Human Development Life Stages: Social, Emotional, Cognitive and Physical Developments

This article discusses the different stages of human development, including infancy, childhood, adolescence, early adulthood, middle adulthood, and late adulthood. It explores the social, emotional, cognitive, and physical developments that occur within each stage. The article also discusses various theories of human growth and development.

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1.1 Human development life stages
There are different stages of life that a human being normally goes through. The stages
are “infancy, childhood, adolescence and adulthood”. These stages of life are then further
divided into smaller ones, e.g. “infancy, childhood, adolescence, early adulthood, middle
adulthood and late adulthood”. These life stages vary from culture to culture and are not fixed
(Skiadas and Skiadas, 2018).
Infancy 0-2 years
Infancy lasts from 1st day to 2 years. “During this time, the child grows and develops fast
using the senses to understand the world”. Children cry to express their needs, and soon parents
realize the difference between crying in hunger and misery (Perra et.al 2021).

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Childhood 3-10 years
Early childhood between the ages of 3 and 5 is a time of strong cognitive development,
where children learn to understand and speak the language, not cry, to express their needs (Gu,
2022). At this time, children begin to start to learn. At the age of 3-5, they seek independence
and often express in response their feelings, which weaken as their social skills develop (de
Pisón 2018). Between the ages of 6 and 10, is a place where children strengthen their skills. They
start becoming active in physical activities, like sports and they start thinking that rules are
important in sports as in understanding that it is equally important in life (Perra et.al 2021).
Adolescence 11-17 years
Adolescents, aged 11 to 17, undergo major physical and emotional changes as the body
produces hormones of varying sizes weights and body types. Physically adolescents develop
sexual characteristics. In adolescent girls, the breast enlarges and boys grow a beard and voice
deepens. They can sometimes feel anxious and embarrassed (de Pisón 2018).

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Early adulthood 18-29 years
Early adulthood develops social ties and careers between the ages of 18 and 29. Early
childhood is a sign of complete independence and many life events can occur, such as exercise
(Newman and Newman 2017).
Middle adulthood 30-60 years
In middle adulthood, the average age is 30-60 years which is also known as the
consolidation period. As older parents need more support, career changes, relationships can
break down and family responsibilities can increase as the adult grows (Newman and Newman
2017).

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Late adulthood 60+ years
The average age of late adults is 60 years and over which is become a time where the
adult needs support and care (Reisig and Holtfreter, 2018).
Social, emotional, cognitive and physical developments within each life stage.

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Social development
Infancy Stage 0-2 years
While reaching the end of infancy, children develop hugs, kisses, emotional skills,
showing anxiety towards unwanted events (Newman and Newman 2017). According to
Maestripieri, (2018), infants usually socialise in the form of skin-to-skin contact, feeding, and
cuddles. Babies benefit from being with other children as they learn to live in new situations,
play with new toys, and even adopt new social etiquette. Before interacting with other children,
most children play "parallel" or play side by side. In this, solitary play, infants play alone or
unaware of others around them. In this case, they interact with their toys.
Childhood 3-10 years
Social development occurs, as children play with the same gender playmates. According
to the researcher, the primary socialisation occurs when child learns values and action to live in a
particular environment (de Pisón 2018). As children reach their late childhood social
development occurs. They start to make friends, play games together, team play and they gain
skills to communicate with other people and process their behaviour as they mature and see their
own identity in their group (Pathak and Mehta, 2020).

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Adolescence 11-17 years
In early adolescence, young people feel more mood fluctuations as adolescence is the
time when a person moves from childhood to adulthood. Children entering adolescence undergo
many changes. Puberty, which occurs earlier than in the past on average, marks the beginning of
adolescence (Immordino-Yang, Darling-Hammond and Krone, 2018). The consequences of
actions, spending more time with their peers while reaching the middle stages of adolescence as
they become more emotionally stable during the middle stage (Newman and Newman 2017).
Despite the belief that cliques are fundamentally harmful, they may assist adolescents in being
socially adapted and developing a stronger sense of self
Early adulthood 18-29 years
At this stage, an individual starts developing an ability to share relationships that often
formed and often result in marriage. Socialisation in youth is involved in the formation of
general ideals and self-image (Louw and Louw, 2020). Adult socialisation “includes more
explicit and specialized norms and behaviors, such as work norms and behaviors, as well as more
superficial personality traits”.

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Middle adulthood 30-60
The most typical age range is 40 to 65 years, but there may be 10 years (30-75 years).
They socialise with different people, as this is the stage where middle adults make an
independent life. Although the timing of major life events varies greatly between early and
middle-aged adults, they tend to follow a basic pattern known as the social clock. The social
clock means the “right moment” for the most important events in life, such as getting out of
childhood, getting married and having children, as determined by culture.
Late adulthood 60+ years
Late adulthood is a time when people begin to come to terms with their lives and re-
evaluate what they have done or achieved to replace what they want to achieve for the rest of
their lives. At this stage in life, adults around the age of 65 begin to experience various changes
in their appearance and deteriorating health. As society grows more couple-oriented, these little
friendship groups break down even more. They socialise with their grandchildren, friends and
their little communities.

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Emotional development
Infancy Stage 0-2 years
In emotional development, it starts from birth as in the first three months' infants display
the emotions through a smile, rage and anger. Make contact, laugh, talk and sing with them, and
play a copy to help them learn the tour (Leerkes and Bailes, 2019). "According to experts, the
socialization of infants is also a basis for communication that promotes proper language
development and even empathy. During this stage, the terrible twos do not occur usually but it is
also a normal development that a child can be experienced by young children often marked by
tantrums, and lots of frustration.
Childhood 3-10 years
In this stage of life, the children can talk about their emotions while lacking the ability to express
their feelings completely (Newman and Newman 2017).

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Middle and late children are very busy or strenuous. They always make, plan, play,
interact with their colleagues and strive. It is an incredibly active period in their lives, and they
learn to compare with their peers. They can start to feel complex emotions such as anger, fear,
and disgust (Weber, 2019).
Adolescence 11-17 years
Adults feel more mood fluctuations. They can produce the consequences of actions,
spending more time with their peers while reaching the middle stages of adolescence as they
become more emotionally stable during the middle stage (Jones, McGarrah and Kahn, 2019).
Ten to nineteen years of adolescence is a transition period between childhood and adulthood.
Adolescents grow rapidly in terms of physical, cognitive and psychological development (de
Pisón 2018).

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Early adulthood 18-29 years
Individuals between the ages of 20 and 35 are considered early adults, and they are often
energetic, active and healthy, focusing on friendship, romance, birth and career
In early adulthood, an individual faces several emotional stresses related to marriage,
family and career. Individuals start sharing relationships and finding intimate love.. On the other
hand, violent events, despair and eating disorders can negatively affect young adults.
Middle adulthood 30-60 years
In middle adulthood, an individual becomes able to manage emotions and become able to
negotiate situations (Hochberg and Konner, 2020).

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Late adulthood 60+ years
In late adulthood stability and emotion vary widely. Most people in this life stage accept
the meaning and integrity of life. “Isolation, mood and anxiety disorders, dementia, and
psychosis are just some of the mental health issues that seniors experience”.
Cognitive development
Infancy Stage 0-2 years
The infants master their motor skills as running, exerting force and free movement. This
physical development (Research and Staff, 2018). Babies begin to grow and learn about their
environment through their senses, and they consciously pursue a goal. In other words, they start
thinking about what they want to achieve, how they want to do it, and then they do it.

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Childhood 3-10 years
Cognitive development also starts during infancy, though it's limited according to Piaget's
cognitive development theory (de Pisón 2018). Infancy is called a sensorimotor stage for
cognitive development in which an infant can cry, coo, babble and then learn up to 1000 words
of vocabulary while entering the childhood stage The children development the abilityto
recognise things and represent events mentally. By the age of 5, children can understand almost
everything taught to them and contextualise the events according to their understanding (Parrish
2020).
Adolescence 11-17 years
The young person, in the later stages of adolescence, becomes more important to society
due to their cognitive thinking ability to show flexibility and interpret different scenarios
(Sawyer and et.al., 2018). There is one major feature of the later adolescent, that is the self-
development “state”. Gender identity can be created, and sexual identity is also formed in that
stage (Parrish 2020).

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Early adulthood 18-29 years
Cognition changes over a person’s lifespan, peaking at around age 35 and slowly
declining in later adulthood (de Pisón 2018).
Middle adulthood 30-60 years
Cognitive abilities remain relatively stable during average growth. Vocabulary tests,
number problems, and text comprehension are examples of adult crystallized intelligence.

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Late adulthood 60+ years
Working memory, often known as short-term memory, is memory that tends to
deteriorate with age. Working memory stores short-lived data and uses higher justification skills
to process it.
Physical development
Infancy Stage 0-2 years
In this stage, infants and toddlers develop motor development as in 13 months
approximately most of the infants start walking.
Childhood 3-10 years
At this stage, a child develops more physical strength as the bones get the power and the ability
to move and work out. There are two major jumps in brain growth in mid / late childhood. From
6 to 8 years, an increase in fine motor skills and eye-hand coordination is observed (Newman
and Newman 2017). The front pillars then mature in 10 to 12 years, making progress in logic,

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planning, and memory. There is two main growth occur. At the age of 6-8, children have
significant improvement in fine motor skills and eye-hand coordination. From the age of 10 to
12, children start growing physically like their height increases (Moradi and et.al., 2019).
Adolescence 11-17 years
During adolescence the young person experiences growth spurts: the arms and legs also
lengthen and eventually become proportional to the rest of their body (Parrish 2020).
Adolescents, aged 11 to 17, undergo major physical and emotional changes as the body produces
hormones. Physically adolescents develop sexual characteristics. In adolescent girls, the breast
enlarges and boys grow a beard and voice deepens. However, teens may suddenly feel awkward
and uncoordinated during this time because growth does not always occur at a perfectly
proportional rate (Chahal and et.al., 2018).

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Early adulthood 18-29 years
In early adulthood, physical development is normally at the peak which includes reaction
time, cardiac functioning and sensory ability. Also, the ageing process starts at this stage.
Middle adulthood 30-60 years
Overall, the physical changes are mostly witnessed in the middle ages. Most people
experience changes to the skin, and hair becomes thin, muscle strength decreases, leading to
adulthood, ranging from 30 years to 60 years of age (Newman and Newman 2017).

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Late adulthood 60+ years
In late adulthood, physical changes start as loss elasticity, reaction time is even slower,
muscle strength and mobility are weakened, hearing and vision are reduced, and the immune
system is weakened. Memory deteriorates with age, so it is more difficult.
2.1 Theories of human growth and development
There are many theories about human growth and development. Sigmund Freud's
psychoanalytic theory and Eriksson's theory of social psychology are the most popular theories.
Growth development includes the development of bones, height, size, weight and teeth. The
growth rate varies depending on the stages of a person's life. Growth is very rapid during
infancy, neonatal, prenatal and adolescents, and slows growth in childhood rather than adulthood
as no more growth is expected from adults (Parrish 2020).
“Freud’s Psychosexual Development theory”
According to “Freud’s Psychosexual Development Theory”, there are five stages of
development: The first stage is called the oral stage which occurs from birth to one and a half
years. This stage is considered as the first social stage of the infant's development which involves
satisfying the hunger of the infant. This stage of the individual begins at the stage of the birth and
it lasts at the 18 months of the age. At this stage, the infant has the contact with the mouth of

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whatever it keeps in the hand. It is the primitive and the instinctual needs of the minds with
which the individual is born with. Most infants need a sense of security and their main method of
showing discomfort is weaning (Lantz and Ray 2020).
The second stage is the anal stage which lasts one and a half to three years. It is the period of the
childern developing for the process of the elimination. This stage of the development of the
childeren is between the second and third years of their age. Due to the autonomy of the anus
and bladder, the main conflict is toilet training (Lantz and Ray 2020).
According to Freud, the last three stages of development are “Phallic Stage , Latency Stage , and
Genital Stage”. Phallic stage is the third stage of the growth of the child it is when the children
become much aware of their own bodies as well as of the others bodies. This stage is between
the three to six years. Latency stage is development of the growth in which the child gives more
focus on the skills and activities of the members as well as his or her own sex. This generally
happens between the seven and till the adolescence. Genital stage is considered as the final stage
of the development and it begins with the puberty. At this stage, the individual has to seek the
ways of the satisfying the sexual needs of the person. It describes the centre of pleasure, the
suppression of libido; and the onset of puberty; the ability to direct energy to full puberty and
adapt to the environment (Lantz and Ray 2020).
These stages of the development will also include the superego and ego within them. Ego acts as
the mediator between to balance the primitive needs as well as the social molarity and on the
other hands, the superego is considered as the moral part of the mind that embodies the parental
and social values.

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Freud proposed that the development of personality in childhood starts during the five
psychosexual stages, which are, the oral, anal, phallic, latency and the genital stages (Gumiandari
and Nafi’a, 2019). During each stage libido or sexual energy has been expressed in various ways
and by the different parts of the body of a human being.
According to this theory, stage one of human life means 0 to 1 years in which human babies
grow the oral desires.
At 1 to 3 years old, the second stage (anal stage) develops and the during this period toilet
training takes place in the human babies, that involves the movement of libidinal energy from
oral to the anal area.
At 3 to 6 years (the phallic stage) is the period where psychosexual growth develops,
At 6 to 12 years the young person becomes aware of sexual desires (the latency stage)and at the
age of 13 to 18) years (the genital stage) the ego has been growing fully as well as the seeking of
the independence also been grown
“Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development theory”
“Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development theory” has eight stages of development.
Erickson's theory covers “infancy, early childhood, late childhood, school age, adolescence,
young adulthood, adulthood, and maturity” (Orenstein and Lewis 2020). This theory enables to
understand ans evaluate the impact of the social experience of the individual in its whole life.
This theory states that the personality develops in the predetermined order by using ther eight
stages of the psychosocial development till the adulthood(). Key challenges include trust and
“mistrust, shame and doubt in self-esteem, initiative and guilt”, diligence and low self-esteem,
confusion of identity and role, intimacy and separation, generation and stagnation, and integrity
and hopelessness.

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The eight stages of the Erickson's stages of the psychosocial development theory are such as
Infancy: At this stage, development is centred on the trust and mistrust. This stage of the
development begins at the birth of the child till the 18 months of the child. When the babies are
not taken care properly, this creates the mistrust and it is very important to develop the trust at
this stage of development.
Toddlerhood: At this stage of the development, this begins at the age of the 18 months and till
the age of the two or three of the child. This stage more focuses on the autonomy and the shame
or doubt. The child at this stage will be learning this new things so by giving them the praise will
help in establishment of the self belief (Orenstein and Lewis, 2021).
Preschool: The child developing at this stage, gives more emphasis on the initiative and the
guilt. This stage of the development begins at the age of the three and till the age of the five. The
child at this stage leans to do the things self. When they are encouraged, the take the initiative
and motivation to do more things independently.
School age: The development at this stage has the centre on the industry and the inferiority. This
stage of the development occurs at the age of the six and continues till the age of 11. When the
parents or the teachers provides them the support then this will create the sense of competent and
if not supported by them, then children feels inferior.
Adolescence: This stage of the development, centres on the identity as well as the role confusion.
This stage starts developing at the age of the 12 and until the age of 18. At this stage, the
individual tries to find out and establishes the goals and the priorities in the life.
Young adulthood: This stage of the development focuses on the intimacy and the isolation and
this stage starts developing at the age of the 19 and till the age of 40. When the individual has the
meaningful relationship between the friends and the family then they experience the intimacy
with others.
Middle Adulthood: This development stage focuses on the Generativity and the self-absorption
as this stage of the developing the individual starts at the age of 40 and the lasts till the age of 65.

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When the individual feels cared and responsibility by the family members then this is known as
the Generativity and when not cared then this leads to the isolation.
Late Adulthood: This is the final stage of the development process which is centred on the ego
integrity and the despair. The development at this stage begins at the age of the 65 and it lasts till
the last breath of the individual. When the individual is satisfied with the life, this creates the
feeling of pride and the if not satisfied then they may fall into the despair.
The key challenges of the Erickson's theory of psychosocial development are such as-
Trust vs. Mistrust- This is the fist stage of this development theory. This stage begins as the
birth itself and continuous till the 18 months of the age. When the care to the infant is given
regularly and reliable then they develop the sense of the trust (Sigelman and Rider, 2021).
Autonomy vs. shame and doubt- This is the second stage of this development theory. This
stage generally occurs at the age of 8 months and it goes till the age of approx. 3 years. The
parents must encourage the children to become independent as well as protecting the child so
that the failure is avoided (Cavanaugh and Blanchard-Fields, 2018).
Initiative vs. Guilt- This is the third stage of this theory, in this stage the children asserts
themselves by directing play as well as through the other social interaction.
Industry vs. inferiority- The fourth stage of this development happens at the period of the
childhood between the age of the five to twelve. Success in this stage of the development will
lead to virtue of the competence.
Identity vs. Role Confusion- The fifth stage of occurs during the adolescence which is between
the 12 to 18 years of the children. This stage involves the search of the personal identity through
the personal values, beliefs as well as the culture (Sukenti and Tambak, 2020).

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Intimacy vs. Isolation- This is the sixth stage of the development theory which takes place at
the period of the young adulthood which is between the age of the 18 to 40 years.
Generativity vs. Stagnation- This is the second last stage of this theory which occurs during the
middle adulthood that is at the age of the 40 to 65 years.
Ego Integrity vs. Despair- This is the last stage of this theory which begins at the stage of the
65 and continuous till the death.
Some positive answers learn to trust others. Possibility to apply self-control without
losing self-confidence, as well as food and self-confidence. Some children develop a kind of
ability and perseverance (Greco and Kraimer, 2020). Negative effects include relationship
avoidance; career responsibilities for a career; some people may experience confusion,
ignorance, and antisocial behaviour. Initially, the child may resist, suspect, retreat, or even
become alienated. One of the worst things that can happen between the ages of 6 and 12 is that
children are more likely to quit and give up (Parrish 2020).
A1 Significant life events that can occur within each stage
of human development.
-Infancy 0-2 years
Toilet Training
Toilet training is a major factor in the infant’s life. This is because it allows them to start gaining
some independence and allows them to start feeling a sense of confidence, as the infant will feel
good about what they have achieved.

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This event should not be rushed or forced upon the infant, rather is essential that it is done at
their own pace with guidance and encouragement.
A child, who does not achieve this and is being pressured may feel a sense of shame and start
doubting their own abilities, as stated by Erickson’s theories of (Autonomy vs. Shame’ (refer to
b1. Theories of Human development)
Feeding
(Cache Extended Diploma in Health and social care 2017) states, “The establishment of feeding
is a key life event, the infant at this stage learns to trust that his or her basic needs will be met”. It
creates the beginning of trust for the infant and is the first essential step to independence.
Feeding is a very important part in an infants development. Feeding is what is considered as a
developmental norm, and if the infant is taught to have a balanced diet from a young age and
taught to eat healthy foods, it will lead to them having a healthy lifestyle in the future as well as a
longer lifespan for the individual (Osher and et.al., 2020).
Childhood 3-10 years
Starting Education

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Starting school or nursery is the first time the child will be separated from their parents or
guardians. This is an important life event as the child will begin to interact with others and start
to form relationships. They will also learn fundamental skills that will help them later in life.
A negative aspect about starting school is bullying. This happens in all schools and is not
something that is taken lightly. The child may feel anxious or stressed as they are being targeted
and isolated. There are some individuals who find it hard to deal with, thus creating worry and
there is a decrease in confidence. A school is a big event in life, from the 4 to 5 years of age.
Some children are confident and enjoy meeting new people. Some less social children can take
longer to adjust (Khachaturova 2018). This is when the play is becoming more focused and
introduces organized learning. This can also happen when special educational needs and
disabilities are identified and children are stated for assessment so that they receive the support
they require.
Birth of a Sibling
The arrival of a sibling has a huge impact on a child, it can be positive or negative depending on
the child. (Cache Extended Diploma in health and social care 2017) believes that the birth of a
sibling, it can “Change the dynamics of the family. The older child’s emotions may vary. They
may feel happy as they have someone to play with or care for, or be proud with extra
responsibility and a new role as a ‘big brother/sister’.
On the other hand, the birth of a new sibling may cause the parents to pay more attention to the
new born rather than the older sibling, this sometimes leads to feelings of jealousy and may
cause their own development to decline.

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Adolescence (11-17 years)
Adolescence is a stage in life, where a person can have several physical changes. This is a
big event in life as hormones control the body. As their bodies grow, they may go through an
awkward phase. Children appearance changes and the feelings sometimes resemble the feelings
of roller coaster (Khachaturova 2018). Sometimes children do not understand what is happening
to them.
Puberty
Puberty is a vital life event. It comes with lots of stress and feelings and ‘(Palmert and Dunkel,
2012)’ state that “puberty leads to sexual maturation and reproductive capability”. Boys and girls
begin to develop their own values and culture. They gain immense amounts of independence and
are able to freely make choices for themselves.
However, some teens will develop more slowly than their peers. As a result, they may feel self-
conscious about their bodies’ lack of maturity. They may even feel disappointed or resentful they
are not receiving the same kind of attention their more physically mature friends seem to enjoy.

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Adolescents begin to understand and process complex pieces of information. They can multitask
as their knowledge increases and their memory strengthens. During this stage, individuals
undergo GCSE’S and other essential examinations that will influence their later life.
Leaving Home
Leaving home an individual shows independence and resilience. At this big step, the individuals
learn how to manage day-to-day tasks such as cooking and cleaning. They have a responsibility
to care for themselves as well as their home.
Individuals begin to manage house hold finances and budgeting to pay bills. This can challenge
the person as they begin to fend for themselves and go through hardships without assistance.
This may however lead to the person missing home and they might even move back if it proves
too difficult for them.

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Early adulthood 18-29 years
The key factor in the independence of a young adult is employment. Their career choices affect
this stage of life. If they have high-paying and long-term jobs, they can rent a house and start a
family. However, people are sometimes hired without unemployment insurance, or this can be
the case for low-paid jobs, making it difficult for them to pay rent. Adults can return to their
parents or move to a cheaper place in the country (Richter et.al 2019). Employment
Employment is vital in ensuring you live a happy life with financial security. It is a good
opportunity to learn new skills that may aid you further in life. Also having money increases
certain people’s confidence. At the moment, around 40% of teens have a job and around 32
million people are working in the UK. However, employment is never guaranteed as it may lead
to loss of job or redundancy for the individual which in turn has a negative effect on the self-
esteem.
Relationships
Relationships are key to an individual as they allow feelings of happiness. ‘First thing first
(2017)’ believes that “love really does matter when it comes to living a fulfilled life”, and
relationships are the basic of love.
Marriage is a legal union between two people. It provides a good sense of security. However,
some people find it difficult to uphold this relationship and may feel it’s best to divorce.
Sometimes it can lead to an individual becoming a single parent (Agorastos and et.al., 2019).
Friendship are key in having an active social life. For social development to go smoothly, you
must have plenty of friends to support you.

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Middle adulthood 30-60 years
Parenthood
Parenthood teaches individuals responsibility and caring for others.
People acquire various new skills when caring for a baby. For some it may be a horrific and
isolating experience (e.g. getting up constantly in the night to care for the baby). The experience
is emotionally draining especially on older parents who have their children late in life. It is a time
of immense pressure and stress, this is why having a child should be thought about carefully- if
the parent cannot care for the child, they should think about taking alternative routes. This should
be done as some mothers may feel post-natal depression and may neglect the baby and not
provide the care needed (Bridges and Bridges, 2019).
Moving Home

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Moving home may provide an opportunity of independence for some, however for others it can
be very stressful. Some people enjoy the thought of gaining extra independence. In contrast,
some may feel regret and start to miss the people they left behind.
Some people might move from home to home, instead of a family home, so for them this might
be a cause of happiness. But if they feel as if they don’t like the new house or dislike the
dynamics of it, they can soon feel frustrated and regretful.
This often refers to the upbringing phase, the strengthening or termination of relationships, and
sometimes the creation of new relationships. Adults are likely to be in a constant relationship and
start planning family (Erskine and Moursund, 2018). In middle adulthood, some life events like a
divorce can happen. As divorce is the last marriage. The divorce rate tends to fall: in 2017, 8.4
divorced men and women aged 16 and over. The effect on children is that they can live in a
single-parent family for the first time.
Late adulthood 60+
In late adulthood, adults can experience several changes like when they experience grief
after the loss of a loved one, especially after the death of a loved one. For those in a long-term

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relationship, the death of a spouse is a tragic time (Cavanaugh and Blanchard-Fields, 2018). If a
person does not have a family, a cat or dog can be a close companion, and if the animal dies,
they become as sad as the family (Smith et.al 2017).
Loss of Parent, partner’s, Family Members…
As an individual gets older, they begin to experience the loss of loved ones. This is an
emotionally draining experience, especially for people in late adulthood as it is easier for them to
fall into depression. This stressful experience may lead to long periods of time spent mourning
over the loss and may take a while to overcome. Some may not even get over the loss and are in
a constant state of grieving.
Staying away from the children's-
At this stage of life, the adults usually stray away from their families because in the present era,
the children usually stay in the different house with his wife and child. This becomes very hard
to live alone and it becomes more difficult than this when the old man also does not have his
wife and the man feels very alone by this (Åström and et.al., 2019).

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A*1 The Impact that Significant Life Events May have on Individuals
The more care received by the individual at the infant age, the more confident the individual
becomes in dealing with the challenging issues. The toddler becomes more confident in their
cognitive capacity and physical appearance if the individual receives support from the caregivers
(Beckett and Taylor, 2019). When the care is not given properly and consistently to the infants,
this has the large impacts on them. This leads to the lack of the trust in the infants as this stage is
the most important to be considered for creating the trust.
At preschool age, the individual interacts with other children and develops the purpose of life. As
opined by Ogli (2021), at the early school, the individual is more self-aware and developed own
personal cognitive. At adolescence, the individual develops social connections and experiences a
crisis of identity. A healthy support system will help to develop potential relationships with their
group. In middle adulthood the individual experiences both happy and unhappy situations to
avoid discontentment. As stated by Erickson, ego-despair and ego-integrity is characterized by
wisdom. The individual gains purpose, intention and awareness at the adult stage of life.
Life event
preschool age
Positive impact on the
individual
Negative impact on the
individual
When the child is sent to the
school, this may happen that
they do not have the good
experience then this has the
impacts on the child. This
stage is very important for the
children but bad experience
will lead to the lack of the
growth from the socially as

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well as the academically. The
child will lag behind in
getting the opportunity for the
structured setting, and they
will not be prepared for the
elementary school.
When the potty training will be not given effectively to the children, then this may create the
negative atmosphere and in this case the children's must not be forced to do so. And when the
training is given proper, then this will be seen by them as they will show the interest in doing the
potty. This creates the positive environment while giving the training and by this learns very fast.
Emotional impact
Events in life have a positive or negative emotional impact on people. Leaving childhood
can have emotional effects (Miller et.al 2019). For example, Bowlby and Ainsworth in the
1970s examined infants when they are separated from their parents (Heard et.al 2018). They
have observed the following:
Secure attachment - the infant is in pain during separation, but eventually sits down with the
knowledge that the caregiver will return. So they did and the baby was easy to comfort (Heard
et.al 2018).
“Ambivalent attachment”: on separation, the infants show distress and cannot cope because they
are not sure if their career will return (Heard et.al 2018).
“Avoidant attachment” - the infants showed no feelings of being separated or reunited with the
parents and treats the parents as a stranger (Heard et.al 2018).

33
If the child feels safe, kindergarten is an opportunity for a pleasant experience. Routines
and toilet training give children the opportunity to learn new skills. Events in children lifelike
starting school can be a concern before children adjust. Newborn babies can cause jealousy
(Sebold and et.al., 2019).
Life event
Emotional
Positive impact on the
individual
The positive is that they may
become strong by facing this
situation (Martela, Ryan and
Steger,2018). The positive
impact of this life events is
that the children interacts
with many other children's
and helps them in the
development process as by
seeing others they will learn
new things.
Negative impact on the
individual
This life event may have the
negative as well as the
positive on the individual. The
negative can be that the
individual living away from
the children may suffer from
trauma. The negative impacts
of this life events on the
individual are that they may
affect their mental health as
by they are separated from
their parents.
Birth of Sibling
This may have both the negative and the positive experience for the individual as they may feel
the jealousy towards the new brother and the sister as this shows the feeling by the more babyish
behavior such as having the tantrums as well as refusing to work for them and many more. And
the positive impacts is that they have the one friend with whom they can share everything as well
as can play with them.

34
Relationship
The first and most important relationship is the relationship between the child and its
primary caregiver, this person is attentive and meets the needs of the child's loved one. Bowlby
suggests that children who have not been in contact with a primary caregiver during the first five
years of life may have difficulty maintaining relations (Koren et.al 2019).
From birth to 1.5 years when children learn whether they trust things or people around
them. From 1.5 years to 3 years, children with caring relationships gain independence and
confidence.
At the age of 5 years, children can start to show initiative. When they do not have a
supportive relationship this will create doubts. If they make a mistake, they may reluctantly try
new things and may feel guilty, especially if they have been told to do so (Koren et.al 2019).
Life event
Relationship
Positive impact on the
individual
The positive impact can be
that they will gain the
confidence. The positives of
this life events is this may
reduce the level of the anxiety
and the depression as when
they have someone when
them, creates the feeling of
the higher self-esteem as well
as the greater empathy. The
most important this increase
the lifespan of the individual.
Negative impact on the
individual
The negative impact of this
life event can be that there
may have some comparisons
between them. The negative
impacts of this life events on
the individual is that this may
increase the stress due to the
marital concerns can leads to
the high blood pressures.

35
Independence
“Childhood, and adolescence” is the time when physical, social, and emotional
independence is increasing. They start learning to dress and eat themselves. Early and middle
adulthood is times of greatest “physical, social and emotional independence”, as well as times of
general economic independence (Wulan et.al 2021).
Life event
Independence
Positive impact on the
individual
The positive impact can be
that the will learn new things
by being independent. This
life events will help in
boosting the self-confidence,
promotes the happiness as
well as improves the
decision-making power of the
individual.
Negative impact on the
individual
Living independent may have
the wrong impact on the
individual means they can go
on the wrong track (Swartz,
Hariri and Williamson, 2017).
The negative impacts can also
be that they may go to the
wrong track as they do not
have anyone to take care of.
This may lead to the wrong
habits of the individual such
as the drinking, smoking and
many more.
Health
The absence of diseases is not health but health is the sum of mental and physical health
which affects all aspects of our lives. Genetic factors affect health. The inherited genes cannot be
changed but can work hard to stay healthy. Some of the lifestyle factors like exercise and diet
can affect mental health and physical (Wulan et.al 2021).

36
The positive impact can be that they can suffer from the health issues like depression and many
more. And the positive impact will be that they will become strong if they can face the disease.
This has much negative impacts as this can create the feeling of the stress and loneliness as this
time the individual does not have interest in doing any creative activity.
Resilience
Resilience is referred to as the person “ability to recover from difficulties. Physical
resilience can be measured that how a person can recover from any difficulty and disease”.
Children and infants can get sick very quickly, but they can also recover quickly. Infants can
receive protection from breast milk and vaccination but healthy children generally recover from
infections, but it may take longer for older people to recover (Wulan et.al 2021).
Life event
The life event is loss of
parents and old age
members of the house.
Positive impact on the
individual
This does not have any
positive impact on the
students. Because losing the
parents is not good for the
children as they are closest
people for an individual.
Negative impact on the
individual
There are many negative
impacts of the losing the
parents on the individual such
as the may face from the
mental issues, depression,
somatic complaints, post-
traumatic, lower self esteem,

37
The positive impact of this
can be the children can
recover quickly.
less academic success and
many more (Fassbender and
et.al., 2021). The negative
impact can be that the old age
people cannot recover quickly
(Radovic and et.al., 2017).
When the individual are more
resilient as this could lead to
the overly tolerant and the
adversity.

38
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