Annotated Bibliography on Hybrid Cars

Running Head: ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
HYBRID CARS
Name of the student:
Name of the university:
Author note:

1ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Introduction:
This report mainly focus on hybrid cars that uses two or more different types of power.
The electric generator is driven by internal combustion engine for example in diesel electric
trains. The principle with which hybrid cars work is that different speeds drive different motors
best. Torque is produced efficiently by the electric motor. The engine type varies with different
hybrid vehicles. Petroleum-electric hybrid drive trains can range from full hybrid to mild hybrid.
Hybrid cars are used to increase the speed of race cars. The following paragraphs will
review ten articles on hybrid cars that explains the different types of mechanisms used to
increase the speed of hybrid cars. Turbo mechanism is used instead of traditional engines.
Picarelli, A. and Dempsey, M., 2014. Simulating the complete 2014 hybrid electric formula
1 cars.
A powertrain specification was implemented in hybrid cars in 2014 to Formula 1. The
internal combustion engine was changed to a V6 turbocharged spark ignition engine of capacity
1.6 liter by the new specification. It also increased use of ERS (Energy Recovery Systems) in
form of associated cooling, turbo-shaft motor generators and crank, battery as well as controllers.
In 2014 cars, focus was on increasing efficiency by limiting total amount of fuel that is used in
race and fuel flow. The reduction in the performance of internal engine was made up by relying
on ERS system electrical energy, which was achieved by reducing power and engine size from
previous seasons 2.4 liter V8 turbocharged spark ignition engine. This paper mainly focuses on
how information on ERS configurations consequences is yielded from fully integrated
subsystems (chassis and powertrain) of complete physical vehicle. The hybrid cars can be used
as racing cars with reduced cost by the introduction of the new specification. The change of V8

2ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
turbocharged spark ignition engine to V6 turbocharged spark ignition engine will facilitate
reduction of engine power and size. The use of ERS systems will increase by the use of this new
specification in the racing hybrid cars.
Jacob, J., Colin, J.A., Montemayor, H., Sepac, D. and Trinh, H.D., 2013 InMotion: Hybrid
Race Car, beating FI at LeMans.
This paper mainly focus on hybrid electric powertrain design for InMotion race cars.
InMotion is a group of multidisciplinary project that consists of Eindhoven University of
Technology professors, master students and PhD students. The authors focused on developing
suitable powertrain architecture that would be used in hybrid race cars. The main requirement
was to achieve a lap time below 2 min 45 s on Circuit de la Sarthe along with having cornering
speed, efficiency, durability and acceleration that will exceed Formula 1 race cars. InMotion
provided data related to design restrictions, technical data of components and simplified drive
cycle. The data collected was analyzed to determine required component size for powertrain.
Sensitive analysis and detailed drive cycle calculation was done to influence lap time. To
minimize fuel consumption energy management strategy was designed and powertrain model
was designed using backwards approach. Several tradeoffs between lap time, five different
powertrain configurations and other different parameters were discussed. Results revealed that
fastest lap time of 3 min 9 s could be achieved by using the proposed configuration. To decrease
lap time to 2 min 45 s several components need to be improved.
Vincent, V.V. and Kamalakkannan, S., 2013, April. Advanced hybrid system for solar car.
In Computation of Power, Energy, Information and Communication (ICCPEIC), 2013
International Conference on (pp. 21-27). IEEE.

3ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
This paper enlightens on designing of solar car with hybrid system having three-inputs.
The three inputs are divided as one unidirectional power input port and the other two as
bidirectional ports for power along with storage element. The battery utilization state determines
the three different modes of converter power operation. The solar panel is amorphous that is
mounted on the body of hybrid cars carries out charging of car battery along with a station for
harvesting solar energy. Efficiency of the system is increased as solar energy is directly provided
to the DC load. The capacitor that is directly connected to lead acid battery will discharge when
the car accelerates and charge during off peak hours. The energy that was previously wasted on
the brakes are also recovered and now used to charge lead acid battery. Therefore, the two
features that led to the development of hybrid cars are use of super capacitor and regenerative
braking.
Sadeghi, M.M. and Kececi, E.F., 2016, November. Hybrid power system for mobile
robotics. In System Reliability and Science (ICSRS), International Conference on (pp. 64-67).
IEEE.
The design characteristic of mobile robot where the sources of energy used must provide
enough power time period that depends on robot specific task is power source. The common
source of energy in mobile robots are batteries. The characteristics of batteries that needs to be
considered before choosing them are availability of maximum power, battery endurance, weight
of batteries and maximum discharge rate. However, a gasoline engine is proved more efficient
than battery power system if the ratio of weight to energy is considered. This paper mainly
enlightens on realization and design of hybrid energy systems that can be used in mobile robot
where the alternator is powered by a gasoline engine that generates electricity. This generated
electricity is used to power and drive the electronic components of the robot along with the