that, it is less than significance value of 0.1 which means, there is no impact of education
on enhancing the knowledge about what causes diarrhea for the people of Tanzania.
T-Test Model
Ha0 = There is no impact of level of education on encouraging people of Tanzania to use hand
washing facilities at home
Ha1 = There is impact of level of education on encouraging people of Tanzania to use hand
washing facilities at home
Findings:
17

One-Sample Statistics
N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
Level of education attained
by Head
295 1.57 1.125 .066
Do you have hand washing
facilities at home?
266 .20 .403 .025
One-Sample Test
Test Value = 0
t df Sig. (2-
tailed)
Mean
Difference
95% Confidence Interval
of the Difference
Lower Upper
Level of education
attained by Head
24.011 294 .000 1.573 1.44 1.70
Do you have hand
washing facilities at
home?
8.216 265 .000 .203 .15 .25
Interpretation:
On the basis of significance level of .05 it has been observed that, value of T-Test is
higher than the significance value which means of alternative hypothesis is rejected and null
hypothesis has been accepted. Therefore, it can be said that, there is no impact of level of
education on the hand washing facility at home in Tanzania.
Recommendations for the LTT or Tanzania Government
On the basis of above study there are several aspects about the current condition of
Tanzania has been evaluated and analyzed. However, it is the duty of government of Tanzania to
ensure better services and facilities for the people so that they can maintain their level of health
and hygiene. In this context there are several recommendations which should be employed by the
Tanzanian government in near future for the betterment of community:
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