Annotated Bibliography on Hybrid Cars

This annotated bibliography reviews ten articles on hybrid cars that explains the different types of mechanisms used to increase the speed of hybrid cars. The articles cover topics such as powertrain specification, powertrain architecture, solar car with hybrid system, hybrid power system for mobile robotics, hydropneumatic storage technology, time-optimal control policy, and energy consumption in battery/super capacitor hybrid system.

Running Head: ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
HYBRID CARS
Name of the student:
Name of the university:
Author note:

1ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Introduction:
This report mainly focus on hybrid cars that uses two or more different types of power.
The electric generator is driven by internal combustion engine for example in diesel electric
trains. The principle with which hybrid cars work is that different speeds drive different motors
best. Torque is produced efficiently by the electric motor. The engine type varies with different
hybrid vehicles. Petroleum-electric hybrid drive trains can range from full hybrid to mild hybrid.
Hybrid cars are used to increase the speed of race cars. The following paragraphs will
review ten articles on hybrid cars that explains the different types of mechanisms used to
increase the speed of hybrid cars. Turbo mechanism is used instead of traditional engines.
Picarelli, A. and Dempsey, M., 2014. Simulating the complete 2014 hybrid electric formula
1 cars.
A powertrain specification was implemented in hybrid cars in 2014 to Formula 1. The
internal combustion engine was changed to a V6 turbocharged spark ignition engine of capacity
1.6 liter by the new specification. It also increased use of ERS (Energy Recovery Systems) in
form of associated cooling, turbo-shaft motor generators and crank, battery as well as controllers.
In 2014 cars, focus was on increasing efficiency by limiting total amount of fuel that is used in
race and fuel flow. The reduction in the performance of internal engine was made up by relying
on ERS system electrical energy, which was achieved by reducing power and engine size from
previous seasons 2.4 liter V8 turbocharged spark ignition engine. This paper mainly focuses on
how information on ERS configurations consequences is yielded from fully integrated
subsystems (chassis and powertrain) of complete physical vehicle. The hybrid cars can be used
as racing cars with reduced cost by the introduction of the new specification. The change of V8

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turbocharged spark ignition engine to V6 turbocharged spark ignition engine will facilitate
reduction of engine power and size. The use of ERS systems will increase by the use of this new
specification in the racing hybrid cars.
Jacob, J., Colin, J.A., Montemayor, H., Sepac, D. and Trinh, H.D., 2013 InMotion: Hybrid
Race Car, beating FI at LeMans.
This paper mainly focus on hybrid electric powertrain design for InMotion race cars.
InMotion is a group of multidisciplinary project that consists of Eindhoven University of
Technology professors, master students and PhD students. The authors focused on developing
suitable powertrain architecture that would be used in hybrid race cars. The main requirement
was to achieve a lap time below 2 min 45 s on Circuit de la Sarthe along with having cornering
speed, efficiency, durability and acceleration that will exceed Formula 1 race cars. InMotion
provided data related to design restrictions, technical data of components and simplified drive
cycle. The data collected was analyzed to determine required component size for powertrain.
Sensitive analysis and detailed drive cycle calculation was done to influence lap time. To
minimize fuel consumption energy management strategy was designed and powertrain model
was designed using backwards approach. Several tradeoffs between lap time, five different
powertrain configurations and other different parameters were discussed. Results revealed that
fastest lap time of 3 min 9 s could be achieved by using the proposed configuration. To decrease
lap time to 2 min 45 s several components need to be improved.
Vincent, V.V. and Kamalakkannan, S., 2013, April. Advanced hybrid system for solar car.
In Computation of Power, Energy, Information and Communication (ICCPEIC), 2013
International Conference on (pp. 21-27). IEEE.

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This paper enlightens on designing of solar car with hybrid system having three-inputs.
The three inputs are divided as one unidirectional power input port and the other two as
bidirectional ports for power along with storage element. The battery utilization state determines
the three different modes of converter power operation. The solar panel is amorphous that is
mounted on the body of hybrid cars carries out charging of car battery along with a station for
harvesting solar energy. Efficiency of the system is increased as solar energy is directly provided
to the DC load. The capacitor that is directly connected to lead acid battery will discharge when
the car accelerates and charge during off peak hours. The energy that was previously wasted on
the brakes are also recovered and now used to charge lead acid battery. Therefore, the two
features that led to the development of hybrid cars are use of super capacitor and regenerative
braking.
Sadeghi, M.M. and Kececi, E.F., 2016, November. Hybrid power system for mobile
robotics. In System Reliability and Science (ICSRS), International Conference on (pp. 64-67).
IEEE.
The design characteristic of mobile robot where the sources of energy used must provide
enough power time period that depends on robot specific task is power source. The common
source of energy in mobile robots are batteries. The characteristics of batteries that needs to be
considered before choosing them are availability of maximum power, battery endurance, weight
of batteries and maximum discharge rate. However, a gasoline engine is proved more efficient
than battery power system if the ratio of weight to energy is considered. This paper mainly
enlightens on realization and design of hybrid energy systems that can be used in mobile robot
where the alternator is powered by a gasoline engine that generates electricity. This generated
electricity is used to power and drive the electronic components of the robot along with the

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understanding that hybrid energy system can only be used outside the car. The paper also
explains gasoline-electrical hybrid power system. Later in this paper, the hybrid power system is
designed, tested and manufactured with the help of a car alternator and 5.5 horsepower (hp)
Loncin engine. The effectiveness of the design is revealed from the result.
Wohlgemuth, S. and Wachtmeister, G., 2013, October. Hydropneumatic storage technology
for hybrid passenger cars. In Electric Drives Production Conference (EDPC), 2013 3rd
International (pp. 1-7). IEEE.
Today powertrain design mainly focuses on reduction of Carbon Dioxide emission by
vehicles. As a result, various new technologies have been discovered for changing the internal
combustion engines. New initiatives are being taken in advancing electrification and
hybridization of powertrain vehicles. However, the cost of the system increases with the
implementation of these new technologies that makes it an important aspect in compact cars
market segment. The Institute of Internal Combustion Engines of Technische Universitaet
Muenchen is developing a drivetrain concept for commuter and urban traffic. The concept is
based on natural gas engine with two lean burn air-cooled cylinder that is combined with hybrid
hydraulic system. This paper mainly describes about the hydro pneumatic storage technology
and explains the hydraulic hybrid system. The paper also compares between hydraulic hybrid
system and other systems that are known so far. The innovations and new characteristics of the
hydraulic hybrid system are also discussed and presented in the paper.
Salazar, M., Elbert, P., Ebbesen, S., Bussi, C. and Onder, C.H., 2017. Time-optimal control
policy for a hybrid electric race car. IEEE Transactions on Control Systems
Technology, 25(6), pp.1921-1934.

5ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
The Formula 1 cars have been considered as hybrid electric vehicle since 2014 that
consisted of an electric motor and generator units along with turbocharged gasoline engine. The
electric motor and generator unit connected to turbocharger shaft helps to recover waste heat
generated from exhaust gases. It is also connected to axle for boosting and recovery of kinetic
energy. The advantage that is offered by this system is power split, which is defined as the ratio
of electric traction motor delivery power and total propulsive power. When race take place in
straights, the driver demands for 100 % acceleration where regulations allow implementation of
thrust controller and by limiting acceleration power, maximum fuel consumption of 100 kg
gasoline/ race is achieved. The achievable lap time is influenced by decision of management
controller of corresponding energy. The regulations impose various operational constraints that
need to be tracked. This paper mainly deals with energy management strategy that will help in
reducing lap time. The results obtained from a benchmark simulator is compared with global
optimal solution for finding proposed controller optimality. High-fidelity nonlinear simulator is
used to demonstrate the compatibility and implementability of the proposed controller.
Nayanatara, C., Shanmugapriya, P., Gurusivakumar, G. and Thiruvenkadam, B., 2014,
April. Design & development of series hybrid electric vehicle. In Computation of Power,
Energy, Information and Communication (ICCPEIC), 2014 International Conference on (pp.
114-117). IEEE.
The main problem that the modern world is facing is global warming. Main cause of
global warming is vehicle exhaust. With the increasing number of vehicles poisonous exhaust
from vehicles are also increasing that is polluting the air and increasing the global temperature.
Due to increase in global temperature glaciers are melting. This situation is referred to as global
warming. The solution to this problem is Hybrid Electrical Vehicle (HEV). For designing a

6ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
hybrid car, the first stepping stone that is used is using a conventional car that would solve the
issue of global warming. The revolution in HEV has only been possible for the advent of power
electronics and for the discovery of high performance motors. The methods that are inserted in
new hybrid cars are electric traction mode, Hybrid traction mode, regenerative braking mode,
battery charging mode and ICE traction mode. All the said processes helps in maximum fuel
consumption.
Pčolka, M., Žáčeková, E., Čelikovský, S. and Šebek, M., 2017. Toward a Smart Car:
Hybrid Nonlinear Predictive Controller With Adaptive Horizon. IEEE Transactions on
Control Systems Technology.
The paper focuses on designing an optimization algorithm for predicting car control of
hybrid car dynamics along with hybrid minimization criterion. The Hamiltonian switching
algorithm that has the feature of hybrid nonlinear predictive control can be used instead of
solving nonlinear mixed integer programming that is computationally demanding. This
information is discussed in this paper for that provides knowledge on hybridity. A number of
approaches for adaptive prediction horizon is used to decrease time complexity. Some of the
approaches proved to preserve maneuverability related characteristics of the car. Racing car
motion control is used to verify the developed alternatives. The alternatives are also compared
with a commercial product and nonlinear predictive control that is approximation based. The
paper also includes a sensitive analysis that examines the robustness of the new algorithm.
Ben-Gai, S., Li-Ming, C. and Yan-Min, X., 2014, June. Research of Light Hybrid Electric
Vehicle Powertrain Test System. In 2014 Fifth International Conference on Intelligent
Systems Design and Engineering Applications (ISDEA) (pp. 778-780). IEEE.

7ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
The powertrain system of hybrid electric vehicle is a combination of internal combustion
engine transmission, conventional powertrain systems along with electric motor, new electrical
components, high voltage energy storage like battery and power electronics. One of the main
development of hybrid electric vehicle is the AVL’s development that combines expertise of
single components and has the ability to integrate these single components into a system that is
targeted to reduce Carbon dioxide emission and fuel consumption reduction. Hybrid cars are
aimed to reduce air pollution so that global warming situation can be avoided. Previously few
steps were taken like use of catalysts at the tip of exhaust. However, research advanced and
hybrid cars were developed that increased acceleration along with reduction in fuel consumption.
The use of turbocharged engine facilitated the process.
Gu, B. and Cha, S.W., 2017, October. A study of energy consumption in battery/super
capacitor hybrid system based on optimized driving strategy. In 2017 International
Conference on Advanced Mechatronics, Intelligent Manufacture, and Industrial Automation
(ICAMIMIA) (pp. 52-55). IEEE.
Hybrid cars have gained importance in car sale these days. Various automobile
companies are planning to change its entire manufactured vehicle with hybrid electric vehicles. It
is found that hybrid system gains feature of both the systems if they are controlled properly.
Hybrid electric cars typically has one storage system that uses electricity and battery. However,
the battery depends on life cycle and electrochemical that can change with situations like peak
current and Depth of Discharge (DoD). Though super capacitor is costly, however, the super
capacitor strength lies in its efficiency and robustness from physical characteristics. When the
super capacitor helps battery with frequent charge discharge and peak current loads, longer life
cycle and better efficiency is accomplished by the electric storage system in spite of super

8ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
capacitor low energy density. The optimal control strategy is used two times in this paper to find
supercharger potential value in series hybrid vehicle. The study reveals significantly high
potential using less than 5 percent of battery capacity. Electric storage system loss decreases by
40 percent. Further research can be done on supercapacitor cost and efficient operating electric
benefits.

9ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Reference:
Ben-Gai, S., Li-Ming, C. and Yan-Min, X., 2014, June. Research of Light Hybrid Electric
Vehicle Powertrain Test System. In 2014 Fifth International Conference on Intelligent Systems
Design and Engineering Applications (ISDEA) (pp. 778-780). IEEE.
Gu, B. and Cha, S.W., 2017, October. A study of energy consumption in battery/super capacitor
hybrid system based on optimized driving strategy. In 2017 International Conference on
Advanced Mechatronics, Intelligent Manufacture, and Industrial Automation (ICAMIMIA) (pp.
52-55). IEEE.
Jacob, J., Colin, J.A., Montemayor, H., Sepac, D. and Trinh, H.D., 2013 InMotion: Hybrid Race
Car, beating FI at LeMans.
Nayanatara, C., Shanmugapriya, P., Gurusivakumar, G. and Thiruvenkadam, B., 2014, April.
Design & development of series hybrid electric vehicle. In Computation of Power, Energy,
Information and Communication (ICCPEIC), 2014 International Conference on (pp. 114-117).
IEEE.
Pčolka, M., Žáčeková, E., Čelikovský, S. and Šebek, M., 2017. Toward a Smart Car: Hybrid
Nonlinear Predictive Controller With Adaptive Horizon. IEEE Transactions on Control Systems
Technology.
Picarelli, A. and Dempsey, M., 2014. Simulating the complete 2014 hybrid electric formula 1
cars.
Sadeghi, M.M. and Kececi, E.F., 2016, November. Hybrid power system for mobile robotics.
In System Reliability and Science (ICSRS), International Conference on (pp. 64-67). IEEE.

10ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Salazar, M., Elbert, P., Ebbesen, S., Bussi, C. and Onder, C.H., 2017. Time-optimal control
policy for a hybrid electric race car. IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology, 25(6),
pp.1921-1934.
Vincent, V.V. and Kamalakkannan, S., 2013, April. Advanced hybrid system for solar car.
In Computation of Power, Energy, Information and Communication (ICCPEIC), 2013
International Conference on (pp. 21-27). IEEE.
Wohlgemuth, S. and Wachtmeister, G., 2013, October. Hydropneumatic storage technology for
hybrid passenger cars. In Electric Drives Production Conference (EDPC), 2013 3rd
International (pp. 1-7). IEEE.