[FULL ACCESS] Obesity and Heart Disease

This assignment involves analyzing the relationship between obesity and heart disease using cross-tabulation and chi-square tests. The data provided shows a strong correlation between being overweight or obese and having hypertension, as well as being an individual smoker or having too much body fat. The results of the Pearson, Chi-Square, Likelihood Ratio, and Ratios are presented, highlighting the significance of weight management in preventing cardiovascular diseases.

How is obesity related to
sedentary behaviour?

Table of Contents
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................1
1.1 Overview of research .......................................................................................................1
1.2 Background of the study...................................................................................................1
1.3 Rationale for the study......................................................................................................2
1.4 Research aims and objectives...........................................................................................2
1.5 Research Questions..........................................................................................................3
1.6 Framework and analysis...................................................................................................3
1.7 Potential significance of the research...............................................................................4
1.8 Chapter structure..............................................................................................................5
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW.........................................................................................7
2.1 Analyse the concept of obesity.........................................................................................7
2.2 Ways to determine the major cause of obesity...............................................................12
2.3 Evaluate the major risk factors related with obesity......................................................15
2.4 Ways to analyse how obesity is related with sedentary behaviour................................21
CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY...........................................................................24
3.1 Type of investigation......................................................................................................24
3.2 Research design..............................................................................................................25
3.3 Research approach..........................................................................................................25
3.4 Research philosophy.......................................................................................................26
3.5 Data collection method...................................................................................................27
3.6 Sampling method............................................................................................................28
3.7 Data analysis...................................................................................................................29
3.8 Accessibility issues.........................................................................................................30
3.9 Ethical issues..................................................................................................................30
3.10 Validity and reliability..................................................................................................31
CHAPTER 4: DATA ANALYSIS................................................................................................32
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS...................................................53
5.1 Conclusion......................................................................................................................53
5.2 Recommendations..........................................................................................................53
REFLECTIVE STATEMENT.......................................................................................................53

REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................55
APPENDIX....................................................................................................................................59

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Overview of research
Obesity is a state of an individual with access of body fat that impacts negatively on
health and may create several other medical issues for them. It is most commonly caused by a
combination of habits such as excessive take of balanced diet, lack of regular exercise and
genetic susceptibility. Moreover, it is essential for every person to take care of their food habit on
daily basis to reduce risk of being obese but negligence towards this issues may create several
critical diseases which are not easily curable (Alberga, Sigal, Goldfield, Prud', Homme and
Kenny, 2012). In current scenario, people prefer junk food regularly which generates problem in
order to make people fatty. However, it is effortless to maintain their body fat but it is very
difficult to reduce the same by conducting several tough physical activities for hours in daily
basis. There are various kinds of reasons behind gaining excessive weight including poor diet
with high fats or calories, sedentary lifestyle, not sleeping enough, genetics, growing older which
leads to slower metabolism and pregnancy. Additionally, several other medical problems are also
analysed which are responsible for weight gaining such as polycystic ovary syndrome, Prader-
Willi syndrome, Cushing syndrome, hypothyroidism and osteoarthritis.
1.2 Background of the study
The term obesity can be explained as a condition of a person in which they have more
weight than normal health. It can be considered as chronic situation which is defined by excess
amount of fat. The present research is based on health issue known as obesity among youngsters
through interpreting statistical data along with analysing specific causes and risk factors
associated with the same. Meanwhile, a normal quantity of body fat is required in order to store
energy, heat insulation, shock absorption and other relevant functions. Obesity is basically a
“Body Mass Index” of an individual which involves number of risk factors that may generated
through excess of body fat (Stubbs, Williams, Gaughran and Craig, 2016). Moreover, these
health problems are insulin resistance, Type 2 (adult-onset) diabetes, High blood pressure
(hypertension), hypercholesterolemia, cerebrovascular accident or CVA, Heart attack,
Congestive heart failure, Gallstones, Gout & gouty arthritis, Osteoarthritis and Sleep apnea.
Furthermore, several factors are associated with an issue of excess gaining of body fat which
include ethnicity, childhood weight and hormonal change. It is necessary for people to focus on
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this problem and put few easy steps to maintain their body weight to avoid the severe problem of
becoming fatty. People should prefer healthy diet, proper sleeping, ignore junk food, conduct
daily exercise, go for regular check-ups and many more. Additionally, there are several methods
which are effective as well as efficient in terms of measuring body fat in proper manner
including hydrostatic weighing, BOD POD and DEXA.
1.3 Rationale for the study
The obesity is considered as major health problem in present situation as it creates several
other critical disease in human beings which has certain different causes. It is observed and
analysed that various minor habits or life styles of people are responsible for obesity in young
people of country (Marsh, Mhurchu and Maddison, 2013). However, individuals are required to
take care of their body and prefer several desired precautions to avoid various health problems in
easy manner. It is very important for an individual to adopt certain habits such as taking balanced
diet, regular physical exercise, yoga, avoid junk food and many more. However, these are some
of very effective as well as efficient steps which provide support to avoid an issue of overweight
that may leads to several health problems. Additionally, there are different types of medical
issues that can create such as high cholesterol, Type 2 diabetes, heart disease, stroke, cancer, gall
stones, erectile dysfunction, Osteoarthritis and many more. Moreover, obesity impacts negatively
on quality if life by generating certain problems including depression, disability, sexual
problems, shame & guilt, social isolation and lower work achievement.
The main purpose of this research to observe and analyse actual reasons behind obesity
among young people England. It will provide help to evaluate real cause to make an appropriate
curable techniques of procedures which can be used to reduce this issues in the nation.
Moreover, actual reasons of increasing patients of obesity can be controlled by making people
aware about actual reason along with effective precautions which can be taken by citizens for
remaining fit and fine (Harvey, Chastin and Skelton, 2015). The researcher gains different
information in terms of obesity which render support to them carrying out much efficient health
promotion campaigns in order to reduce this problems from the country. It is necessary to make
comparison among certain years about this problems so that accurate decision can be taken to
reduce the same.
1.4 Research aims and objectives
Aim –
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To determine how Obesity is related to sedentary behaviour. A health survey for
England.
Objectives
 To analyse the concept of obesity.
 To determine the major cause of obesity.
 To evaluate the major risk factors related with obesity.
 To analyse how obesity is related with sedentary behaviour.
1.5 Research Questions
 How to analyse the concept of obesity?
 What are the ways to determine the major cause of obesity?
 How to evaluate the major risk factors related with obesity?
 What are the ways to analyse how obesity is related with sedentary behaviour?
1.6 Framework and analysis
There are different types of tools and techniques which are helpful in carrying a particular
research appropriately for achieving desired results, that is known as framework. It includes
analysis of those specific methods which are supportive in order to gain better outcomes of
particular research. Some of these tools are explained further -
Research design – This can be described as to make an appropriate collections of
methods as well as processes which should be analysed with variables relevant to research
problem in overall procedures. It is of several types of such as descriptive, correlation, semi-
experimental, experimental, review and meta-analytic in which it is required to select best one
option which is more favourable for particular research process (Marsh, Foley, Wilks and
Maddison, 2014).
Research philosophy – The research philosophy refers to an appropriate method of
collecting overall relevant data or information which is required to conduct specific research
properly. It basically deals with the source, nature and knowledge which can be utilised in data
analysis for research to make more accurate outcomes.
Research type – The present study is based upon qualitative research which is preferred
to gain understanding of underlying reasons, opinions, and motivations. It includes the criteria to
provide insights into problems or help in order generate concepts for a potential research.
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Research approach – This can be described as appropriate plan of action including
several procedures or activities such as data collection, analysis and interpretation. The present
dissertation is based ion deductive approach of research which provide help to analyse actual
information obesity.
Data collection – This refers to an appropriate technique of gathering and measuring
information in variables of interest which are organised in systematic way (De Craemer, De
Decker, De Bourdeaudhuij, Vereecken, Deforche, Manios, Cardon and ToyBox‐study group,
2012). Moreover, it is helpful in order to answer stated research questions, test hypotheses, and
evaluate outcomes. It is divided into primary and secondary data which are collected by several
different sources.
Data analysis – The data analysis can be explained as to an accurate procedure to
implement several statistical as well as logical techniques to define, condense and evaluate
information. The present dissertation is based on qualitative techniques along with conducting
thematic data analysis by graphical representation.
1.7 Potential significance of the research
The obesity is a stage of an individual’s where they get over weighted because extra fat
molecules get deposited in their body which create several problems for them. They lack their
flexibility of body, stamina and immediate action capability. Apart from this, during obesity,
people will remain always surrounded by different types of critical diseases such as Genetics,
Family lifestyle, Inactivity, Unhealthy diet, Medical problems, Certain medications, Social and
economic issues, Age, Pregnancy, Quitting smoking and lack of sleep. It is important to conduct
a research on obesity to know about actual cause of the problem in young people of England.
Moreover, it will facilitate to provide more effective information about negative habits of
youngsters and make them ware about those factors which are responsible for overweight
(Witten, 2016).
The potential significances of this dissertation is to thoroughly analyse present scenario
of adults through observing their lifestyles and determine threats in the same. It is helpful to gain
appropriate facts or figures about actual reasons and then provide this information to citizens of
country in order to make them healthy. It is well known that young individuals or adults are
future of the nations so that it is essential for them to remain fit which is mandatory for
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development. It is supportive to researcher for gaining required information in order to deal with
future medical issues properly.
1.8 Chapter structure
Chapter 1: Introduction
An introduction is most important part of any report containing basic information about
topic, its purpose, objective and depicts a background of the same. This also include assumptions
that will be made before starting the research. This section contains a brief knowledge about the
subject chosen for investigation or research as well as their objectives and problems that are to be
solved. In introduction, purpose should come first and than background, method of research and
scope (Brug, Van Stralen, Chinapaw, De Bourdeaudhuij, Lien, Bere, Singh, Maes, Moreno, Jan
and Kovacs, 2012). The purpose is always written in present tense, whereas background gives
the need of investigation and written in present or past tense. Method of investigation contains
research approaches and scope includes areas of investigation.
Chapter 2: Literature review
It is the information about previously published information by scholars or researchers
and on a specific topic chosen by researcher. These researchers have already performed some
research related to specific topic or have given some knowledge about it. The purpose of writing
literature review is to convey the reader about the knowledge and ideas that have been
established on a topic, and their strength and weaknesses. As a part of report writing, literature
review must be explained by directional concept such as research objectives, problems and issues
discussed in report and thesis of report. The purpose of literature review is to demonstrating
author's knowledge in respect of specific area through involving vocabulary, theories, key
variables, phenomena etc.
Chapter 3: Research Methodology
Research methodology is a process that is used to collect data and information
systematically for purpose of decision making in business. This methodology may contain
interviews, publication research, surveys and other techniques and may include its previous and
present information. Research methodology aim to solve intellectual and practical questions by
applying systematic methods (Golley, Hendrie, Slater and Corsini, 2011). It is necessary to select
best one option to conduct research by gathering proper data and information as it facilitates to
make more accurate results of research properly. An effective as well as efficient research
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methodology is essential to conduct research which provide support to make better results in
respect of particular topic or relevant.
Chapter 4: Data Analysis
The data analysis can be described as a procedure in which inspecting, cleaning,
transforming and modelling data should be done in order to fulfil requirements of particular goal.
It provide useful information, informing conclusions and support to make correct decision in
proper way. It is utilised to collect required data about specific topic which provide support to
conduct an appropriate interpretation so that better results can be concluded properly (Ho,
Garnett and Baur, 2014). There are various kinds of methods used for data analysis such as
qualitative including observations or interviews and qualitative which involve experiments &
surveys. It also includes process of interpreting the collected information through displaying it in
form of table, bar chart, line graph, or other suitable representation.
Chapter 5: Conclusion and Recommendations
The conclusion refers to summary of a particular projects along with findings of the
same. It include to summarize various key facts which are identified in specific research project
relevant to topic or its problems. Moreover, after determining related findings, it is essential to
make some suggestions and mention with their significance. The present research is required to
conclude about obesity and its relevant risks as well as causes which are related to survey of
England. It needs to make an appropriate recommendations so that problems can be reduced in
an appropriate way in order to achieve desired development .
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CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
Literature Review can be defined as the in-depth research of the previous research which
is already been conducted by someone, previously and do not report new experimental tasks.
Basically, it is a summary and synopsis of whole research done. It sums up prior research and
flashes out about how a particular project is linked with that previous one. It describes new
learnings from prior research and gives new ideas with fresh starts. Moreover, it involves
description about particular topic and focus on relevant problems which should be mentioned
along with developing a thesis (Morawska and West, 2013). It basically includes to describe,
summarize, evaluate and clarify the literature of specific topic. Additionally, it is necessary to
survey books, scholarly articles and any other sources relevant to a particular issue, area of
research which helps to investigate about particular problem. There are three types of literature
reviews; evaluative, exploratory and instrumental. Literature review drags about new techniques
and statistical procedures which are not described in previous one. Literature review is important
in many ways; it improves research methodology, basically focuses on research problems,
assurance of new findings, etc.
2.1 Analyse the concept of obesity
Obesity can be described as medical condition in which an individual gains extra weight
due to that fat molecules get deposits in body tissues. It is most common problems which is
observed in young people because they have in appropriate life style including lack of physical
work, exercise and excess of eating junk food habit. Fast of items provide much calories in single
time meal but not render healthy diet to a person which results into gaining extra body weight
which leads to several dangerous disease also.
According to the point of view Rachael Rettner (2018), Obesity can be defined as the
situation where a human body stores and accumulates so much fat which is in excess amount,
will leave negativeness and harmful impact over human body and health. A person is said to be
obese when he gains at least 20% higher weight than normal weight. In recent years, number of
people having obesity are increased and it is a leading cause of major illness like, blood pressure,
heart attack, diabetes, different types of cancers and even death, in some cases. As a result,
World Health Organization has considered obesity as epidemic.
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Reasons of Obesity – There are so many reasons of obesity which causes various kinds
of critical health problems. Moreover, it may involve different types of causes such as
consuming too much calories, living a sedentary lifestyle and not sleeping enough. people,
specially youth are dependent on fast foods and eat them on regular basis. As a result, from these
foods, they consume too much calories than their body burns and it results in obesity. The
present ear is full of digitalisation which helps people to fulfil their various requirements by
sitting at home only. With introduction of televisions, computers, video games, etc. and other
modern techniques, people are going away from physical hard works and leading towards
sedentary lifestyle. Citizens are not taking enough night sleeps for various reasons; work
pressure, chatting on social sites, etc. Uneven sleeps are the major reasons of obesity.
According to the views of Ingrid Strauch (2018), there are several complications are
associated with obesity including chronic daytime sleepiness, difficulty concentrating, learning
& memory difficulties, falling asleep while working or driving, depression and cardiovascular
disease. Various health risks are associated with obesity which are described here. Firstly, there
could be breathing disorders to human’s body such as; sleep apnea. Secondly, various types of
harmful cancers can occur to bodies such as; stomach cancer, blood cancer, etc. However, one of
major cause of obesity is uneven sleeps which results out in depression. Depression is severe
problem in which human body and mind does not work properly. At last, high blood pressure is a
disease which even small children faces. Obesity causes high and low blood pressure as well.
On the other hand, Debbie A Lawlor (2018) states about prevention that obesity should
be managed to prevent and decrease health risks associated with the same. People should manage
their weights by controlling calorie consumption because increased weight is the main cause of
obesity. They should take proper sleeps at night because proper night sleeps make human body
healthy and productive. Moreover, breast feeding provide support and protect children from
becoming obese. There are several types of techniques through body weight can be maintained
and avoid problem of obesity easily by preferring healthy activities or habits in their lifestyles.
However, young people of country must do physical exercise daily, prefer yoga, avoid intake of
junk food regularly, reduce habit of taking alcohol & other sugary drinks which results
maintaining an appropriate body weight to remain fit.
This reports include compared discussion about obesity in different population age
groups by age, sex, region and area deprivation. People of England has bad food habits and
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regular schedules due to which they become overweight or obese. Moreover, having this
problems, they create risks for several diseases including hypertension, diabetes and many severe
problems. It is analysed that 26% of men and 27% of women are obese whereas 40% males &
30% females are overweight which is similar to the statistics of year 2010. However, physical
activities among adults of given country are not able to met desired criteria as it is observed that
66 per cent of men and 58 per cent of women aged 19 and over met the aerobic activity
guidelines. Meanwhile, due to problem of obesity, 28% of adults has high blood pressure and
12% of them had untreated hypertension. Furthermore, citizens of England do not focus on their
and health and remain negligent in order to consult with specialist or taking medicine for issue of
become overweight or obese. Among the obese individuals, 31% or men and 16% of women
usually prefer to drink alcohol which increased risk of harm in 2016.
On the basis of opinion state by Cawley and Meyerhoefer (2012), People of selected
nation include that smoking is also creating critical issues for individuals who are overweight or
obese. It is analysed that 20% of males and 26% of females are smokers which is a bad habit as it
may generate more severe health issue for them in future. Furthermore, obese people with age
between 55 to 64 years are suffered with chronic kidney disease and 2% of adults are suffering
from the problem. Now, if talking about children then 16 per cent of them who aged between 2
to 15 years were obese and a further 12 per cent of children were overweight. Moreover, it is
analysed that prevalence of high blood pressure was 31% among men whereas 26% in women
which shows a little change in few years.
Obesity is a major issue because it generates other different types of severe diseases in
human body which are responsible to make life horrible. This can be classified as overweight,
obesity and central obesity and people are usually distinguished as normal, overweight or obese.
It is a non- communicable disease which takes place in citizens due to extra gaining of fat
molecules in body. There are different types of factors which are associated with this problem
are Fat Mass and Percent Body Fat, Body Mass Index and Fat Distribution (Central Obesity).
People usually face increased belly fat which create several issues and it is very difficult to be
reduced so that fatty individuals are required hours of work out on daily basis to maintain their
body through burning extra calories.
According to the point of view of Jonathan Q Purnell (2018), Body fat percentage of an
individual is total mass of fat divided by total body mass and multiplied by 100. It basically
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involve essential body fat which is mandatory to maintain life and different types of of functions
such as reproduction. The problem of weight of human body can be classified in terms of BMI
such as underweight- 18.5; normal weight- 18.5 – 24.9; Overweight 25.0 – 29.9; Obese: Class I-
30.0 – 34.9; Obese: Class- II 35.0 – 39.9; Obese: Class III- 40.0 and above. Moreover, it is
analysed that women requires more body fat in comparison to men due to fulfilling demands of
child bearing and other various hormonal changes that take place in body during different stages
of life. There are various kinds of techniques which are utilised to measure body fat including
hydrostatic weighing, Whole-body air displacement plethysmography, Near-infrared interactance
and Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. However, percentage of fat in body can be calculated
with calipers or through help of bioelectrical impedance analysis.
In context of England it is observed that, there are various kinds of food items that carries
more calories but people like to eat them on regular basis which should be avoided. According to
opinion of Ellison, McPhail and Mitchinson (2016) Different types of food products with their
amount of calories are described here which helps to make proper decision to east them regularly
or not. It includes doughnut having 260 calories in single piece and whole box contains around
3120 calories that required 25 miles of running to burn them. A half cup plain vanilla ice cream
has 230 calories and 15 chips will gain 160 calories. Moreover, various other food items are
mentioned here with their amount of calories including cocktail- 284 per glass, beer- 150, hot-
dogs- 390, fatty red meats- 1000, meat pizza- 300, veg pizza- 100, giant burgers- 1000, BBQ
pork sandwich- 600, Danish pastry- 440 and so on. Additionally, it is essential for people to take
health diet in order to remain fit and prefer junk or high calorie food occasionally because
regular taking of fast food will results into overweight condition.
Overall observation include that females of England are 41% are normal, 30% are
overweight and 205 are obese. Furthermore, among males 33% are normal, 40% are overweight
and 26% are obese. It is also analysed that in every hundred adults of England, 26 are obese, 35
are overweight, 37 are of normal weight and 2 are underweight. Moreover, people having low
diet think that they have maintained weight but it is necessary to gain normal fat on body which
are essential for carrying outs overall metabolism in proper manner. Additionally, citizens do not
aware about desired calories of energy which is necessary to conduct different reactions
including anabolism and catabolism. AS per view point of Frey, Latzin, Usemann, Maccora and
Kriemler (2015), it is evaluated that only 39% of citizens prefer to work out through gym,
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regular exercise or by taking help of mobile apps etc. Meanwhile, among these people, 29%
prefer gym or normal exercise, 8% consider websites or mobile phone applications and 6% of
them are utilising tracker or fitness monitors.
It has been analysed that, ration of issues among sample population of 100 people of
England where 40 males, 30 females and 30 other individuals can be considered as overweight.
At the other hand, it is observed that 26 men, 27 women and rest of 47 others are obese whereas
31 males, 26 females and 43 another persons are suffering from problem of hypertension due to
having more weight than normal. In contrary to this, people having habits of smoking on regular
basis consists ratio including 26 men, 17 women and 57 rest of others have problems of obesity.
Moreover, it is also analysed about ratio of too heavy individuals such as 40 males, 50 females
and 10 other persons in England.
At last, it is evaluated that people have to put efforts towards maintaining their weight of
body because obesity increasing the risk of other health conditions such as joint problems, lower
back pain, high blood pressure, coronary heart disease & stroke, deep vein thrombosis and many
more. On the basis of opinion of Hanks, Justand Wansink, (2013), overweight may lead to
different severe health issues which create critical situation for an individual. Thus, citizens of
England are required to intake healthy balanced diet, prefer regular exercise and consider
regular check-up which help to remain fit and fine always. Hence, they should avoid daily eating
habit of junk food, work out regularly and consult from doctor in order to have any minor
problem to stay away from critical health issues.
There are various kinds tips which provide support to lose weight to maintain body figure
properly and avoid risk of several other medical issues. Firstly, it is necessary to strictly follow
instructions of doctor about techniques of weight losing through avoiding any kind of negligence
towards them. Secondary, take any medication only by prescription of specialist because they
might have crucial side effects on body. Thirdly, prefer such medications which also support a
healthy diet and physical activity events. Moreover, avoid to take medicines of weight loss
during gestation period as it is harmful for the foetus and mother as well. Furthermore,
medications either remain negative effects on body so that it is more beneficial to conduct some
of natural remedies or physical work out regularly to reduce extra weight if possible as per health
conditions of an individual.
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2.2 Ways to determine the major cause of obesity
The main cause of obesity can be considered as habit of eating too much and moving
very little which creates an imbalance of calories in body. It will result into overweight situation
and still ignoring that may leads to obesity which is responsible for creating various kinds of risk
regarding health of an individual. However, it is necessary to burn overall calories which gained
through eating food items which maintains overall body fat. If a person consumes high amount
of energy, specifically fats or sugars and not able to burn them by conducting exercise or
physical activity then more surplus of energy will store in body tissues as fat molecules.
According to the opinion of J. Michael Gonzalez (2018), there are different types of causes are
analysed in people of England which are given below -
Calories – The amount of energy which is required by body for carrying out different
activities are measured in a unit and that is known as calorie. It is necessary to gain sufficient
quantity of energy by eating healthy food that helps to remain it and active. In case, if a man
requires 2500 and woman needs 2000 calories than it sounds much higher amount. According to
opinion of Hsieh, Rimmer and Heller (2014), a one meal containing hamburger, fries and
milkshake can provide totally 1500 calories so that people can easily gain energy but not able
burn them properly which results into deposition of fat molecules in body tissues that is
responsible for increasing weight of a person.
Poor diet – This refers to bad food habits of an individual along with their lifestyles
which facilitate choice of eating food items. It includes different types of eating habits and
preferring those food products which are not good for health but contains large amount of
calories. Moreover, some of these habits are given below -
Fast or junk food habit – There are various kinds of food items which are people of
England likes the most including fast or junk food items. However, these food products are
delicious but contains much calories and taking these goods at regular basis will result into
deposition of fat molecules into body tissues which facilitates increasing weight of a person. As
per view point of Gómez-Cabello, Pedrero-Chamizo, Olivares, Hernández-Perera, Rodríguez-
Marroyo, Mata, Aznar, Villa, Espino-Torón, Gusi and González-Gross (2012), Junk food
involves Hamburgers, fried chicken, pizza, candies and so on which are mostly preferred by
adult generation of England which is responsible for overweight or obese condition among them.
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Drinking too much alcohol – There are so many people in England who prefer to drink
alcohol on daily basis and individuals addicted to the same will also gain excess weight.
Moreover, alcohol contains much quantity of calories which is harmful for body and it consumes
enough amount of sugar at time of manufacturing at large scale. Meanwhile, there are different
types of alcohol which contains differentiated amount of sugar as well as vary in negative
impacts on body also. Thus, young generation of England should not prefer alcohol on daily
basis or in excess quantity as it is harmful for health and many create other serious problems like
obesity.
Eating out a lot – This include the habit of individuals in England of overeating and
intake snacks or other food items on continuous basis in a day which result into gain of extra
calories. It is observed that young individuals have habit of excess eating where they prefer to eat
in every 2 hours and prefer fast food only which gains more quantity of calories. Further, this
habit of overeating results into increasing weight of the body which may leads to overweight
condition and after that obesity.
Drinking too many sugary drinks – There are various kinds of soft drinks and other
similar products are available which contains more sugar in them. Meanwhile, eatable items
containing much sugar are also responsible for gaining extra fat molecules in body so that it is
necessary to avoid them on daily basis but can prefer in rare cases. According to opinion of
Malhotra, Noakes and Phinney, (2015) Several sugary drinks which intake by youngsters of
England involve fruit juice, Sports drinks, chocolate milk, flavoured coffee, iced tea, vitamin
water, pre- made soup and many more which contains much sugar amount in them. Additionally,
young citizens of England do not prefer these drinks on regular basis as they can lead to gain
more than normal weight of body which may results into obesity.
Comfort eating – This can be described as habit of eating to feel comfortable while
getting depressed or low esteem. May of individuals prefer to eat when they are not feeling well
or remain upset and then they used to eat their favourite fast food or sugary drink to make
themselves better. Moreover, such habits also gain much calories in body which starts deposit in
body tissues like fat molecule and may leads to obesity. Additionally, it is essential for citizens to
notice their regular habits of eating which gain so much calories so that they can avoid the same
otherwise body will starts gaining extra fat.
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The above mentioned different eating habits are responsible for gaining extra weight in
body tissues which cause problem of become overweight and then obese that may leads to a
condition of having too much weight. It involves present lifestyle of intake fast food on regular
basis which contains lots of calories but not good for health. At the other hand, it is analysed
that problem of extra weight contains different ratios as per differentiated age groups in England.
However, among 4 to 5 years old children, 1% are underweight, 77% are healthy weight, 13%
are overweight and 9% are obese. In contrary to this, for 10 to 11 years kids consists ratio of 1%
underweight, 65% normal weight, 14% are overweight and 20% of them are obese. Moreover, in
case of adults, the Percentage is 3 % are bellow normal weight, 35% have healthy weight, 36%
are considered as overweight and rest of 26% are obese.
Lack of physical activity – There are different types of physical activities which are
carried by people for burning calories and remaining fit. It involves physical exercise, visit gym
daily, use websites to conduct workout which helps to reduce extra body fat from different parts.
On the basis of view point of Marshall and Spong, (2012) it is analysed that only 29 % of young
people prefer to work out on daily basis but rest of other not. This negligence of ignoring
physical activities regularly leads to gain more than normal quantity of calories on body which
results into creating condition of overweight or obese.
Genetics – This can be described about problem of obesity gained by ancestors which get
transferred through genes from one generation to the next. It is important to analyse the same
from early age so that it can be treated at first stage to reduce its negative impacts on body.
However, it involves several genetic conditions which cause obesity such as Prader-Willi
syndrome. Thus, genetic traits are also responsible for gaining extra weight which results into
obese condition of an individual.
Medical reasons – There are different types of health problems and several medications
which may leads to gain extra weight into body tissues. It is essential to take medicines or
several required treatments to remain healthy but people should carefully notice side effects of
medications and consult from their specialists to reduce them effectively. According to opinion
of Khambalia, Hardy and Bauman (2012), some of medical reasons which may responsible for
gaining extra weight are polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), underactive thyroid gland
(hypothyroidism), Cushing's syndrome and certain medications. There are several medicines
which are used to remove particular disease may impact negatively and heir few effects remained
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in body. For example, in case pregnancy, females gain lots of weight during gestation period
because they are required to take rest most of time which facilitate to reduce chance of
conducting physical exercise. Moreover, after delivery, they will remain fatty but still not
capable to conduct any physical work out so that it may cause overweight condition for them for
certain period of time. Additionally, of they did not put extra efforts to maintain their body fat
then their overweight situation may lead to obesity.
There are several drugs such as antidepressants, steroids and diabetes medications which
results into gained of extra weight in body tissues. Moreover, it is also observed that behaviour,
socio economic status, culture, and environmental factors of an individual’s impacts on their
body in terms of making them overweight or obese. As per opinion of Cislak, Safron, Pratt,
Gaspar and Luszczynska (2012), it has been stated that Weight gained is very common in
psychotropic therapy and certain atypical antipsychotic drugs such as clozapine, olanzepine,
risperidone and quetiapine. Additionally, some of antidepressants like amitriptyline, mirtazapine;
few serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs); mood stabilizers including lithium, valproic acid &
carbamazepine antiepiletic drugs involving valproate, carbamazepine and gabapentin. Thus, all
of these medications and drugs are responsible for gaining extra weight in body.
2.3 Evaluate the major risk factors related with obesity
Obesity is not just an extra gain of body but it is responsible for generating various kinds
of diseases in body. As per knowledge of Owen, Sugiyama, Eakin, Gardiner, Tremblay and
Sallis (2011), deposition of fat molecules in body tissues creates several problems in processing
regular functions of body which facilitate into certain health issues. Meanwhile, there are
different kinds of risk factors which are associated with obesity such as Coronary heart disease,
High blood pressure, Stroke, Type 2 diabetes, Some of cancers including breast, colon,
endometrial, gallbladder, kidney & liver, Sleep apnea, High LDL cholesterol, low HDL
cholesterol or high levels of triglycerides, Gallstones, Osteoarthritis and Infertility or irregular
periods.
Heart disease and stroke – This can be described as problems which can be generated
while blood vessels become narrow and hard. It will facilitate to create blood pressure because
flow of blood not remain easy because extra fat molecules get deposited in blood vessels and
normal flow of the same will not occur. Moreover, this will provide support to development of
other health issues such as an individual having extra weight get suffer from heart attack, heart
15

failure, sudden cardiac death, angina (chest pain), or abnormal heart rhythm etc. On the basis of
given graphical representation, around 36% of people have risk of cardiovascular disease due to
problem of obesity in England. However, 30% of hypertension problem is get improved in
citizens of the same country. Additionally, there are different other relevant diseases which high
blood pressure, higher cholesterol and more than normal sugar of blood. Meanwhile, problem of
stroke happens which include flow of blood stops to part of brain that cause brain cells to die and
results into ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke.
(Source: López-Jiménez F., 2018)
Diabetes – The diabetes is a kind of situation where sugar level of blood become extra
than normal when synthesis of insulin in pancreas starts decreasing. According to views of
Lanigan (2011), people having problem of overweight or obese mostly leads to generate Type 2
diabetes in them and they can reduce this risk by losing extra body mass, eating balanced diet,
getting adequate sleep etc. From above graph, it has been analysed that 3% of diabetes is
increased in people of England. Moreover, putting efforts to control and maintain normal body
weight will provide help to reduce need of diabetes medications.
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Illustration 1: Obesity and the Heart

Different types of cancers – This can be explained about various kinds of cancers which
may occur in human beings in different parts of body. It involves the situation when the cells of a
body part like a colon, grow abnormally or out of control then it can be considered as cancer.
Additionally, these cells are known as cancerous- cells and they can spread in other body parts
such as liver. Moreover, extra disposition of fat cells release hormones which may affect growth
of cells that can be results into cancer. At last, there are different types of cancers in body parts
may occur due to having issues of overweight or obesity including breast- cancer after
menopause, colon & rectum, endometrium, gallbladder and kidney.
Fatty liver disease – The extra body fat may leads to create various kinds of severe
health issues such as fatty liver disease. On the basis of opinion of Deforche, Haerens and De
Bourdeaudhuij (2011), it is also known as non alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) which usually
takes place while fat builds up to the liver and cause a sever injury. Furthermore, it will facilitate
to give rise to certain critical problems such as liver damage, cirrhosis (scar tissue), or even liver
failure. At the other hand, it is considered as similar to alcoholic liver disease but affects people
of having middled age, overweight, obese and diabetic. Additionally, people are required to put
appropriate efforts for maintaining their body mass which helps to reduce risk of occurring fatty
liver disease in them.
Osteoarthritis – This is kind of diseases which involve problems of pain & stiffness in
the joints and it basically occur in several parts of body such as hands, knees, hips, and lower
back due to ageing or injury. At the other hand hand, risk of this issue can be created due to
factor of having position of overweight and obesity because additional mass results into extra
pressure on joints as well as cartilage which may cause them wear away. Additionally, it is
necessary for people to maintain their body weight through putting efforts on regular basis
because it will provide support to reduce risk of suffering from problem of osteoarthritis.
Sleep Apnea – This health problem refers to a situation when a person has one or more
pauses in breathing at the time sleeping in which a person may suffer from daytime sleepiness,
difficulty focusing and even heart failure. However, people having extra body weight results into
storing fats around neck which may leads to make airway smaller which results into difficult
breathing or snoring with breathe. Additionally, the storage of additional fat in neck will produce
several kinds of substances which cause inflammation and it is risk factor fort sleep apnea. As
per knowledge of Chien, Liou and Chang (2011), people of England required to reduce their
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extra body fat because it helps to decrease size of neck as well as lessen of inflammation which
facilitate to remove issue of sleep apnea.
Kidney disease – The kidney disease can be explained as occurrence of medical health
issue that is damaging of kidney due which it is not possible to filter blood in an appropriate
manner. Moreover, it is considered as a major issue because when kidneys are not capable to
filter blood then wastes are starts to spread in body which is harmful for organ and organ system.
However, it will create problems in functioning of body and it results into development of
several infections in body. At the other hand, people having problems of obesity bears risk of
occurring diabetes and high blood pressure which may leads to chronic kidney disease.
Pregnancy Problems – This can be described as complications or issues which may
occur at the time pregnancy. According to knowledge of Tuomilehto, Seppä and Uusitupa
(2013), it involves several risk factors such as developing gestational diabetes (high blood sugar
during pregnancy), having pre-eclampsia (high blood pressure during pregnancy that can cause
severe problems for both mother and baby if left untreated) as well as needing a C-section
(taking longer to recover after giving birth). Moreover, women having overweight position or
obesity create problem and complexities during the gestation period increase risk for mother as
well as foetus. Furthermore, it is necessary for women to remain conscious about their weight of
body to decrease complex risk factors of gestations period which provide support gain normal
pregnancy.
Dyslipidemia – This can be explained as collective situations of health problems
including High LDL cholesterol, low HDL cholesterol or high levels of triglycerides. It include
the fact that around 60-70% of patients with obesity are dyslipidemic. At the other hand, it
involvbes that lipid abnormalities in patients who are obese include elevated serum triglyceride,
VLDL, apolipoprotein B and non-HDL cholesterol levels. Moreover, people having extra weight
of body will consists risk of creating abnormalities relevant to dyslipidemia which results into
the same disease. On the basis of above representation, it is evaluated that 25 per cent of issues
of dyslipidemia is boosted up in people of England due to increased ratio of obesity. At last but
not least, people are required to adopt healthy lifestyle with intake of proper balanced diet as
well as physical exercise to maintain body mass which provide help to reduce risk of
dyslipidemia.
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Mental illness – This include several symptoms such as anxiety, clinical depression and
other, mental disorders which may takes place due to issue of having overweight or obesity.
Mental illness is the condition in which people not able to think effectively. It is health condition
in which changes take place in emotions, thinking or behaviour of the people. Mental illness
happen to the people because of stress and problem in the social, work or family activities. Glina,
Sharlip and Hellstrom (2013) states that, it is a treatable problem, there are vast majority of
individuals in the society living their daily life easily even suffering with the mental disorders.
Example of mental illness is depression ,anxiety , eating disorders, schizophrenia and many more
other things. When the people develop obesity in their body than they are not able to face the
world with the full confidence which gave rise to the mental illness. They always hide them from
the outside world as they think society people look them in a negative way. Due to obesity
people behaviour get change, sometimes the overactive to the minor situation and very small to
the major misshapen.
Cushing's syndrome – The Cushing syndrome is a health issue which occur when the
individual body face high level of hormone cortisol. They are various reasons due to which this
hormonal dis-balance occur in the individual. Generally, it happens because of the overuse of
corticosteroid medications. Doctor gave this medication to the individual to prevent from the
rejected transplanted organ. In this syndrome individual gain weight , fatty tissue deposit in their
body, pink or purple stretch marks on the skin , acne and many other things happened. The
common sign of this syndrome is obesity and skin changes. Apart from this there are many signs
which show the Cushing syndrome is muscle weakness, depression, headache, loss of emotional
balance etc. It was happen in the human body because of high level of stress, depression ,athletic
training ,malnutrition and alcoholism.
Growth hormone deficiency – This can be considered as a rare disorder characterized
through an inadequate secretion of growth hormone from anterior pituitary gland and small gland
that is located at brain of base. It is medical condition because not of the growth hormone. The
Growth Hormone Deficiency occurs when pituitary gland that does not produce the proper
growth hormone. In this, obesity is characterized through enhanced growth rate with bone age
maturation acceleration. Despite the growth, obesity is to be characterized through minimized the
GH secretion examined through the provocative tests. Moreover, people have required to
maintain their body weight to avoid risk of Growth hormone deficiency.
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Hypogonadism (Low testosterone) – This involves the primary sex hormone of in men
which is usually produced in testicles and responsible for deep voice, large muscles as well as
body hair. As per views of Ingrid Strauch (2018), it is considered as very essential for synthesis
of male gamete (Spermatogenesis) in order to develop sperms. Additionally, testosterone is also
produced on women but in less quantity in the ovaries and adrenal glands. At the other hand, this
hormone is very important for both male and female but obesity will facilitate into abnormalities
in quality and process of producing the same. However, it results into hypogonadism including
several symptoms such as ambiguous genitalia, underdeveloped male genitalia, infertility, low
sex drive, lack of muscle development, growth of breast tissues, erectile dysfunction and many
more.
Insulinoma – This involves a tumour of pancreas which is responsible for secreting
insulin and it is generated from beta cells. On the basis of opinion given by Bullon, Newman and
Battino, (2014), these tumours are not cancerous usually and its symptoms cannot be easily
noticeable. Additionally, it involves several signs such as double or blurred vision, confusion,
anxiety & irritability, dizziness, mood swings, weakness, sweating, hunger, tremors and sudden
weight gain. Further more, extra disposition of fat molecules disrupt balanced production of
insulin due to creation of insulinoma in pancreas. At last, citizens of England are required to put
efforts for reducing additional fat to balance level of sugar and insulin in body.
Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) – The polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a
condition which that affects hormone levels on women which create barrier to skip menstrual
periods and makes tough to conceive. Moreover, problem of PCOS results into several
symptoms including hair growth on the face and body, and baldness as well as may contribute
into medical issues like diabetes & heart diseases. At the other hand, females should put efforts
to reduce their extra fat molecules from body which facilitate to balance hormonal levels to
decrease risk of PCOS.
Infertility or irregular periods – Infertility can be defined as a situation when people
are not able to conceive a child even after trying a year. When people are not able to reproduce
by natural means, that situation is known as infertility. Women are having irregular periods when
length of their menstrual cycle is start to imbalance, which means that their hormones are not
working properly and are getting improper periods. Problems of Infertility and irregular periods
are mostly caused to those people who are suffering from obesity. Obese people have extra fat in
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their body and often suffers from dis balance of hormones. And hence most of the people are
unable to conceive child and suffer from infertility. In context of females only, since they have
improper hormonal secretion, and suffers from irregular periods.
Hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid) – The problem of hypothyroidism can be
explained as a situation which takes place when thyroid gland is not able to secrete sufficient
thyroid hormones. On the basis of opinion of Lynn Marks (2018), thyroid gland is small in size
and butterfly shaped organ situated at the base of neck in human being. At the other hand,
gaining additional weight in body creates problem of abnormality in procedure of synthesis of
thyroid hormone which results into issues called as hypothyroidism which shows several sings
including thinning hair, heavy menstrual periods, jaundice in infants, constipation, weight gain,
trouble sleeping, muscle cramps etc.
2.4 Ways to analyse how obesity is related with sedentary behaviour
Sedentary behaviours can be described as habit of people to remain always, lying done or
sitting whole day while doing anything on regular basis. It creates laziness in human body and
bears lifestyle of including a little or no physical activity. Moreover, it involves the criteria of
carrying out various daily basis activities such as reading, socialising, watching television,
playing video games, using mobile phones or computers for whole day to work through sitting or
lying down. As per view of P. A. J. Vissers (2018), people gain extra calories in body which they
are not able burn by physical activities on regular basis then the additional energy will remain
deposited as fat molecules in different parts of body. It will facilitate to gain extra weight and
then it may leads to obesity in them due to sedentary behaviour and negligence towards
overweight situation of an individual.
At the other hand, sedentary behaviour is no only responsible for obesity but also create
risk of other problems. Moreover, it involves risk of heart disease, vascular function, circulation,
blood pressure, cancer, diabetes, weight gain, metabolic, mental health, back or neck pain,
muscle degeneration, osteoporosis and mortality. Furthermore, sedentary behaviour is related
with obesity because extra calories get deposited as fat molecules in body which remain increase
on regular basis and finally results into a situation where a person can be considered as obese.
Most of the people are observed and it is analysed in England that they like easy lifestyle with
lack of physical work which will not required much energy so that extra calories remain unused
which converts into fats and get deposited in body parts. At the other hand, people consumes an
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amount of food or another eatable items to gain energy but they do not have much physical or
active work to burn that achieved quantity of calories and this will results into imbalanced
metabolism of body.
At the other hand, term sedentary behaviour refers to a life style with no physical
activity. An individual who is living a sedentary life is just simply lying down in a relax face. In
today's world many people spend there life being as a sedentary like at home, during rest time
like by watching TV, using phones etc. Recently it was founded that a high level of sedentary
behaviour affect health of individuals like increase in body weight, increase in diet plan etc. For
example, it involves students and working women and men, they just simply go to there duty and
sit for 6 to 7 hours and spend their rest of time at home by watching television as well as playing
games. As per knowledge of Phillips (2013), the term obesity and sedentary behaviour both are
correlated to one another. Both causes cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in a women. In recent
research it was founded that in UK state rate of obesity has gone up to 30%. Increase in rate of
obesity due to sedentary behaviour has lead to CVD death. Sedentary behaviour has lead to
obesity which as result has increased level of sugar level, hypertension. It is bit unclear about
fact that whether sedentary behaviour is result or cause for obesity. People doesn't perform any
physical activity because of which they are unable to burn up there calories which as a result
lead to obesity.
Firstly, a proactive approach need to be adopted to overcome sedentary behaviour of
people. Recently it has been founded that climbing of stairs burns more of calories per second .It
was suggested by researcher that instead of taking a elevator an individual should go for stairs
climbing in order to maintain themselves. Side by side an individual should start performing
more of physical activity like start doing those activities which gives a person more of interest to
do. Decreasing sedentary time at work, like instead of seated meeting try walking meetings. By
reducing sedentary time at home, like by gardening, dusting, go for a walk in evening. These all
above factors will help a individual to overcome from sedentary behaviour.
Leech, McNaughton and Timperio (2014) states that, by tracking physical activity like
using fit bit approach activity tracker. It is essential to regulate blood glucose, blood
pressure,mental health. Additionally to prevent from cancer disease. Even if a person exercise
daily then it is necessary to avoid sedentary behaviour also to gain its benefit. An individual is
just like a cough potato in modern time, main point is that not only exercise is important but a
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person need to minimize their sitting time schedule. Physical activity not only a means to
overcome from diseases which are linked with sedimentary behaviour,it is just a way and
technique of decreasing such behaviour centre for disease control. Moreover, it is also analysed
that problem of metabolic syndrome get increased by 17% due to obesity which is gained
because of sedentary behaviour in regular basis. The sitting and lying down always habits results
into disturbance in metabolism and an imbalanced will create in body components which leads to
a condition of becoming obese.
According to the opinion of I. Heinonen (2018), it is observed and analysed that
sedentary behaviour is not good for health as it reduce activeness of body which impacts on
quality work. It is essential for people to remain active and put efforts to avoid lazy lifestyle for
attaining healthy and fit lives ahead. There are several factors which provide support to sedentary
behaviour including genetic obesity risk score, energy intake and quality of diet (diet score),
alcohol consumption, smoking, sleep duration and socio economic status. Additionally, it is
analysed statically that obesity in children decreased by 10% to 9% in children because they are
active in playing games and physical work in England. Moreover, the issue of extra weight get
reduced by 9% to 8% in kids East of England from year 2015 to 2018.
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CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This part is considered as one of the most effective section of investigation that assist in
directing whole report towards right direction that help in evaluating accurate outcome or results.
In this, research aid in find out various techniques and tools where project has been conducted in
better manner. For developing authorized conclusion, investigator group can adopt various
effective method that are relevant on above described title. Thus, it is the main part which mainly
concentrate on collecting and gathering data with best appropriate solution for determining
correct facts and figures (Danielsen, Juliusson, Nordhus, Kleiven, Meltzer, Olsson and Pallesen,
2011). Therefore, researcher team is trying to select accurate methods and techniques for
gathering precise data which is used for identifying appropriate outcomes.
3.1 Type of investigation
It is critical for researcher team for examining the way of collecting and gathering precise
data in proper manner. Basically, investigator have to select best method and technique for
designing every activity in correct manner that will assist in developing whole project by follow
right direction. Despite from this, an investigation can be qualitative and quantitative due to this
there are two methods that are relevant for collecting accurate data and information which can be
used by analysing obesity ratio of England people.
Qualitative Research - It is a type of research which helps in gathering non numeric data.
Also, it helps in understanding the opinions, objective and motivations of others. The aim of this
research method is to understand the social background of individuals, groups and cultural
differences. There are various methods to conduct the research such as open ended
questionnaires, participant observation, documents, etc. For example, using unstructured
interview which are also known as informal interview helps the interviewee to present their own
thoughts on the respected matter which helps in interpreting their real sense of understanding.
Other that data in the form of words or text, other material like videos, sound recording,
photographs and many others are also considered to be qualitative data (Cao, Qian, Weng, Yuan,
Sun, Wang and Tao, 2011). There are various techniques to interpret the data like content
analysis, grounded theory and thematic analysis.
Quantitative Research - Any data that is in the form of numerics is known as quantitative
data such as statistics, percentages, etc. Such data is analysed by the researcher to attain the
24

desired results. It aims on establishing law of behaviours in general. There are various ways to to
collect data for the research such as paper survey, online surveys, telephonic interviews, face to
face interviews and many more. This research is used to test theories in context of whether to
reject or support it.
In this research project, the qualitative method is used for collecting and gathering
relevant data which are necessary for completing this investigation. It is useful for analysing and
examining correct information and facts that are related to research topic (Mouratidou, Mesana,
Manios, Koletzko, Chinapaw, De Bourdeaudhuij, SochaIotova, Moreno and ToyBox‐study
group, 2012). There are various methods for collecting data such as questionnaire, participant
observation, documents, etc. in qualitative method of research.
3.2 Research design
It is one of the most important section because it will assist in showing pattern for
managing and operating whole research functions and activities in proper manner and its major
aim is to reaching with desired goals and targets. It is the systematic approach that an
investigator use to conduct scientific study. This is the synchronisation of recognised elements
and data which results in possible outcome. Generally, this section is divided into various parts
such as experimental, descriptive and exploratory design of research. Thus, there are three types
of ways which assist in designing effective research that is determine as one of the essential
technique and method and it help in motivating or encouraging towards entire project in right
direction. In this specific investigation report, descriptive designing has been chosen for further
actions due to this it is fully suits on qualitative research method. Along with this, it will assist in
providing relevant data and information for every research report. It is the set of methods and
process which can be used for collecting and analysing measures of variable that is specialised in
research issue. The research design is the framework which has been developed for identified
answer of each research questions (Owen, 2012). In this project, descriptive research is used by
company because it will help in conducting in - depth research so investigator can easily acquire
correct answer of each question. Along with this, it can be utilised for describing the
characterised occurred and this can be used on the basis of casual relationship where one variable
affects another one.
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3.3 Research approach
It is the plan and procedure which consist of steps of broad assumptions to collect
detailed analysis of data collection, analysis and interpretation. It is mainly divided into two
approaches such as inductive and deductive approaches which help in smoothly running of
business operations and its functions. In this assignment, inductive approach is evaluated in
appropriate manner because whole work and investigation program is totally depend on
qualitative method. Therefore, it has been determined that it is the set of framework for
achieving final conclusion. The researchers perception while conducting investigation work is
supported that are described such as inductive and deductive approach. This will help in proving
certain existing theory through developing tentative hypothesis (Findholt, Davis and Michael,
2013). Therefore, it is directly impact on sales of organisation that can be judged through
collecting of data and information. Apart from this, qualitative data need an inductive approach
of analysis and on the other hand, quantitative data uses deductive approach. It us essential for
shows the logics. The two type of research approach are described as follows:
Inductive approach – It is also known as inductive reasoning which starts with observation and
theories that are proposed towards end of the research procedures as a resultant of
observation. It is essential to indicate that inductive approach does not imply disregarding
theories at the time of developing research questions and objectives. The main of this
approach is to collect data and information in order to recognise the patterns and
relationship. It is not protect the investigator from using existing theory which assist in
developing accurate research questions to be explored. This is totally based on learning from
experience, resemblances, regularities are ascertained in order to reach with conclusion.
Deductive approach – It is also called as deductive logic, logical deduction is the procedure of
reasoning from one and more statement that assist in achieving with logical conclusion. It is
mainly called as top down approach. This approach emphasise which is causality, the main
aim of inductive approach is to concentrate on exploring new phenomena or looking at past
researched phenomena from various perspectives.
In this research project, deductive approach is used by firm because it is based on
qualitative research method. It can be applied in the company because it will help in collecting
and gathering accurate facts and figures for completing project (Boyland and Halford, 2013).
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3.4 Research philosophy
The above part of the research, research philosophy is also seen as one of the most
essential section of investigation team due to this it provide necessary facts and figures by taking
reviews of various authors or scholars. This is the main part which is categorised into two parts
such as interpretivism and positiveness philosophy that are fully different from each others. In
this project, interpretivism concept is selected for taking further actions at the time of getting
correct data and information by using various sources. The research philosophy is the belief
where data can be collected, utilised and examined in proper manner. It is required for researcher
is to select best appropriate philosophy so they can easily support into consideration (Fedewa and
Davis, 2015). The investigation work can based on interpretivism or positivism philosophy.
There are two types of research philosophy that are described as under:
 Positivism – It is suitable philosophy for the research work in which scientific and
mathematical models are used for gathering and examining the relevant data. It will
emphasised that qualitative evaluation assist in providing training and development
program that will help in improving sales within an enterprise. It is based on
interpretivism philosophy that investigator are capable for conducting analysis in
effective manner. Therefore, it is suitable for adopting research into consideration in the
company. Positivists think that reality is stable and it can be observed from specific
objectives viewpoint without interferences with phenomenon being studied. In this,
prediction can be developed on the basis on previously explained and ascertained realities
and their inter relationship effectively.
 Interpretivism – In the case of interpretivism philosophy, the investigator require to
adopt qualitative means which help in collecting data and conduct analysis of the same.
It can be contended that subjective interpretation and intervention in reality can be easily
understand. In this, the study of phenomenon in their natural environment is the main key
to the interpretivist philosophy, together with acknowledgement that scientist does not
avoid affecting such phenomenon while they studied.
3.5 Data collection method
It is important to merge and consolidate the collective information in systematic manner
for better understanding and evaluation. Data collection methods are required to select before
collection type of information (Leatherdale and Papadakis, 2011). Collection of data form
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primary source and secondary are the most common methods used in research. The process of
collecting information mainly associated with primary information if data are collected for first
time and if the research is based upon the applied research and methodology then the concept
mainly undertakes the secondary method of collection of data. Information must be related with
major two sections as primary and secondary section. Collection of data mainly associated with
relevant information and data. Data collection is considered as one of the essential element of
research work. The investigator has opinion to collect correct data and informatics with the help
of primary and secondary method of research. On the other hand, secondary research is described
as one which is extracted from different sources that includes articles, journals, books and other
published materials. The research is considered with extracts correct information from primary
and secondary sources (McAloney, Graham, Law and Platt, 2013). This is that method which
assist in getting relevant facts and figures in correct way. Through in depth evaluation of primary
and secondary collection where investigator are liable for create reliable and legitimate results. It
can be analysed that study into consideration is based on acquiring facts and figures as per the
research objectives. The secondary information for the present case is to collected with the
assistance of books, journals, articles and other published materials. Primary research are
conducted through questionnaire by which respondents are giving their feedback as per company
products and services. Therefore, the primary and secondary information are gathered that will
collected for assisting the study of consideration. In this project, both type of method such as
primary and secondary are used for collecting relevant and accurate data and information while
completing project.
3.6 Sampling method
Sampling method is considered as scientific method which is applied usually in social
sciences to investigate human behaviour. In this kind of method scientists collect feedback and
opinions on critical topics from their clientele that help them in recognizing areas of
improvements, according to human needs. For this research, 40 respondents are taken by
utilising random sampling to collect information. Researchers create social experiments using
qualitative research methods which are text analysis, online interviews, as well as qualitative
research methods such as statistical analysis including surveys (Goldfield, Saunders, Kenny,
Hadjiyannakis, Phillips, Alberga, Tremblay and Sigal, 2013).
Basically research applications require two important types of sampling which are -
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 Probability sampling - This type of technique selects random members of a population
by putting a few selection criteria. And so the selected parameters allow each member to
have the equal opportunities to be part of various samples.
 Non probability sampling – In this kind of sampling method is relies on a social
researchers ability to select members and not on a fixed selection process which make it
difficult for all elements of a population to have equal opportunities to be included in a
sample.
3.7 Data analysis
It is referred as the process of inspecting, cleansing, transforming, and modelling data
with ambition of discovering important information, informing conclusions, and supporting
decision – making. It is a primary component of data mining and business Intelligence and is
achieving the the insight that drives business decisions. Firms and enterprises analyse data from
the multitude of sources using big data management solutions and customer experience
management solutions that utilize data analysis to change data into actionable insights. This type
of analysis is just one of the many steps that must be completed when conducting a research
experiments (Carson, Stone and Faulkner, 2014). Data from various sources is assembled,
rechecked and then analysed to form some sort of conclusions. There were variety of specific
data analysis method, some of which include data mining, text analytics , business intelligence,
and data visualizations. This is the step where cleaned and aggregated data is imported into
analysis tools. On the basis of this tool it allow to explore the data, and find patterns in it. While
this is the process by which sense is made of data gathered in research by appropriate method of
statistical methods. Data analysis classified into multiple facts and approaches covering various
techniques under a variety of names.
There are 7 steps that remain consistent across organizations and their data analysis processes;
Decide on the objectives – it helps to determine or to find the objectives for data science teams to
develop a quantifiable way to determine whether the business is proceeding towards its
goals or not.
Identify business levers – Identify goals, metrics, and levers early in data analysis projects to
give give scope and focus to data analysis. This indicates the business should be willing to
have some changes to improve its key metrics and reach its goal as well.
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Data collection – Collect as much as data from various sources as possible in order to establish
better models and gain more actionable insights (O'connor, Hilmers, Watson, Baranowski
and Giardino, 2013).
Data cleaning – Data quality should improve to generate the right results and avoid making
incorrect conclusions, self regulate the process but involve employees the data cleaning and
ensure accuracy.
Grow a data science team - Include your science team individuals with advanced degrees in
statistics who will focus on data modelling and predictions, as well as infrastructure
engineers, software developers, and ETL experts, then only submit to the team large scale
data analysis platform which they need to self regulate the data collection and analysis.
Optimize and repeat – Analyse the data analysis model to repeat the progress to generate the
exact predictions, reach goals and monitor and report consistently (Seth and Sharma, 2013).
3.8 Accessibility issues
The accessibility issue emphasise on accessibility of accurate data and information
required for conducting investigation in an effective manner. The investigator faces an issue with
limited availability of relevant information in proper manner. Therefore, the restraint on part of
respondents are providing relevant information and also arise issues for the researchers. Along
with this, investigator resolve issues and problems by devoting correct level of time and money
within business concerns. The researchers require to invest accurate amount of capital and the
main purpose of time is to conduct investigation in efficient way. In current case of investigator,
it has been assure that the investment of adequate amount of resources are the purpose of
extracting correct data and information.
3.9 Ethical issues
The ethical consideration is believe that it is most essential component of conducting
research in proper manner. In addition to this, researchers main duty is to ensure that proper care
of all parties involved in investigation work. It is the main role of investigator is to keep certain
information confidential in nature. Therefore, the researcher should ensure that personal details
can not asked to the respondents in any manner. In the context of conducting research work,
investigator required to make sure that research is conducting according to the necessary
objectives and aims (Kreichauf, Wildgruber, Krombholz, Gibson, Vögele, Nixon, Douthwaite,
Moore, Manios, Summerbell and ToyBox‐study group, 2012). It is the responsibility of
30

investigator is to make sure that research objectives are reached through conducting research into
consideration. Therefore, the researcher should ensure that personal interest of any associated
parties are not affected any more. In addition to this, the researcher require to collected all the
correct information with the help of reliable and dependable sources. It can be said that
investigator is liable for conducting research work according to developing guidelines and
principles.
It is required for conducting investigator is to taken consideration all ethical norms that
prevalent at the time of conducting research work. This is the main part which considered as
most of the essential section of research work which help in managing and handling different
issues that are occurs while leading with exploratory task. It is the main duty of researcher is to
give guarantee to their respondents regarding security of their data and information in better
manner. For this, analysis necessary for oversee time for each and every activity along with main
goals that represent appropriate results that can reaching in proper manner. In addition to this,
capital is common need for each business concern which lead towards getting accurate manner.
This is the main duty of researcher is to develop and formulate authorised planning of assets for
completing whole investigation work in appropriate way (Marsh, Mhurchu, Jiang and Maddison,
2014). Generally, ethical terms is necessary to consider while collecting relevant facts and
figures from different sources.
3.10 Validity and reliability
It is required for investigator is to develop valid and reliable outcome with the help of
conducting appropriate research work. Hence, reliability and validity are mainly considered with
two essential factors which are help in conducting research effectively. In order to satisfy all
criteria of validity, an investigator required to extract information and data from authentic
methods. The research is described as valid in nature when reliable and valid results are drawn.
Apart from this, investigation is analysed that it should be reliable and viable in nature when
same type of results or outcomes are derived under the different circumstances. In current time
period, the researcher has ensure that data and information is collected from authentic sites in
proper manner (De Bourdeaudhuij, Verloigne, Maes, Van, Lippevelde, Chinapaw, Te Velde,
Manios, Androutsos, Kovacs, Dössegger and Brug, 2013). Moreover, the suitable method are
adopted which main purpose is to conducting investigation in work. Hence, it can be claim that
researcher has ensure that investigation work satisfies their standard criteria of validity and
31

reliability. It can be analysed that study proposed will help in prove to be valid and reliable in
nature.
CHAPTER 4: DATA ANALYSIS
In order to analyse brief information on this topic, it is required to identify view points
and opinions of individuals. Therefore, the sample size for this research has been selected on 40
random samples.
Questionnaire
Name: ______________________
Age: ________________________
Gender: _____________________
1. Are you aware about the issue of obesity? Yes No
2. What are habits in your view points that are responsible for obesity? Intake junk food Lack of physical exercise Regular sitting job Genetically inherited Side effect of medications
3. Which condition is being seen in the people who are suffering from obesity? Underweight Normal weight Overweight Obese Too heavy weight
4. What steps can be taken by the people to maintain their body weight in proper manner?
32

 Eating healthier food Prefer cardio exercise Follow diet plan Do toning exercise None of the above
5. What factors holding an individual back while putting efforts to maintain body weight? Busy schedule Lack of energy Food and fitness is confusing Stress
6. How often you prefer to take fast food? Almost every day A few times in week About once a week Few times in a month Rarely or never
7. Which is the most alternative work that is preferred by people at the time of having their
meal? Watch T.V Use computer Read and write Talk on phone
8. What is an appropriate time for a person to spend for physical exercise on daily basis? 15 minutes 30 minutes 45 minutes 60 minutes None of the above
9. What are the primary risk associated with being overweight and obese? High blood pressure Diabetes
33

 Infertility & irregular periods Breast cancer Arthritis
10. As per your opinion, what is an appropriate duration of sleep for an obese person? Less than 5 hours More than 6 hours 5 to 7 hours 8 Hours and more
11. Which age group is mostly affected by the problem of being overweight or obese? From 5 to 15 years 16 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 50 years 60 years and above
12. What are the impacts of obesity on an individual due to differentiated behaviour of
society? Depression Discrimination Lower quality of life All of the above
13. Which factors are responsible for avoiding social programs and interaction with other
people for an obese person? Not feel comfortable Backbiting of people Fatty personality None of the above
14. As per your opinion, how much of risk is obesity to overall health of an individual? Extremely high risk High risk Moderate risk Low risk
34

15. What types of cancers are linked with overweight and obesity? Breast cancer Liver cancer Pancreas Colon & rectums
16. Any suggestions for future improvements?
Theme 1 : Awareness about obesity among citizens.
1. Are you aware about the issue of obesity? Frequency Yes 34 No 6
Interpretation – The Obesity can be considered as major issues in present scenario of
busy life and regular intake fast food along with using technology to reduce physical work
(Hopkins, Stratton, Ridgers, Graves, Cable and Green, 2012). It is observed and analysed that
people gain extra weight in their body and then become more fatty then finally considered as
obese individuals. From the above graphical representation, 34 respondents are aware about
obesity and provide several views about its causes and risks along with sharing their opinion of
35
34
6
Yes
No

suffering with problem of extra gained weight in body. Moreover, they said that it is mostly
occurred due to lack of physical working activities, daily sitting job and regular intake of junk
food which is responsible for generating imbalance on metabolism in human body. It will results
into disposition of extra fat molecules which starts to boost up additional weight and create
several other risks including high blood pressure, diabetes, cancer and many more.
At the other hand, rest of 6 people are little or not aware about the major problem of
obesity and related risks or severe issues. It include few individuals said just about problem of
overweight and not have information about its negative impacts on overall health through
creating chance of occurring other critical diseases in human body (Morrison, Penpraze, Beber,
Reilly and Yam, 2013). Additionally, it is essential to organise more effective as well as
efficient health promotion campaigns about obesity among public. Mo0reover, it will provide
support to make people aware about issues of obesity with its causes, associated risks and
precautions so that they will remain healthy and disease free.
Theme 2 : Habits that are responsible for gaining extra weight and obesity.
2. What are habits in your view points that are responsible for obesity? Frequency Intake junk food 8 Lack of physical exercise 7 Regular sitting job 15 Genetically inherited 6 Side effect of medications 4
36

Interpretation – The habits and lifestyle of a person is considered as a responsible factor
behind health problem like obesity. It is essential for an individual to focus on their regular
activities and their body size to take desired steps fort maintaining their health properly. On the
basis of above pie chart, it has been analysed that 8 respondents prefer to in take junk food on
regular basis which is not goof for health because these food items carry much amount of
calories but responsible for increasing body fat (Grace, 2011). However, 7 individuals go with
the opinion of not having physical exercise on daily basis and consider this habit for their
situation of being overweight. Additionally, it is necessary to carrying out physical activities on
regular routine because it is helpful in order to burn overall calories which are gained from eating
food products.
On the other hand, 15 of respondents give their views about having their sitting job
routine which is responsible for avoiding physical activities which impacts negatively on health
and results into gaining additional fat molecules in body tissues. Moreover, regular sitting work
facilitate to increase body fat because of disturbed metabolic procedure in human body which is
really important for maintaining health. Meanwhile, 6 persons said that problem of obesity is
genetically inherited from their previous generation which is usually observed in few of cases
where this issues is exist in their gene. At last but not least, rest of 4 members provide view that
several medications have side effects due to which people gain extra weight or duration of
37
8
7
15
6
4
Intake junk food
Lack of physical exercise
Regular sitting job
Genetically inherited
Side effect of medications

hospitalisation is free of physical work then it is also responsible for gaining additional mass in
human body.
Theme 3 : Condition that is being seen in the people who are suffering from obesity.
3. Which condition is being seen in the people who are suffering from
obesity?
Frequency
 Underweight 3 Normal weight 8 Overweight 10 Obese 12 Too heavy weight 7
Interpretation – The different types of conditions are observed in people who are
suffering from problem of obesity living in a particular area. It is necessary to know about own
body size and put efforts to maintaining the same as it is beneficial in order to spend healthy life
(Foley, Maddison, Olds and Ridley, 2012). However, people can be classified in several
categorise according to their weight such as underweight, normal weight, overweight, obese and
too heavy weight. From the above graph, it is evaluated that 3 respondents are underweight due
to their body weakness and poor diet so that their body development cannot takes place in proper
38
3
8
10
12
7
Underweight
Normal weight
Overweight
Obese
Too heavy weight

manner. Moreover, 8 person have a normal weight which provide surety about their proper
metabolism of body which is really important part for remaining well being. It is necessary for a
human body to gain an appropriate balanced of anabolism and catabolism in body which results
into balanced condition of metabolic activities.
Similarly, 10 people provide their opinion of having extra mass in their body through
providing different reasons for the same. It involves regular intake of junk food, lack of physical
activities and sitting job regularly which results into gaining of additional body weight in them
(Fröberg and Raustorp, 2014). In contrary to that, 12 individuals are include in category of being
obese as they have other relevant problems also and few of them are taking an appropriate
treatment for the same. At last, remaining 7 people are too heavy and they said about problem
facing on daily basis to conduct different activities by their own.
Theme 4 : Steps which should be taken to maintain weight of body in people.
4. What steps can be taken by the people to maintain their body weight
in proper manner?
Frequency
 Eating healthier food 7 Prefer cardio exercise 10 Follow diet plan 8 Do toning exercise 11 None of the above 4
39
7
10
8
11
4
Eating healthier food
Prefer cardio exercise
Follow diet plan
Do toning exercise
None of the above

Interpretation – The extra weight of body is not good for health and it facilitate
occurrence of several severe diseases. It is required to evaluate different types of steps or actions
which provide support to maintain body weight in more effective as well as efficient way.
Moreover, it is necessary to take precautions in daily life so that problem of obesity can be
reduced from society and people will remain well being to spend their life properly (Busto-
Zapico, Amigo-Vázquez, Peña-Suárez and Fernández-Rodríguez, 2014). From the above pie
graph, it has been analysed that 7 respondents are in favour of taking healthier food on regular
basis which provide support to balanced metabolism along with boosting up immunity of body
for avoiding issues obesity. Additionally, 10 people prefer cardio exercise including indoor
rowing, cycling, running, jogging, jumping rope, swimming, rock climbing etc. They have an
opinion that extra calories can be burned with the help of these exercise to remain fit.
At the the other hand, 8 individuals provide their views about to follow proper diet plan
so that regular routine will be remain enough to maintain body fat. They agree with idea of
having diet plan from an efficient dietician and obey that on daily basis to gain required calories
along with avoiding extra energy. In contrary to this, 11 persons provide views to conduct toning
exercise regularly to remain healthy with better stamina as well as immunity. However,
remaining 5 said that they do not prefer any of above activity to reduce additional calories in
their daily routine which is not appropriate.
Theme 5 : Factors holding an individual back while putting efforts to maintain body weight.
5. What factors holding an individual back while putting efforts to
maintain body weight?
Frequency
 Busy schedule 15 Lack of energy 5 Food and fitness is confusing 12 Stress 8
40

Interpretation – For every individual weight factors plays a major role. Individuals
wants to lose their weight but there are some of the factors which are working against them
when it comes to maintaining body weight (Brambilla, Pozzobon and Pietrobelli, 2011). From
the above graph, it can be seen that 15 of individual are unable to maintain their weight balance
due to busy working hours after which they simply just want to go for a relax mood. Similarly, 5
individuals due to lack of energy, these kind of people simply wants to spend their time being a
sedentary. The reason behind lack of energy is deficiency of iron, vitamin B12, diabetes. Such
deficiency can be overcome by consumption of energy foods,instead of fast food.
In contrary to this, it can be seen that 12 individuals hold back while putting efforts in
maintaining weight just because they get confused about what to choose among food and fitness.
Boredom is one of such reason, when people get bored from eating diet planned foods then they
need distraction because of which people eat some kind of fat food which they like the most even
when they are not hungry. Apart from this, it can be seen that 8 of people due to stress are unable
to put their efforts in maintaining weight. Stress is of different types one is which lead to
overeating because of which a person is unable to put an effort to control weight gain. As such
stress lead to release of cortisol. All over it can be seen that people really need to focus on their
diet plan if they really want to lose they weight,all the above factors need to be overcome in
order to maintain body weight (Rey‐López, Ruiz, Vicente‐Rodríguez, Gracia‐Marco, Manios,
Sjöström, De Bourdeaudhuij, Moreno and HELENA Study Group, 2012).
Theme 6 : Preference of people to take fast food oftenly.
41
15
5 12
8
Busy schedule
Lack of energy
Food and fitness is
confusing
Stress

6. How often you prefer to take fast food? Frequency Almost every day 12 A few times in week 8 About once a week 7 Few times in a month 6 Rarely or never 7
Interpretation – The habit of fast food and regular intake of relevant food items
facilitate to increased fat molecules in tissues of body which results into situation of being
overweight of sometimes obese. It involves to maintain balance diet in meal through avoiding
taking of fast food products regularly. From the above graphical representation, it has been
evaluated that 12 of respondents agree with their habit of intake junk food everyday which is
extremely harmful for body and required to be avoided. However, 8 people said that they prefer
to have fast food few times in a weak which is also harmful for body and facilitate increases of
fats in human body (Chaput, Lambert, Mathieu, Tremblay, O'loughlin and Tremblay, 2012).
42
12
8 7
6
7
Almost every day
A few times in week
About once a week
Few times in a month
Rarely or never

Moreover, intake of junk is tolerable in rare cases but it is not good for body if it is taken
on regular basis which will make a person overweight and generate other related disease also. In
contrary to this, 7 people agree with concept of having a weekly schedule to take fast food for a
once which is also indicates about regular routine of the same which may create several health
issues such as diabetes, cancer, high blood pressure and so on. Meanwhile, 6 members said that
they prefer to take such food items for few times in a month which is not considered as much
harmful but it is required to remain conscious about health and avoid these meals if needed
(Skouteris, McCabe, Ricciardelli, Milgrom, Baur, Aksan and Dell’Aquila, 2012). At last, rest of
7 individuals have rule of taking junk food rarely due to which they can easily ignore negative
impacts of such eatable products.
Theme 7 : Most alternative work that is preferred by people at the time of having their meal.
7. Which is the most alternative work that is preferred by people at the
time of having their meal?
Frequency
 Watch T.V 10 Use computer 15 Read and write 7 Talk on phone 8
43
10
15
7
8
Watch T.V
Use computer
Read and write
Talk on phone

Interpretation – The different activities that are carried out with eating snacks of other
food items which is required to be thoroughly observe to evaluate it negative impacts of overall
health. It is well known that taking meal with doing some alternative work will increase
automatically and people did not care about this fact (Hawkes, Lynch, Owen and Aitken, 2011).
On the basis of shown pie chart, it is analysed that, 10 respondents prefer to watch T.V. With
having snack or routine meal and duration of watching films, serials or other thing, they
continuously eating and gain more diet then required which may results into gaining more
weight. In comparison to this, 15 people said that they regular use computer for their daily work
and eating whole day which definitely gain additional fat in body because they get extra calories
by sitting at same place for hours per day. Moreover, 7 people like to eat snacks, salad, fruits or
take juices while reading and writing which also have similar concept of continue eating while
doing the same and facilitate to boost up extra aft in body (Draper, Grobler, Micklesfield and
Norris, 2015). It is essential to focus on eating habits and type of meal people are preferring to
avoid harmful things in order to maintain metabolism and body fitness properly. At last but not
the least, remaining 8 people like to eat while talking on phone which is not takes much time
always then it is not major problem in order to gain additional mass in body.
Theme 8 : Appropriate time for a person to spend for physical exercise on daily basis.
8. What is an appropriate time for a person to spend for physical
exercise on daily basis?
Frequency
 15 minutes 12 30 minutes 7 45 minutes 10 60 minutes 8 None of the above 3
44

Interpretation – Every individual have there own view point regarding the appropriate
time that a person should spend on physical activity. From the above graph it can be analysed
that 12 person view point is that they should spend 15 minutes time on daily basis for doing
physical exercise. like by touching foot, doing side stretches. Similarly view point of 7 people is
to spend 30 minutes time daily, by doing physical exercise like dumbbell step-up, plank,cycling
etc. 10 people say that they should go for 40 minutes physical activity like by doing, aerobic
activities (Foulds, Warburton and Bredin, 2013). It includes swimming, dancing walking etc.
Whereas 8 people say that 60 minutes a individual should go for physical exercise, like by
running, climbing stairs and by digging up garden and so on. At last but not the least, there are 3
people who says that daily working hours are more than enough, instead of spending some fixed
appropriate time schedule on the daily basis.
Theme 9 : Primary risk that are associated with being overweight and obese.
9. What are the primary risk associated with being overweight and
obese?
Frequency
 High blood pressure 15 Diabetes 10 Infertility & irregular periods 7
45
12
7 10
8
3
15 minutes
30 minutes
45 minutes
60 minutes
None of the above

 Breast cancer 5 Arthritis 3
Interpretation – The obesity is itself a major problem but it also create risk of
occurrence of various severe health issues such as cancer, high blood pressure, diabetes and
many more. It is essential to remain aware about such problems and take precautions to maintain
body mass which provide support to remain fit along with ignoring other critical diseases easily.
From the above graphical representation, it has been analysed that 15 respondents are suffering
from high blood pressure due to having extra weight which create problem for them (Navalpotro,
Regidor, Ortega, Martínez, Villanueva and Astasio, 2012). Additionally, fat molecules get
deposited in blood vessels due to which pressure of flowing blood increased which is considered
as high B.P. Meanwhile, 10 people provide their views about issue of diabetes because increase
in fats is responsible for boosting up sugar level in body which make them diabetic. It is mostly
observed in those individuals who has recessive gene of diabetes from their previous generation
which become active due to gaining additional weight.
In comparison to this, 7 individuals complaint about their abnormality in fertile ability
which is generated due to having extra body mass and issues of irregular period in females.
Moreover, it can be considered as major issues because it can create problem ion their fertility or
abnormal pregnancy in future. However, 5 women render opinion about risk of breast cancer
which may occur because of having problem of obesity and any type of cancer is very crucial as
46
15
10
7
53
High blood pressure
Diabetes
Infertility & irregular
periods
Breast cancer
Arthritis

well as its treatment including number of chemotherapies have side effects. At last, rest of 3
members said obesity also facilitate creation of arthritis in people.
Theme 10 : An appropriate duration of sleep that is essential for an obese person.
10. As per your opinion, what is an appropriate duration of sleep for an
obese person?
Frequency
 Less than 5 hours 4 More than 6 hours 16 5 to 7 hours 12 8 Hours and more 8
Interpretation – The Sleeping duration plays an important role in building stamina,
regain required energy and help to remain healthy. It is necessary for people to take proper sleep
and never avoid sleeping at night due to any reason because it is extremely harmful for body.
Moreover, an individuals is required to take proper rest for several hours per day which helps
them regain energy for remaining fit and fine (Brown, Nicholson, Broom and Bittman, 2011).
From the above pie chart, it is evaluated that 4 respondents prefer to take sleep for less than 5
hours which is not good for health and affect metabolism which results into reducing in
immunity of body. In comparison to this, 16 people have habit of taking rest for 6 hours per day
which is acceptable in routine whereas 12 individuals agree with idea of sleeping for around 5 to
47
4
16
12
8
Less than 5 hours
More than 6 hours
5 to 7 hours
8 Hours and more

7 hours in a day along with considering it better for health of human being. However, rest of 8
members provide their opinion about to take sleep for more than 8 hours.
Theme 11 : Age group that is mostly affected by the problem of being overweight or obese.
11. Which age group is mostly affected by the problem of being
overweight or obese?
Frequency
 From 5 to 15 years 3 16 to 24 years 6 25 to 34 years 4 35 to 50 years 15 60 years and above 12
Interpretation – In modern world it can be traced that mostly people prefer to go for fast
foods instead of having home made food. From the above graph it can be illustrated that, from 5
to 15 years, there are 3 children affected from obesity, the reason for this can be psychological
factors. Subsequently among 16 to 24 years children there are 6 individual who is suffering from
obesity because of lack of physical activity, choose high fat foods. In addition to this, there are 4
individuals in the age group of 25 to 34 years suffering from obesity. The reason for this is
society themselves have contributed to the growth of obesity, by reducing the cost of fast food,
uses of auto mobiles has increased (Christian, Trapp, Lauritsen, Wright and Giles‐Corti, 2013).
48
36
4
15
12
From 5 to 15 years
16 to 24 years
25 to 34 years
35 to 50 years
60 years and above

Conversely, in the age group of 35 to 50 years there are 15 people suffering from overweight,
because of lack of physical activity, heart diseases and hypertension. Similarly it was founded
out that in the age group of 60 years there are 12 people suffering from obesity, the reason
behind this is that they simply stop working out they does not prefer to do any physical activity
and prefer to act in a sedentary behaviour.
Theme 12 : Impacts of obesity on an individual due to differentiated behaviour of society.
12. What are the impacts of obesity on an individual due to differentiated
behaviour of society?
Frequency
 Depression 13 Discrimination 9 Lower quality of life 10 All of the above 8
Interpretation – Due to the differentiation behaviour of the the society,an obese
individual had a greater impact. From the above graph it can be illustrated that there are 13
49
13
9
10
8
Depression
Discrimination
Lower quality of life
All of the above

person who faces the situation of depression, they start taking tension about why the society
think so about them. Secondly it can be seen that there are 9 obese people who think that they are
being differentiated from others in the society (Yi, Yin, Chang and Xiao, 2012). Additionally
there are 10 more obese people whose view point is that they start thinking that, they are being
categorised as lower quality people, who is not capable of doing anything in their life. Lastly,
there are 8 people whose view point is totally different from other people, who get impacted by
all the side.
Theme 13 : Factors are responsible for avoiding social programs and interaction with other
people.
13. Which factors are responsible for avoiding social programs and
interaction with other people for an obese person?
Frequency
 Not feel comfortable 7 Backbiting of people 15 Fatty personality 12 None of the above 6
Interpretation – Sedimentary behaviour is one the the greatest reason for the cause of
obesity. Peoples should think on the fact to reduce obesity. Just because of obesity, obese people
avoid attending social programmes,and interaction with others people. There are some of the
factors because of which people doesn't like to meet other people. From the above graph it has
50
7
15
12
6
Not feel comfortable
Backbiting of people
Fatty personality
None of the above

been analysed that there are 7 people who not feel comfortable, just because they are shy of
themselves,and thinks that what other people will think about them (Joseph, Pare and Anand,
2013). Greatest number of people, around 15 individual does not attend the social programmes
just because they think that, people do back pitting. Additionally, there are 12 number of
individual who just because of fatty personality, not like to interact with others people. Lastly,
there are 6 people whose view point is that, they are not in favour of any of the above factors.
Theme 14 : Risk is obesity to overall health of an individual.
14. As per your opinion, how much of risk is obesity to overall health of
an individual?
Frequency
 Extremely high risk 8 High risk 15 Moderate risk 10 Low risk 7
Interpretation – The risk will be increased to occurrence of other critical disease which
my high or low as per extra weight gained by an individual. On the basis of above graphical
representation, it has been analysed that 8 respondents are on favour of fact about extremely high
risk from obesity whereas 10 of them agree with level of moderate risk with the same (Abdollahi
51
8
15
10
7
Extremely high risk
High risk
Moderate risk
Low risk

and Talib, 2015). Moreover, 15 people said that high risk get occurred while having additional
weight in body tissues and rest of 7 give opinion about facing low risk with being an obese
person.
Theme 15 : Types of cancers that are linked with overweight and obesity.
15. What types of cancers are linked with overweight and obesity? Frequency Breast cancer 10 Liver cancer 12 Pancreas 7 Colon & rectums 11
Interpretation – The cancer is very severe diseases which takes place in different parts
of body and requires more appropriate treatment for curation. Moreover, different kinds of
cancers are associated with issue of obesity and may leads to very critical condition of an
individuals (Shrewsbury, Steinbeck, Torvaldsen and Baur, 2011). On the basis of above graph, it
is analysed that 10 people agree with problem of breast cancer whereas 12 of them consider liver
cancer a major risk linked with overweight position. At last, 7 individuals complaint about issues
52
10
12 7
11
Breast cancer
Liver cancer
Pancreas
Colon & rectums

of cancer in pancreas while rest of 11 said that colon & rectums cancer may occur along with
having obesity.
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Conclusion
The above dissertation conclude that obesity is sever health issues as it create problem in
metabolism of body and increase risk of having several different disease. It include risks of
occurrence of certain health problems such as high blood pressure, diabetes, cancer, arthritis and
many more. However, there are different causes of being overweight or obese including regular
intake of junk food, lack of physical work and genetically inherited which should be analysed
and take appropriate actions for remaining healthy. Moreover, it involves the fact that many
people are not aware about issues of obesity and related precautions so that they gain extra body
fat in tissues. Additionally, sedentary behaviour is also responsible for being overweight as
overall gained calories not get burned properly which converts into fat molecules in diposit in
body. It is essential for health organisation to carrying out different effective campaigns to make
people aware about desired actions for remaining fit.
5.2 Recommendations
For the above report, it has been recommended that different types of health event or
campaigns should be organised by medical organisation. It will provide support top make people
aware about obesity and other relevant risk of disease along with more effective as well as
efficient precautions. Moreover, it will help citizens to take desired steps to maintain their body
53

fat and reduce problem of occurring another health issues in proper way. At the other hand, it is
suggested to people that they are required to analyse negative impacts of their daily routine
habits like having snacks or remain lying down which create imbalance on metabolism of body.
Meanwhile, they are required to improve their sedentary behaviour and maintain body fat which
helps to decrease risk of gaining other problems. At last but not the least, it is recommended that
people of England should take balanced diet and avoid junk food regularly to gain stamina and
stay disease free.
REFLECTIVE STATEMENT
Obesity is considered as major problem in England as it imbalance overall metabolic
activity and increase risk other severe diseases. While conducting this research, I have faced
certain issues at the time of collecting information from primary and secondary resources. It
include the fact that people are not comfortable to share their views about situation of being
overweight or obese as it is embarrassing of them. Moreover, they are not able to provide proper
or accurate knowledge about their regular habits of taking fast food and physical work. At the
other hand, it was not an appropriate time to conduct research and lack of sufficient funds is also
create problems for me which I have manage in better way to gain desired results. Additionally, I
get experience and learn several facts through carrying out this research in medical field which
boost up my skills in order to conduct similar project in future more accurately.
54

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APPENDIX
Questionnaire
Name: ______________________
Age: ________________________
Gender: _____________________
1. Are you aware about the issue of obesity? Yes No
2. What are habits in your view points that are responsible for obesity? Intake junk food Lack of physical exercise Regular sitting job Genetically inherited Side effect of medications
3. Which condition is being seen in the people who are suffering from obesity? Underweight Normal weight Overweight Obese Too heavy weight
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4. What steps can be taken by the people to maintain their body weight in proper manner? Eating healthier food Prefer cardio exercise Follow diet plan Do toning exercise None of the above
5. What factors holding an individual back while putting efforts to maintain body weight? Busy schedule Lack of energy Food and fitness is confusing Stress
6. How often you prefer to take fast food? Almost every day A few times in week About once a week Few times in a month Rarely or never
7. Which is the most alternative work that is preferred by people at the time of having their
meal? Watch T.V Use computer Read and write Talk on phone
8. What is an appropriate time for a person to spend for physical exercise on daily basis? 15 minutes 30 minutes 45 minutes 60 minutes None of the above
9. What are the primary risk associated with being overweight and obese? High blood pressure
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 Diabetes Infertility & irregular periods Breast cancer Arthritis
10. As per your opinion, what is an appropriate duration of sleep for an obese person? Less than 5 hours More than 6 hours 5 to 7 hours 8 Hours and more
11. Which age group is mostly affected by the problem of being overweight or obese? From 5 to 15 years 16 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 50 years 60 years and above
12. What are the impacts of obesity on an individual due to differentiated behaviour of
society? Depression Discrimination Lower quality of life All of the above
13. Which factors are responsible for avoiding social programs and interaction with other
people for an obese person? Not feel comfortable Backbiting of people Fatty personality None of the above
14. As per your opinion, how much of risk is obesity to overall health of an individual? Extremely high risk High risk Moderate risk
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 Low risk
15. What types of cancers are linked with overweight and obesity? Breast cancer Liver cancer Pancreas Colon & rectums
16. Any suggestions for future improvements?
Descriptive analysis
Statistics
VAR00001 VAR00002 VAR00003 VAR00004
N Valid 6 5 5 5
Missing 0 1 1 1
Mean 32.60 30.00 37.40
Median 31.00 27.00 43.00
Mode 26a 17a 10a
Std. Deviation 7.057 12.186 18.119
Variance 49.800 148.500 328.300
Sum 163 150 187
a. Multiple modes exist. The smallest value is shown
VAR00001
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative
Percent
Valid
Adult overweight 1 16.7 16.7 16.7
Hypertension 1 16.7 16.7 33.3
Issue 1 16.7 16.7 50.0
Obese 1 16.7 16.7 66.7
Smokers 1 16.7 16.7 83.3
Too heavy individuals 1 16.7 16.7 100.0
Total 6 100.0 100.0
VAR00002
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative
Percent
64

Valid
26 2 33.3 40.0 40.0
31 1 16.7 20.0 60.0
40 2 33.3 40.0 100.0
Total 5 83.3 100.0
Missing System 1 16.7
Total 6 100.0
VAR00003
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative
Percent
Valid
17 1 16.7 20.0 20.0
26 1 16.7 20.0 40.0
27 1 16.7 20.0 60.0
30 1 16.7 20.0 80.0
50 1 16.7 20.0 100.0
Total 5 83.3 100.0
Missing System 1 16.7
Total 6 100.0
VAR00004
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative
Percent
Valid
10 1 16.7 20.0 20.0
30 1 16.7 20.0 40.0
43 1 16.7 20.0 60.0
47 1 16.7 20.0 80.0
57 1 16.7 20.0 100.0
Total 5 83.3 100.0
Missing System 1 16.7
Total 6 100.0
Bar Chart:
65

66

Chi-square test:
Case Processing Summary
Cases
Valid Missing Total
N Percent N Percent N Percent
VAR00002 * VAR00001 5 83.3% 1 16.7% 6 100.0%
VAR00003 * VAR00001 5 83.3% 1 16.7% 6 100.0%
VAR00004 * VAR00001 5 83.3% 1 16.7% 6 100.0%
VAR00002 * VAR00001
Crosstab
Count
VAR00001 Total
Adult overweight Hypertension Obese Smokers Too heavy
individuals
VAR00002
26 0 0 1 1 0 2
31 0 1 0 0 0 1
40 1 0 0 0 1 2
Total 1 1 1 1 1 5
Chi-Square Tests
67