Understanding Human Respiratory and Cardiac System

The provided report is an in-depth examination of the human respiratory and cardiac system. It explains that these systems are crucial for maintaining effective bodily functioning. The report discusses the formula for measuring cardiac output, which is a product of stroke volume and heart rate. It also highlights the importance of calculating cardiac output in evaluating the health status of a patient's heart and determining oxygen transport to the body. The report concludes by emphasizing the significance of these systems in human physiology.

Human Respiratory and
Cardiac Systems: Task 27

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
1.1................................................................................................................................................1
1.2................................................................................................................................................1
2.1................................................................................................................................................2
2.2................................................................................................................................................2
2.3................................................................................................................................................2
3.1................................................................................................................................................3
3.2................................................................................................................................................3
3.3................................................................................................................................................4
3.4................................................................................................................................................5
CONCLUSION ..............................................................................................................................5

INTRODUCTION
Cardiac system and respiratory system both are very important part of the human body
(Morton and Gallo, 2017). Present report mentions about structure of the respiratory system and
evaluation of necessary conditions that are essential for gaseous exchange is mentioned.
Moreover, components of plasma and their functions also have been discussed. In addition to
that structure of red blood cells and transport of oxygen and carbon-dioxide in the blood has been
defined. Furthermore, structure of arteries, capillaries and veins have been defined and their
function also have been discussed.
1.1
It is very important that all the body part of human body should function smoothly. There
are various parts in human body systems and respiratory system is one among them. It is vital
that there should be proper supply of oxygen in the human blood so that the individual should
perform all the daily task efficiently (Gilbert-Barness, Spicer and Steffensen, 2014). Major role
of respiratory system is to supply oxygen in the body and take away carbon dioxide. This system
can be subdivided into three major parts comprising of Airways, Lungs and Muscles of the
respiratory system (Hall, 2015).
All the three part combine together for forming respiratory system. Airway comprise of
body parts including nose, larynx, pharynx, trachea, bronchioles, Bronchi. All the parts combine
together for circulating air between the lungs and exterior part of human body. Functional unit of
the human respiratory system is lungs which is accountable for circulating oxygen in the human
body and taking out carbon dioxide. The air is transferred outside the lungs by diaphragm and
the intercostal muscles which all together work as a pump and pushes air out of lungs for
breathing purpose.
1.2
It is important for the human body to have effective gaseous exchange so that supply of
oxygen should be proper in the human body. There are some conditions which are necessary for
gaseous exchange. It is required that a large surface area should be high and larger so that flow
of air and other gases should be maintained (Hogan and et.al., 2014). One more condition which
is essential is that area needs to be moist so that diffusion of gases should take place in quick
manner. The distance area between the capillaries and alveoli needs to be shorter so that all the
gases including oxygen should reach at the destination at a faster pace. If the area will not be
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moist than drying of alveoli will occur and due to that it will make the process of diffusion more
difficult.
2.1
Fluid part of blood is called plasma and it is made up of four different components that
are red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets and plasma. Plasma is basically a yellow fluid
which is responsible for transporting platelets and blood cells around the body. Major
components of plasma include Albumin, Clotting and Immunoglobulins. These are three
important proteins that are found in blood (Karch and Karch, 2016). Various substances that are
present in plasma includes salts, minerals, hormones and proteins. Albumin is responsible for
cleaning the human blood and it carry various substances around the human body. In addition to
that clotting factors are accountable for controlling the blood at the time of bleeding. It works
with the platelets and helps in blood clotting. Third main component of plasma is
Immunoglobulin and it work as antibodies which are responsible for creating defence of body
against the infections and illness (Wagner, 2014).
2.2
Major role of red blood cells is to supply oxygen into the body tissues and with this to
carry out waste products and carbon dioxide back to the lungs. They are having disc shape
structure and it helps them in increasing their surface area. They are having biconcave structure
and large surface area for ensuring gaseous exchange in large volume (Rizzo, 2015). Both the
sides of red blood cells moves inwards and form the interior in the form of sphere. There are
certain identifiers on the surface of the blood cells and they help in recognizing the red blood cell
type to the body's immune system. The shape of blood cell helps for increasing its surface area
and helps oxygen and carbon dioxide for getting diffuse around the membrane of blood plasma.
2.3
There are three different methods through which blood is transported to the body tissues.
The methods includes dissolution directly into the blood and binding to the haemoglobin. One
more method is it is carried as a bicarbonate ion (Kenney, Wilmore and Costill, 2015). The gases
get transported in various forms and the ways comprise of dissolution directly to the plasma and
the gases can also chemically combine with haemoglobin and the gases can also gets converted
into different molecules. Majority of the oxygen is transported through combining with the
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haemoglobin particles that are present in the red blood cells. Only less than 2 % Oxygen and
other gases gets diffused into the blood plasma.
3.1
Structure of arteries, veins and capillaries differs from each other. Major function of
arteries is to take away blood from the heart. Arteries are Thick, strong and elastic fiber tissues
and it transfer blood from heart to different organs in the body. Walls of the artery are thick and
highly muscular and it supports for withstanding high blood pressure in situations when the
blood is pumped directly to the heart (Powers, 2014). Moreover, Capillaries are tiny and thin
walled vessels that forms a network for carrying blood into the organs and tissues. Further, major
functions of veins is to collect blood from the capillaries and again returning back to the heart.
Structure of vein differ from that of arteries and capillaries and their major function is to transfer
blood from the capillaries and in next stage again transfer back the blood to the heart. Generally
outer walls of the veins are thin and flow of blood in the veins is at a very lower pressure. Veins
and arteries are both having tunics that surrounds the Endothelium. Veins are thin fibrous tissues
that contains less muscles and elastic tissues. With this capillaries are having structure of very
thin (Sierra, Lanzo and Telfort, 2014).
3.2
Human body comprise of various organs and all work together for running the physical
body structure. Human heart is made up of various tissues and one more important part is cardiac
muscles. There are majorly four chambers in heart and they are right atria and left atria and right
ventricle and left ventricle. All the four parts are accountable for performing four different
functions (Kerkut, 2013).
Effective working of all the four parts is essential so that human heart should work
effectively. Major two chambers Right atrium is associated with the right ventricle with the
tricuspid valves. Major role of this valve is to prevent reflow of blood in the atrium in the
situations when the ventricles contracts. Furthermore, left ventricle is connected with the left
atrium with the left ventricle with the Bicuspid valve which is also known as Mitral valve. Major
role of this valve is also to control the back flow of blood into the atrium again (Mostafavi,
2016).
This is the major structure of the heart and further it is divided according to the each
ventricle is connected with the atrioventricular valve with the help of chordae tendonae. In the
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situation of contraction of ventricles valves are forced into the atria and main function of
Tendonae is to hold the valves firmly so that blood-flow could be prevented. In addition to that
semi lunar valves are responsible for allowing exist of blood from the vessels in the period of
ventricular contraction. Atria are having thin muscular walls as compared to the ventricles.
Cardiac cycle is described as a cycle in which flow of blood is described throughout the human
body. It is important that blood must flow continual in the human body so that required essential
substances could be transferred into the human body (Morton and Gallo, B.M., 2017).
Role of heart is to act as a pump in which two different types of activities takes place that
is contraction and relaxation. There are majorly four stages in the cardiac cycle and it involves
stage 1 in which Ventricular gets diastole and atrial are systole. Initially both the ventricles are
relaxed and it results into creating lower pressure in the every ventricles in comparison to the
atrium (Rizzo, 2015). Atrioventricular valves initially gets opened in partial form and further
atria gets contracted due to which blood gets flowed into the atrioventricular valves. In the 2nd
Diastole phase the semi-lunar valves gets close and the atrioventricular gets opened up. Flow of
blood start from the pulmonary veins and it further fills the left atrium. Moreover in the 2nd
systole phase new process is started and atrioventricular valves gets opened and the semi-lunar
valves gets closed. In this the left ventricle initially receives the impulses in the form of fibers
and it contracts. It aid for moving the oxygenated blood into the aorta (Kerkut, 2013).
3.3
Heart is main organ of human body which is responsible for supplying blood into the
entire body. There exist a natural pacemaker in it and it works for regulating the heart rates. The
pacemaker of the heart is situated in the uppermost portion of the right atrium and this is made
up of collection of various specialized electrical cells.
The electrical energy which is stimulated in the heart basically occurs in sinoatrial node
and it produces a specific potential and discharges. It aid for producing the discharges and than
through this signal is sent to the atria. Further it act as a generator of normal sinus rhythm and it
also work as pacemaker of the heart. Electrical signals further moves in cell to cell where as in
the ventricles tissues the signals are carried out by the specialized cells which are known as
Purkinje fibers (Hogan and et.al 2014). These fibres allows the conduction system of the heart
for making a synchronized contradiction of the ventricles. These fibres are responsible for
maintaining a systematic and consistent heart rhythm. At the SA node gets fires, every impulse
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moves towards the right and left atrium and the electrical activity causes the chamber of the heart
to gets contract. Further these electrical impulses moves into an area which is known as atrio
ventricular node and here the electrical impulses are held for a short period of time.
3.4
Cardiac output is defined as way of studying heart and it supports for evaluating whether
a patient is healthy or not. It is basically determined by product of two variables that are known
as heart rate and stroke volume (Wagner, 2014). Both the variable measures two different values
and so is the reason they are taken into consideration for calculating the cardiac output of heart.
Stroke volume is basically is measure of volume of blood that is further pushed into the
ventricles which are the large muscular chamber situated in the heart. The formulae for
measuring the cardiac output rate is is mentioned =
Cardiac output = Stroke volume * human heart rate
It is also written in the below mentioned way =
CO = SV *HR
Stroke volume and heart rates are two major variables that are used majorly for calculating the
heart rates and thus it aids for evaluating about health status of heart of patient (Powers, 2014).
In addition to that cardiac output defines about the primary determinant of the oxygen transport
from the heart to the human body. Patients who are suffering from any kind illness can be
provided with the better treatment and so is the reason that calculating cardiac output is very
important.
CONCLUSION
Summing up the present report it can be concluded that human respiratory and cardiac
system are major part of the human body. Both the systems play a vital role in maintaining
effective working of the human body system.
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REFERENCES
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