Sustainability Transformation and Cycling

This document provides a comprehensive overview of recent studies and publications related to sustainability transformation, cycling, and urban development. It highlights key findings, strategies, and initiatives from various sources, including academic journals, books, and conference proceedings. The focus is on leveraging points for sustainability transformation, building cycling cities, and promoting active transport policies. The document also touches on the economic benefits of public bike-share systems and the importance of integrating strategies to accelerate the adoption of cycling as a mode of transportation.

How cycling increases a
cities sustainability

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
Background..................................................................................................................................2
Aim and objectives......................................................................................................................3
Research questions.......................................................................................................................3
Rational........................................................................................................................................3
Significance.................................................................................................................................3
LITERATURE REVIEW................................................................................................................4
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................10
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................13

INTRODUCTION
Recently, pollution has increased to a great extent. Due to rise in pollution level, global
warming is increasing year by year. The main reasons are rise in air, water pollution, etc. Now,
it is essential to take strict measures to minimise it. With rise in number of vehicles each year
CO2 emissions is increasing. The mode of transport is changing. With introduction of CNG and
electric vehicles efforts are made to develop sustainability. Some other measures are taken as
well which are resulting in sustainability (Clayton & Radcliffe, 2018). The transport sector
accounts for one third of CO2 emissions. It is analysed that in Europe around 30% cars covers
distance of 3 kilometres. Now, cities are making efforts to reduce emission of CO2 by
implementing policies. There is need to curb use of cars and others vehicles. For this active
transportation is promoted. In this the forms of transportation are walking and cycling. In Europe
bike sharing scheme is becoming popular these days in urban areas. Through this, people use
bicycles to travel from other place to another. Usually, bicycles are used for short distance. Thus,
it enables in decrease in CO2 emissions.
There are many benefits of using cycling such as health, environmental, economic, etc. In
context of environment cycling is pollution free mode of transport. It is said that cycling each
day around 10 km saves up to 1500 kg green house emission each year. Besides this, it
contributes in reducing further emissions in congestion and improving traffic flow. The
economic benefit of cycling is it is a very low cost mode of transport. Moreover, it requires less
maintenance as compared to any other vehicle. It saves cost of £1700 per year including running
and depreciation cost. Furthermore, bicycle is convenient and accessible than car parking.
Another contribution of cycling in sustainability is it improvises transport system. This means it
minimises flow of traffic in urban areas (Epstein, 2018). This supports in providing green
atmosphere by improving the surroundings of that area. A 50% increase on current cycling rates
would unlock more than £1.3bn, by reducing the costs of congestion, pollution and healthcare.
In recent times, developing a sustainable environment has emerged rapidly in many
countries. It has shifted the focus of government to develop a sustainable atmosphere by taking
effective measures. There are many new concepts implemented in order to do so. For example-
green building sustainability, green economy, etc. these all concepts are highly contributing in
technological development. But in priority is been given in transportation sector. Here, bicycles
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are used to develop sustainability. This is done to decrease number of vehicles and manage
traffic.
Background
In many cities of Europe there is cycling boom. There is high growth in use of bicycles as
means of daily travel. Most of the youth in western countries prefer to go to school on bicycles.
Moreover, due to rise in health problems due to physical inactivity, people are using bicycle
instead of cars. So , automatically CO2 emissions are reduced. In many countries use of cycles
have successfully helped in developing green atmosphere. Countries like USA, Germany,
Denmark, Sweden, etc. are using cycles as mode of transport. There are different facilities
provided as well which support in sustainability. It improves air quality as it is low embodied
energy. This is zero emission mode of transport (Voß & Kemp, 2015). It also reduces noise
pollution that is occurred from other vehicles. However, a city that depends on bicycles more
than other automated forms of transportation will require less energy, emit less carbon, and make
less noise. There is optimum utilization of resources making it efficient. When bicycles are
replaced with diesel and petrol vehicles it is easy to reduce pollution. When one zone becomes
pollution free then automatically it leads towards a pollution free city. They are transformed into
sustainability.
Cycling is a mode of transport which does not use any fuel. It is low cost and provides
many environmental benefits. Recently, with concerns over climate change, congestion, etc.
cities throughout the world are introducing many policies to promote cycling. Also, efforts are
been made to allow residents to use bicycles as mode of transport. Now, people are also aware
about sustainability. It is also a major concern for them. They are using bicycles for travelling.
Along with it, with rise in health issues cycling is resulting in resolving problems related to
health. Now, people consider this as physical exercise. A person making the average daily
commute of four miles each way would save half a ton of carbon dioxide per year if they
switched from driving to cycling per year (Abson & et.al. (2017). If the UK doubled cycle use
by switching from cars, this would reduce Britain's total greenhouse emissions by 0.6m ton,
almost as much as switching all London to Scotland air travel to rail.
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Aim and objectives
Aim - To examine how sustainability can be maintained through cycling. A case study on
Manchester, UK
Objectives
 To analyse how cycling contribute in creating sustainable environment
 To investigate how other cities in world are benefited through cycling
 To evaluate future benefits of cycling in sustainability
 To recommend what strategies can be developed to implement this concept
Research questions
 How cycling contribute in creating sustainable environment?
 How other cities have benefited through cycling?
 What will be the future benefit of cycling in sustainability?
 What strategies can be formed to implement this concept in Manchester?
Rational
There is high rise in air pollution. It is due to increase in number of vehicles. As population
is increasing people demands are increasing as well. They require more resources to fulfil their
needs. Similarly, in metro cities the air pollution level is rising rapidly. But recently major steps
are been taken to built sustainable environment. In many cities such as London, Portland and
Copenhagen have successfully implemented sustainable environment through cycling. There are
several changes that is been done in transportation (Yan, & Chen, 2015). Now, instead of
petrol and diesel vehicles cycles are used. This main reason of conducting this research is
providing a framework and direction that how Manchester can create a sustainable environment
through cycling. Also, it will show what measures were taken to do this. However, by comparing
cities it will be easy to find out factors in which Manchester is lacking and why people are not
using bicycles. Moreover, how through cycling cities can be developed sustainable.
Significance
It is very important to reduce pollution through sustainability. It can be done in different
ways. Also, by reducing air pollution it is easy to create sustainable environment. Cycling is
mode of transportation in which bicycles are used by people instead of other vehicles. It is
convenient as compared to other vehicles. This research will help in providing direction that how
sustainability can be maintained through cycling. Also, it will show what policies and schemes
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were launched to promote this mode of transport. Besides this, it will be easy for city to get
insight on what changes has to be done in transportation, infrastructure, etc. to allow people to
use cycles. Apart from it, there are many other things as well that will support Manchester to
adopt (Pintér & et.al. 2018). Alongside it, the cities will get insight on what changes can be done
in strategies of promotion. What measures can be taken to maintain sustainability. So, these all
will benefit in success of this concept. Furthermore, other major cities such as Mumbai, Delhi,
etc. can develop sustainability through cycling.
LITERATURE REVIEW.
Contribution of cycling in sustainability
According to (Bruntlett & Bruntlett, (2018), sustainability can be attained through many
things. Its main benefit is it helps in creating green environment that is healthy for future
generations. Besides this, by reducing pollution the air quality is improved. For example – green
building helps in contributing sustainability. In similar way cycling benefits in reducing CO2
emission and air pollution.
As, per the views of (Bullock, Brereton & Bailey, 2017), transportation sector across
the world is responsible for one-third of carbon dioxide emissions, motor cycles has been factor
for contributing atmospheric pollution in the world. Short trips in the cities disproportionately
contribute towards the transportation emissions, in UK 30 percent of trips which cars cover is
less than 3 kilometres in distance. Various major cities across the world have sought to reduce
the pollution from transportation through implementing policies which is aimed to minimising
the motorised transport use. One of the great opportunities for major cities of to curb the use of
cars is shifting from automobile trips to other forms of transportation which is called active form
of transportation. One of the most common forms of active transportation which help in
contributing towards sustainability is cycling. Major cities around the world have already given a
significant emphasis on promoting active forms of travel, which come from the series of reports
from the government and other local bodies which promote cycling for short journeys. Cycle is
the one of the greatest vehicle invented by a man and there numerous reason for the popularity of
bicycles around the world like bicycles do not contaminate the air and does not contribute
towards global warming and this can be one of major factor of cycling in contributing towards
sustainability. Besides cycling is good for health and does not require much space. Cycling plays
a major role for any sustainable transport strategy as it helps in tackling the congestions in the
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cities and helps in reducing the local air pollution and also reduces the emissions which are
responsible for climate change. If people from the major cities of the world choose to cover
small journey through cycling it will have a considerably positive impact on pollution and
congestion in cities. Encouraging people for cycling means that there are more opportunities for
people for exercise which will help in developing a healthier nation. This will help in decreasing
obesity levels particularly among young children.
It has been illustrated by (Olafsson Nielsen & Carstensen, 2016), cycling is considered
as the most sustainable mode of transport and supporting various policies which encourage their
usage in order to achieve sustainability. Cycling does not cause any type of pollution such as air
and noise pollution and does not even consume any type of non-renewable sources of energy as
compared to motorised transportation mode. The only energy which is used for cycling is
provide by a rider and this use of energy offers a rider or traveller cardiovascular exercise which
is one of the most common disease among the people of UK. Cycling helps in contributing
towards environmental sustainability as amount of materials which is required for building a
bicycle is much less than the motor vehicles and also riding a bicycle does not lead a negative
impact on flora and fauna as bicycles does not any type of air pollutants and any water or soil
pollutants. Also, cycling does not contribute to noise pollution which is mostly done by
motorized vehicles through their heavy engines and pressure horns. Almost all parts which are
used to build a bicycle can be recycled which is a major factor that will lead to environmental
sustainability. Cycling helps UK in meeting some major challenges today like obesity, the rate of
obesity has trebled over the last 3 decades and now has an impact on the quarter of adults and
more than ten percent of children. UK has taken a strong position on climate changes with a
climate change bill to create a credible pathway for reducing 60 percent of emission of carbon
dioxide by 2050, cycling is clean with low carbon dioxide emission mode of transportation. So,
cycling can help UK in achieving the goal of reducing carbon dioxide emission. So, it is the
cycling which can bring sustainability to nations and is one of the major factors which contribute
towards sustainability across the world.
Cities benefited through cycling
Dias, Maciel & Gomes da Siva, (2016), stated that there are many cities in the world
have benefited from cycling. This is because it has helped in creating green atmosphere by use of
cycles as mode of transport. This concept is emerging in developed countries especially in
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Europe. A rise in pollution level is major concern. So, they have formed some policies and
launches schemes related to use of cycles. In countries like Sweden, Norway, etc. people prefer
to use bicycle instead of car. Therefore, it has helped in decrease in carbon emissions till 10%.
As per the views of (Bruntlett & Bruntlett, 2018), cycling has the major benefits on the
major cities around the world, taking up a cycling is considered as one of the best decision
whether it is chosen for health reasons or to help the environment. There are various benefits of
cycling on the cities of the world like cycling can help in reducing smog, cut noise pollution,
uses less resources, saves trees and reduce water and air pollution. Portland US has a bicycle
friendly culture and infrastructure which includes the network of bicycle lanes which city began
to plan in early 70's. At present riders are helping Portland to build a city of a cycling economy.
There are major multinational companies like Columbia Sportswear, Nike, etc that have got
headquarters at Portland and sell bi-cycle products and there are also famous brands like Team
Estrogen which sell cycling clothing for women which means that there is huge popularity for
cycling among the people of Portland. This city is often compared with bike European cities,
Portland continuously strives to improve its infrastructure to make cycling more attractive for the
residents of Portland. So, Portland is putting their efforts in promote cycling in order to increase
their sustainability. Cycling holds a strong position within the agendas of Portland's Urban
planning and Bureau of Transportation, so free cycle rides are offered and classes are given to
introduce the people about the advantages of cycling for maintaining sustainability. As viewed
by (Luckey & et.al. 2016), for the people of Manchester have different perception of cycling as
compared to Portland as Manchester think that most people are riding bike to make a city a better
place for the society and to increase the safety concern for the people riding bikes. Most of the
people think that cycling provides the people an opportunity for exercise which help them in
reducing cardiovascular diseases and can decrease the congestion within the city. Manchester
citizens also thinks that cycling is the fastest and greenest way for going to work. London is
pedalling towards the future and want to make UK a cyclist nation, it has been found that number
of people who cycle to work has raised to 144 percent from the last decade while as there is a
modest increase in Manchester. There is something different in London, the answer is that large
investments and the charities which are made in order to promote sustainable transport. London
has shown the way for investments in the infrastructure and developing safer roads which are not
yet seen in the Manchester. From the 2010 London has been a hub for Boris Bike which is a
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cycle hire scheme which includes more than 8,000 cycles which is available from 70 countries
which has promoted sustainable transport in London. The transportation spokesperson of Local
Government Association, London said that by developing a power to local councils is a key to
increase the safety and to attract more people for cycling which can increase sustainability. But
Manchester failed to increase the popularity of cycling among the people as there is lack of
safety for cyclists on the roads of Manchester.
As, illustrated by (Dias, Maciel & Gomes da Siva, 2016 ), Copenhagen is a city which is
king of cycling, almost 62 percent of people in Copenhagen use bicycles for their daily transport
and efforts are made by Copenhagen in order to construct a safe lanes for cyclists use as it has
got more than 41 percent of work trips done through cycling. Copenhagen owns five times more
bicycles than cars and has got more than 375 kilometres of tracks which is separate for bicycles.
While, as in Manchester there are bike lanes but are totally inadequate to use and are poorly
designed. Manchester rather than spending money on making Manchester a bike friendly and to
invest money in developing sustainability through cycling, it is spending money on other things
like Cycle Hub Scheme where a cyclist is asked to park their cycles for £100. There is no
proper cycling scheme in Manchester which can promote sustainability within the city.
As compared to Manchester, Copenhagen has very low congestion, which is comparably
more in Manchester. There has been a smooth transition from motorised transportation to
cycling and it proven successful for Copenhagen.
It has been illustrated by (Savan, Cohlmeye, & Ledsham, 2017), cycling could result
in number of benefits for Manchester and have the capability for optimising the benefits
of cycling which can result in sustainability within the city. It can help the city in
decreasing it pollution at higher levels and can help in reducing the congestion within the
city. Also, through cycling people of Manchester can improve their health and reduce the
risks of diseases. Manchester should plan policies in order to promote sustainability
within the city and should formulate strategies for attracting people and making cycling
popular among the youth of Manchester. In order to achieve sustainability it is important
to focus on city planning policies for improving cycling within the city.
Strategies to be developed.
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As, per the views of (He & Lima, 2019) , there are various strategies which can be
implemented in Manchester which can promote sustainability through cycling.
Manchester can get people attracted towards the cycling which will increase the number
of people using bi-cycles as a mode of transport to small trips. Manchester should be able
to change the mid-set of people, which can be done by giving them information about the
benefits of cycling on environment, health and on transportation. This will help on
changing the mind set of people, and they will be willing to accept this concept. In order
to increase the number towards cycling Manchester should be able to develop a planned
route networks for making it accessible with high quality which should be segregated
from the traffic. This strategy will help in attracting the range of potential cyclists so that
safety concern should not be a barrier. Another strategy which can be implemented is that
in order to increase the number of employees and students, cycling to colleges and
schools will result in strengthening the link with the schools and colleges and providing
them education can raise the number of potential cyclists in a city. It could also make
comprehensive package available for travel planning and provide cycling training
opportunities within the schools so the young children should be able to start cycling at
early age and cycle from home to school and back to home. This will help in improving
the sustainability as more youth will switch to cycling which will help in increasing the
sustainability.
It has been illustrated by (Pérez & et.al., 2017), to make contributions for
improving the health and well being of residents of Manchester, it should work with
various other agencies like NHS England, public health authorities and Clinical
Commissioning Groups in order to develop a collaborative approach for encouraging the
people of Manchester to become more active. For this purpose it should encourage utility
and recreational cycling which will be a means for addressing physical health challenges
of the citizens of Manchester such as obesity, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, etc and
thus will help in developing a healthy living within the city. It should develop various
links with Greater Manchester Public Health and should set a collaborative approach by
organising cycling campaigns within the city. It should also support various cycling
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initiatives that will help in contributing towards the improvements in the quality of air in
the city. Manchester should provide support and training for making a decision to cycle
for this purpose it should develop programs of practical support such as cycling training,
maintenance courses, and rides and should ensure that programs are accessible and
inclusive regardless of person's ability, background and age. Manchester should develop
and should deliver a program of cycle awareness and how can cycling promote
sustainability. In order to engage the people in cycling, it should develop a marketing
program and should also set proper communication activities which make it easy for the
people to access the information sustainability and cycling and relationship between
them. This can be done by developing a cycle website, promotional materials and maps
and also through face to face advices and use of social media. These strategies can help in
generating the awareness about the new policies and programs which will be
implemented by the Manchester for increasing the sustainability through cycling.
Manchester government can develop long term plans that how they will promote
use of bicycle among people. Through this, they will get an insight about what activities
have to be done and in what time and area. They can launch a campaign which allows
people to use bicycles more. The overall routes of main stations and bus stops can be
linked together in order to provide ease to people. It will be easy for people to reach those
places on riding bicycle. In this way use of cycling can be promoted and sustainable
environment can be developed.
Future benefits of cycling in sustainability
As per the views of (Sun & et.al. 2017), cycling will have help in maintaining the
sustainability in the future as it results in pollution free environment and increase in
cycling will result in minimal use of fossil fuels and this will result in less pollution from
transportation. Rise in cycling will reduce the need of building, servicing and disposing
of cars which will sure help in reducing the emissions from cars. By developing strong
and long cycling routes for working people could help in saving 1500 kg of greenhouse
gas emissions each year. In choosing cycling options in the future people could make
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choices that would benefit them in improving their health and reliability of their short
trips and will help in contributing towards the environment.
As illustrated by (Bullock, Brereton & Bailey, 2017), with the increase in cycling it
will help in reaching a five different goals and important goals such as climate change,
competitiveness and productivity, quality of life and equality of opportunity. Thus, it will
help in increasing the sustainability in the future. With the increase in cycling in the
future it will help in reducing the congestion in high populated areas. It will also help in
reducing the emission of greenhouse gases and will improve the quality of air in the
future. Also, with the rise in cycling it will keep pollution in control and will help in
improving the quality of life in the world. Designing a city of bicycles will help in
achieving various goals in the future of cities like making them more healthy, equitable,
clean and efficient. The cities which will prioritize cycles over cars will effectively
reduce carbon dioxide emissions; will support public health by developing a clean air for
the people to breathe. It will also provide various opportunities like it will provide safe
and active transportation in the cities. Cycling will also enable the people move through
the streets easy in the future as compared to cars, especially in those cities which are high
crowded or congested so, such cities bikes is the most efficient option for a mode of
transportation. Cycling in the future will also address the various issues in the future like
in the future there will be rise in population which means there will increase in pollution,
increase in congestion, increase in health related problems so the best way to address
these typical problem in the future will be cycling and is the available option for
addressing these issues. So, it can be said that cycling has got number of benefits in the
future and can help in increasing sustainability in the future.
As elucidated by (Olafsson Nielsen & Carstensen, 2016), by bringing innovation in
cycling E bikes can be developed. It will be run through electric batteries. So, people who
are not able to ride bicycle can use E bikes. It will be beneficial for other people as well
who are disabled. The bike will include safety features and other techniques. It will
enable in riding safely on roads. Through economic sustainability less fuel will be used. It
will allow government to focus on other areas where improvements are required.
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CONCLUSION
It can be concluded that there are many benefits of cycling other than just contributing in
sustainability. It includes social, economic and health benefits as well. In cities like Portland,
London, Copenhagen, etc. people prefer to use cycle as mode of transport. Also, with efforts
from government there is positive impact of transportation system. It has led to reduction in
pollution level. Alongside it, several schemes and policies are been launched to promote cycling.
In Europe, many cities are like Netherland, Belgium, etc. have successfully developed
sustainability through cycling. The citizens are highly using bicycles as mode of transport. The
major reason of success of cycling in Portland, London, Copenhagen, etc is support from
government and local authorities. They formulated some policies and laws that allowed people to
use bicycles. Besides this, several campaigns were organised to promote benefits of cycling. Due
to this it was easy for them to adopt this concept at such a great extent quickly.
In Portland to promote sustainability through cycling of Portland's urban planning and
Bureau of Transportation offered free cycle rides to people. Also, classes are given to introduce
the people. In Copenhagen cycles were offered five times more than any other vehicles. They
developed 375 km separate tracks for bicycles. With this it was easy for people to buy bicycle. In
London awareness was generated through cycling marathons. A cyclist movement was also
initiated where some people protected environment on bicycles. A cycle hire scheme was
introduced known as Boris bike in which include more than 8000 cycle available in 70 countries.
In Manchester there is no proper infrastructure or schemes developed by government for
cycling. This has restricted people to use bicycle as mode of transport. Alongside it, there is no
awareness among people regarding use of bicycles and what is its economic and health benefits.
Beside this, there are no separate roads or streets for cycling. The people have to use same street
or highways. Hence, it results in accidents and people do not feel safe while riding on roads. So,
due to lack of safety of cyclist on roads of Manchester there is less use of cycles on roads. People
think that going on bicycle reflects bad image in front of others. Also, they feel uncomfortable
and shy to use bicycle.
Therefore, schemes and policies play a crucial role in implementation of sustainability. It
generates awareness and provide framework to people. Also, it includes safety rules and laws
related to use of bicycles. Moreover, it supports company to produce bicycles.
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It is summarised that similarly it will be highly beneficial for Manchester to create sustainable
atmosphere through cycling. It will help in reducing pollution level and improving health of
people. Furthermore, it will be useful in reducing CO2 emissions. This is done by formulating
policies. Another thing that can be done is changing mind set of people. This can be done by
providing information about benefits of cycling. Moreover, Manchester can develop an
integrated network of routes and cycling tracks that connects metro stations. It will ease in
travelling on those places. This will also increase the number of cyclist in city. The government
and company can attract youth by starting several schemes. Alongside it, by working closely
with local authorities and agencies government can develop sustainability. By this people will be
encouraged. Besides it, certain programs like providing training, organising marathon, etc.
enables people to use bicycle more and more. Manchester should plan policies in order to
promote sustainability within the city and should formulate strategies for attracting people and
making cycling popular among the youth of Manchester. In order to achieve sustainability it is
important to focus on city planning policies for improving cycling within the city.
It is concluded that there are many benefits of cycling that is economic. It requires very less
cost for people to buy and maintain bicycle. Also, there is no use of fuel in it which makes it easy
for people to use. In future use of bicycle will be highly beneficial. The carbon emission level
will be decreased. There will be more innovation in future in bicycles. The bike sharing
technology will help in communicating with other people who wants to use bikes. E bikes will
evolve making it easy for people to use.
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