Hydrogen Enhanced Combustion Engine

This paper discusses the benefits, challenges, and opportunities of using hydrogen enhanced combustion engine as an alternative to hydrocarbon fuels. It covers the working principle of the engine, its benefits such as low emissions, low maintenance cost, and high adaptability, as well as its challenges such as lack of technical skills and resources. The paper also highlights opportunities such as combining the engine with a turbocharger and its potential use in aircrafts.

HYDROGEN ENHANCED COMBUSTION ENGINE
HYDROGEN ENHANCED COMBUSTION ENGINE
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HYDROGEN ENHANCED COMBUSTION ENGINE
Table of Contents
Executive Summary.....................................................................................................................................3
1. INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................................4
2. Literature Review................................................................................................................................5
3. Research Question, Aim/Objectives and Sub-goals...........................................................................17
4. Theoretical Content and Methodology..............................................................................................18
5. Experimental Set-up..........................................................................................................................20
6. Project Planning and Gantt Chart......................................................................................................20
7. Results, Outcome and Relevance......................................................................................................21
8. Conclusions........................................................................................................................................22
9. References.........................................................................................................................................23

HYDROGEN ENHANCED COMBUSTION ENGINE
Executive Summary
The depletion of fossil fuels has urgently demanded a work research to be carried out so that
viable alternative fuels can be found. The choice of these fuels should be able to satisfy and meet
the sustainable energy demand with little or no environmental impacts. In the near future, energy
system sources will need to be renewal, sustainable, efficient, convenient and cost effective.
Therefore, hydrogen is expected to be one of the most important fuels in the coming years. The
use of hydrogen in internal combustion engines as a fuel represents alternatives to replace
hydrocarbon fuels which produce harmful gases such as carbon monoxide (CO) and hydro
carbon (HC) during combustion. Hydrogen enhanced combustion engine is an important
machinery in the near future will meet the emission norms

HYDROGEN ENHANCED COMBUSTION ENGINE
Hydrogen Enhanced Combustion Engine
1. INTRODUCTION
Hydrogen combustion engine is an engine designed in a way where by cremation occurs
after oxidation is done on the engine. This leads to the production of heat and gases which put
up a lot of pressure on the engine leading to consumption of more fuel. Hydrogen combustion
engine is designed in a way that will facilitate less use of fuel energy. Hydrogen gas possessing
a high affinity for burning facilitates the continued production of energy. Hydrogen enhances
the production of more heat energy which as a result improves on the speed of the locomotive in
subject (Zhou, Cheung and Leung 2014 p.10).
Hydrogen combustion kit uses fossils fuels which are a major production of carbon
dioxide. These gases result into an effect to the environment such as clotting of stomata which
leads to drying of plants, it has leads to global warming which is a major disaster which leads to
draughts. The hydrogen kit is therefore designed to reduce on these emissions so as to enhance a
better living and conserve the environment (Hamd and Askalany 2015). This is made possible by
replacing the use of fossils fuels with hydrogen energy which is a clean source of energy.
Hydrogen is produced from different sources such as from natural gases or through the process
of hydrolysis. This leaves no change to the production of harmful emissions which may have a
negative impact on the environment and to the ozone layer (Van der Laak, Raven and Verbong,
2007 p.3215).

HYDROGEN ENHANCED COMBUSTION ENGINE
2. Literature Review
Hydrogen combustion engine contains a particulate filter which helps in the removal
of unwanted substances from air before it enters the engine. These particles may include dust,
pollen and other tiny metallic particles which may be carried by air. As a result the filter
enhances the good performance of the engine and also helps in the prevention of the engine
destruction (Zhang 2016).
How Hydrogen Enhanced Combustion Engine Works
According to Zhang, Ji and Wang (2015 p.4707) Hydrogen has a high burning affinity and
produces more energy compared to other fuel products. This makes it more efficient for use
since it does not produce harmful gases. In the engine combustion occurs once oxidation takes
place in the combustion chamber which completes the fluid flow circuit. Once the circuit is
completed locomotion occurs as a result of chemical energy being transformed to mechanical
energy.

HYDROGEN ENHANCED COMBUSTION ENGINE
Figure showing the Hydrogen Enhanced Combustion Engine (Köse and Ciniviz 2013)
The introduction of hydrogen in a fuel engine speeds up the combustion process as
hydrogen displaces a greater percentage of the gases available. These increase the chance of
more air to be absorbed in to the combustion chamber which as a result enhances the combustion
process.
Hydrogen enhanced engine is also fitted with catalytic converter which helps in reducing
pollution on the environment as a result of exhaust gases. This makes the engine more effective
as it takes care of all aspects including pollution which has a major negative impact on the ozone
layer and other forms of pollution (Köse and Ciniviz 2013). Additionally, the hydrogen engine is
also fitted with a cylinder head exhaust which allows for effective exhaust of waste gases out of
the engine. It possesses a great advantage as it reduces congestion of waste gases in the engine.
This makes the performance of the engine smooth and there is reduced risk of damage.
Benefit of Hydrogen Combustion Engine

HYDROGEN ENHANCED COMBUSTION ENGINE
The cost of installation and maintenance of the engine is lower compared to other
fossils fuels engines. This becomes an added advantage to hydrogen combustion engines. This
creates more interest to clients to adopt vehicles which use such engines promotion the sales
(Munshi et al. 2012). Additionally, available technologies are able to be used in the repair and
development of these engines. As a result there is no much struggle in the maintenance of the
engine.
Moreover, hydrogen combustion engine has low emissions. This becomes an
advantage since the output is water which comes from the reaction of hydrogen and oxygen and
thus not harmful to the environment. 2H2 + O2 → 2H2O.
Additionally, enhanced hydrogen combustion engine embraces a better design
compared to other fossils fuels engines. It contains stronger connecting tools within the engine
network, hardened valves and valve seats, an ignition coil which accommodates a higher voltage,
fuel injectors that are specifically designed for gases rather than liquid which is common to the
engines as well as high temperature engine oil. Depending on air injection into the hydrogen
engine, the output tends to be 15% higher in the energy production when compared to gasoline
engine and as a result making the hydrogen engine more effective and efficient.
Hydrogen engines are designed in a way that they are larger in size compared to
gasoline engines. This becomes an added advantage since it produces more energy compared to
the other engines. It is designed to accommodate double of the normal air combustion in other
engines. These increase the chance for full combustion of the gases and hence more energy.
This size is ideal especially for large vehicles such as trucks. Trucks and buses need more
energy to be able to maintain the required speed of operation. The hydrogen combustion engine
can therefore facilitate this required energy,

HYDROGEN ENHANCED COMBUSTION ENGINE
Hydrogen having a high combustion affinity within the engine outdoes other fuels. Even
with the availability of other resources in the engine, hydrogen takes a long combustion period
and thus continuity in the production of energy which facilitates the running of machine or the
locomotive in subject.
The hydrogen engine is highly adaptable and as a result change may be implemented and
introduce fuels in the right ratios and implement a few changes and it works well. This feature
makes it possible for many users to adopt the engine since it does not have a possibility of total
breakdown. The beneficial feature about this engine is that it can use other fuels for the
production of energy without changes in the model being done.
Additionally, hydrogen combustion engine when used in a company to run machines
can be of added advantage. As a result of its high energy production, it can be used in the
rotation of heavy turbines or even used in heating up of metals. The vapor produced as a by-
product of the combustion process can be collected using a condenser and become beneficial to
the company as it can be used in other operations such as cooling of machines or washing of
substances.
CARBURETOR
Carburetor engines are used in aircrafts during inverted flights. It is used to prevent fuel
combustion. As a result hydrogen combustion engines can be used as an enhanced carburetor
since there is no fuel combustion on the hydrogen engines.

HYDROGEN ENHANCED COMBUSTION ENGINE
Figure showing the illustrations for the denoted Carburetor (Köse and Ciniviz 2013)
Hydrogen having low density is suitable to be used in the carburetor in aircrafts. This
engine operates well as the craft needs a lot of energy so as to maintain its movement. Hydrogen
combustion engine becomes of added advantage.
Challenges of the Enhanced Hydrogen Combustion Engine
The increased production of fossils fuels has been a great challenge to the enhanced hydrogen
engine. This is as a result of ignorance by the public on the advantages of using hydrogen
engine. The comfort of having cheap and readily available fuels for the fuels engine has
contributed to the great challenge of adoption hydrogen energy. To cub this challenge, the
company producing hydrogen enhanced combustion engines should create awareness to the
public through the use of various techniques (Karvonen 2016).
Though public awareness, the effects of the by-products of fuel to the environment
would have a major impact in the capturing of the public attention. The benefits of using the

HYDROGEN ENHANCED COMBUSTION ENGINE
hydrogen engine therefore should be well highlighted so as to give room for easy understanding
and promote convincing of the targeted market of the engines. Incomplete combustion of the
hydrogen gases lead to the production of toxic gases that are emitted to the atmosphere. These
emissions have a negative impact to the environment by having a negative impact to the ozone
layer. These gases contribute with a great percentage the formation of acid rain which affects
plants, aquatic animals as well as having an impact on structure roofing’s.
However, strong competition from international bodies to build clean engines with less harmful
emissions has been a great challenge in the construction of the hydrogen enhanced combustion
engine. Some of the international bodies have a great influence on their products having
acquired customer loyalty and as a result their products become more marketable. Technological
obsolescence has also become a great challenge in the improvement and enhancement of
hydrogen engines. These changes have made it impossible to access some of the procedures of
maintaining the hydrogen engines and therefore maintenance becomes a challenge (Ghazal
2013). This can be dealt with by enhancing regular updating of software’s and proper choice of
software’s that will be compatible with the existing ones. Through this, it will be much easier to
manage the development of the hydrogen engines (Karvonen 2016).
According to Greenwood and Johnson (2014), resources are a major drawback in many
investments. Insufficient funds to cater for the acquisition and maintenance of the hydrogen
engines are a challenge that pulls back the development of enhanced combustion engine.
Resources such as human power are required in the effective running of the design of these
engines. This challenge can be manipulated by identifying a reliable source of income which will
enhance the smooth running of the development activities.

HYDROGEN ENHANCED COMBUSTION ENGINE
Additionally, lack of the required technical skills for the construction of the hydrogen enhanced
combustion engine can be a major problem in the development. For an effective technical
knowledge is required to improve on the output and maintain quality. The engine construction
company can implement training opportunities for all the recruited staff to enhance the quality of
output and clear the doubt of inconsistency.
Moreover, hydrogen combustion engine produces waste heat whereby it produces heat
three times more compared to the other regular engines (Karvonen 2016). This can be a great
challenge since it may lead to unwanted wastage and as a result become an expensive model of
an engine. For this heat to me managed, a condenser is required to be implemented in the engine
to cool the water vapor being heated by the exhaust gases in the combustion chamber. This
method is not cost effective and thus a challenge.
The greatest challenge is that when hydrogen explodes it brings about tremendous
effects. Having high affinity for combustion, hydrogen may lead to loss of lives which makes
many people not to accommodate this type of engine even though it possesses many advantages.
Opportunities
Hydrogen combustion engine can be combined with a turbocharger to enhance an
effective output. Turbocharger uses the exhaust gas compressor to get rid of the waste as
produced and as a result improving the function ability of an engine. Turbochargers increase the
power of an engine by 40% and thus making small engines to become equivalent to large engines
(Becky and Johnson 2018). This poses a great competition to the other engine producing
companies. The effective performance and a powerful engine will lead to customer satisfaction
and as a result improve on sales as well as gaining customer loyalty.

HYDROGEN ENHANCED COMBUSTION ENGINE
Turbocharger enhances the cooling of the gases produced after combustion by passing
them through the charge air cooler which reduce the temperatures and this once they are released
from the engine they do not bring about a negative impact on the environment (Zhang and Wang
2015). The cooling also enhances the maintenance of the engine and thus reduces the high risk of
damage.
There has been a debate that focuses on the abandoning of fossils fuels to be used as a
source of energy in aircrafts. This becomes a great opportunity for hydrogen to be absorbed as
the new method of energy source. It is advantageous since no change in the mode of the craft is
required. Simple modifications of the available engines are done to enhance the smooth running
of the crafts engine. Ghazal (2013) reported that the adoption of hydrogen as a source of energy
also reduces on the intensity of air pollution caused by the waste products of fossils fuels when
used in the production of energy. Fossils fuels produce carbon monoxide which has a great
negative impact on the ozone layer. There are many more waste gases produced from the
combustion of fossils fuels that are harmful to both human and aquatic life. Hydrogen is a
source of clean energy and is an effective source.
The possible depletion of fossil fuels is a great opportunity for the embrace of the
hydrogen combustion engines to be used in the operations of motor vehicles. As the levels of
fossils fuel go down, the cost of using fossil fuel as a source of energy will rise. This will give
room to the shift to hydrogen
combustion engines to be
used.

HYDROGEN ENHANCED COMBUSTION ENGINE
Figure showing Turbocharger
The small size of the enhanced hydrogen combustion increases the ease of maintenance and it is
easy to repair in the case of breakdown. Since the engine does not use fossils fuels its durability
is enhanced and as a result gives a good service to the users. Additionally, creating a customer
feedback platform is a major aspect that can promote the effective implementation of the
hydrogen enhanced combustion engine. This platform enhances the communication between the
customers and the manufactures (Zurbriggen et al. 2014). The customer consideration and
specifications can be tailored to the engines and as a result a high quality product is produced.
However, implementation of new hydrogen engine models can be done in phases hand
in hand with the older models whereby pre-testing is done to determine the workability of the
engine. After they become fully stable, the new design fully implemented and the older models
be upgraded. These phases enhance the comfortable improvement of models and avoid the
unnecessary breakdown of the engines.
Continued research should be conducted aimed at improving the hydrogen enhanced
combustion engine. This research will aid in the modeling of the engine in a way that give better
results and is cost effective. Research can be conducted using the available technologies and
through the combination of other older models of engines with the hydrogen combustion engine
to have a better product.
Hydrogen Fuel Enrichment
Hydrogen can be used in engines to enhance their performance in terms of energy production.
Hydrogen mixed with other biofuels produces more energy that can be used for a longer period.
Additionally, the combination of hydrogen with other fuels in the engine reduces the amount of
exhaust gases being produced to the environment. This can be used as a methodology for

HYDROGEN ENHANCED COMBUSTION ENGINE
controlling environmental pollution. Hydrogen in the engine can be obtained through
electrolysis method and get stored as useful energy.
Hamdy et al. (2015) noted that Hydrogen can be used in gasoline engines to improve on the
performance of the engine. Gasoline has a low flammability and as a result there is reduced
energy production which has a negative effect to the normal functioning of the engine. The
introduction of hydrogen in the combustion chamber boosts energy production and the continued
combustion of gasoline. This improves the general functioning of the gasoline engine.
History
In the beginning when the engines were being tested, all the experiments were designed for gases
to be burned. There were several preferred gases including natural and propane. However,
hydrogen gas was not a priority even thou there were investigations on incorporating hydrogen in
the design experiments of engines. According to Robinson (2011), the first invention was from
Rivaz (1807); a Swiss scientist who used a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen to design an internal
combustion engine with an electric ignition. He later designed a car specifically for this engine
which became the first internal combustible automobile. When he was convinced that his idea
and design were workable, Rivaz obtained a patent from France for his invention. His sketch
invention from the patent is shown below:

HYDROGEN ENHANCED COMBUSTION ENGINE
Figure showing sketch for Rivaz
He used the idea of using hydrogen combined with oxygen to generate power that could
be used to move machinery. The hydrogen burns and creates a vacuum after explosion. The
pressure from the atmosphere is responsible for moving the car. However, this was one of the
primitive hydrogen fueled engines.
In 1974, Stebar and Parks did an investigation on supplementing hydrogen through
extension of the lead operating limits of gasoline engines for the purposes of controlling NOx
emissions (MILLER 2015). The experiment results indicated that addition of small amounts to
the fuel resulted to limited emissions of NOx and CO. this was only possible for fuels containing

HYDROGEN ENHANCED COMBUSTION ENGINE
Hydro-isooctane mixtures that were leaner than 0.55 equivalent ratios. However, the
hydrocarbon (HC) emissions markedly increased at the given conditions. Therefore, they
concluded and recommended that for the hydrogen supplemented fuel approach to succeed
would require the development of means to control emissions of hydrocarbons. Additionally, a
suitable hydrogen source on board the vehicle had to be established.
Varde and Frame performed another experiment to study how diesel particulates could be
reduced in the exhaust of a diesel engine in 1983. The study involved the aspirating small
quantities of hydrogen in gaseous form in the engine intake (Karvonen et al. 2016 p.3735).
A four stroke single cylinder diesel engine was used which had a compression ratio of
17.4:1. It was found out that the flow rate of hydrogen was equivalent to approximately 10% of
the total energy. Additionally, the smoke emission had substantially reduced at part loads.
However, the smoke levels reductions were limited at full rated loads. This was related to the
lower amounts of air which was in excess I the cylinder. The most intriguing part is that they
also found out that the thermal efficiency of the engine depended on the hydrogen energy
portion. This was as a result of performing two tests whereby the hydrogen portions were varied
in the diesel mixture. In the first experiment, the hydrogen flow was maintained constant while
to increase the output of the engine the diesel kept on increasing. In the second set, the engine
kept running at 40rps but a variation in the hydrogen flow rate was kept. The results indicate that
the efficiency increased with as the energy portion of hydrogen was raised. At the same time, the
lowest hydrogen fueling rate produced decreases in the efficiency or remained constant relative
to the operation baseline (when no hydrogen was supplied to the engine).
Engine combustion under oxygen enriched air

HYDROGEN ENHANCED COMBUSTION ENGINE
An engine dynamometer was designed to determine oxygen enriched air impacts on
exhaust emissions. The designer and founder of the dynamometer found that the hydrocarbons
were reduced to substantia amounts compared with operating engines running on lean-air
mixture. However, carbon monoxide emission was similar while nitrogen emissions significantly
increased. With oxygen enrichment, octane requirements were high and also increased levels of
fuel consumption. Therefore, the emissions and the characteristics of performance were due to
the higher peak temperatures that resulted from high oxygen concentrations. Maxwell (2013)
reported in 1993 that the impact of oxygen enriched air was evaluated the performance of
engines and the exhaust emissions of a four stroke single cylinder engine. The evaluation was
done on both gasoline and natural gas (Nguyen et al. 2018 p.17520-17530
They used different variations of the oxygen content in the intake air between 20.9%
(ambient air) and 25%. The indication in the test results is that the use of oxygen enriched air had
a significant impact on the power output as well as improvements in fuel conversion efficiency.
Additionally, there was also lower specific fuel consumption, higher exhaust gas temperature and
a significant reduction in carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon emissions as long as the engine was
either fueled with gasoline or natural gas (Greenwood et al. 2014 p.12983).
3. Research Question, Aim/Objectives and Sub-goals
Research Question
The research question for this project is grounded on
How to improve the overall efficiency of the combined hydrogen combustion engines?
Objective
The overall objective is to evaluate the efficiency and improve its performance in line with the
combined hydrogen combustion engines.

HYDROGEN ENHANCED COMBUSTION ENGINE
Sub-goal
To assess for the efficiency via the application of the simulation technique
4. Theoretical Content and Methodology
There are factors influencing the homogeneous charge spark ignition thermal efficiency
of an SI engine that combines fuel with hydrogen. According to Reif (2015), the main focus is on
the degree of degree of cooling loss and constant volume. The engine that was used was a four
stroke with four cylinders. It was an improvised gasoline engine which was specifically created
for passengers cars. The engines bore 85 mm, stroke 88 mm, and the compression ratio of 8.5.
With these features the engine was perfect for the tests. Hydrogen or methane was supplied into
the manifold of the engine. The supply was continuous and a flow rate meter was used to
measure the flow rate of the fuel gas (Deb et al. 2015 p.8586).
The engine speed was kept 1500 rpm and the volumetric efficiency at 50%. The percentage also
includes the fuel gas so that the flashback phenomenon can be avoided. There is the required
amount of pressure required for the tests to be accurate. The in-cylinder pressure records were
taken using piezoelectric type pressure transducer (AVL, GM12D). The data of the pressure over
200 cycles was used to calculate the thermal efficiency, heat release rate and the degree of
constant volume (Chintala, V Subramanian and K 2015 p.183).
The temperature was instantaneous as the engine was running and generating heat. A
thin film-type thermocouple (Medtherm, TCS-103E, chromel constantan type) was used to
collect the temperature results. An exhaust gas analyzer (Horiba, MEXA 9100) was used to
analyses the exhaust gases and sort them according to their amounts and characteristics. The
behavior of these gases is crucial for the combustion efficiency calculation. The burning gas also
causes cooling losses which need to be significantly analyses (Ji et al. 2016 p.274).

HYDROGEN ENHANCED COMBUSTION ENGINE
The process is facilitated by analyzing the cylinder pressure diagram and the composition
of the exhaust gases. This cooling loss analysis is done from the burning gas in a homogenous SI
engine to its cylinders. For the analysis of cooling loss to be effective, a comparison between the
combustion of methane and hydrogen was done. The comparison revealed that the cooling loss
in the combustion of hydrogen was higher than that of methane combustion. This was due to the
faster burning velocity and the quenching distance for the combustion of hydrogen (Ma, Zhong
and Zhang 2018 p.7591).
According to Ghazal (2013) when measuring the pressure of the cylinder and the
instantaneous pressure, they varied the ignition timing for both hydrogen and methane
combustion. The results indicated that the combustion of hydrogen was for a shorter period
compared to methane since it had higher burning velocity. It was further observed that the
combustion chamber walls’ temperatures tended to increase with an advance of burning both
fuels. The cooling loss also influenced the apparent rate of heat release in hydrogen combustion.
This is attributable to the higher cooling loss of hydrogen combustion to the thin temperature
boundary layer thickness on te chamber of combustion. The quenching distance is short enabling
heat to travel at short distance before reaching the surface of the combustible chamber.
Additionally, hydrogen’s high burning velocity during combustion causes convection that is
intense between the burning gas and the walls of the camber resulting to heat transfer
enhancement. For both fuels, it was observed that the cooling loss ratio was tending to increase
with advance in ignition timing during combustion. In hydrogen combustion, it was significantly
higher than methane combustion at the same ignition timing (Wang et al. 2012 p.58).
With the retardation of the ignition timing, there was a decrease in the cooling loss for
bot methane and hydrogen combustion. This was confirmed from taking instantaneous

HYDROGEN ENHANCED COMBUSTION ENGINE
measurements of heat flux at a represented location in the cylinder head. In hydrogen
combustion, a lower thermal efficiency was obtained than that of methane combustion at
throttled conditions. These results were due to the higher cooling loss ratio and hydrogen’s
higher levels of constant volume cooling during its combustion. Therefore, the conclusion about
improving the thermal efficiency of hydrogen-fueled engines is to essentially reducing the
cooling losses (Nguyen et al. 2018 p.17520).
5. Experimental Set-up
The application often preferred and considered for the utilization and the appraisal of this
experiment is the simulation context.
6. Project Planning and Gantt Chart
Gant chart has been used to show and illustrate clearly the schedule of activities of the proposed project
research.
MONTHS 1STMONTH
NOV,2018
2NDMONTH
DEC,2018
3RDMONHT
JAN,2019
4THMONTH
FEB,2019
5THMONTH
MAR,2019
APRIL,
MAY,
JUNE,2019
Project
initiation
Project system
analysis
Project system
design
Project
implementation
Documentation
and reporting
ACTIVITIES

HYDROGEN ENHANCED COMBUSTION ENGINE
7. Results, Outcome and Relevance
Hydrogen combustion engine came as a result of modification of the old model of
gasoline engine. This development was focused on lowering the cost of maintaining the engine
as well as targeting on low consumption of energy. The hydrogen combustion engine worked
perfectly in meeting the specifications since it produced a high voltage energy that could operate
a car for a long period of time. Hydrogen enhanced combustion engine also has low emissions
since it was designed to purify its exhaust before they are released into the environment. The first
hydrogen combustion engine worked with the combination of hydrogen and oxygen to produce
energy that facilitated car movement. Due to the high reaction between hydrogen and oxygen to
produce water brought a need for the advanced development of hydrogen engine for function
with hydrogen as the only component.
In the development period Mazda incorporated wankel engines that used pure hydrogen for
combustion. This incorporation worked well since the engine did not need retooling in the case
of a shift from the source of energy. Only a few changes would be implemented and the engine
would work perfectly with any other fuel (Beck, 2018). BMW also tested the hydrogen powered
engine and it really met the expectations by having a high combustion rate which lead to an
increase in the production of energy. High energy power facilitated the fast movement of the car
at an approximate speed of 301km/h. The hydrogen combustion engine only produced water as
the only by-product which was a great excitement to the BMW Company (Beck, Uyehara and
Johnson 2018 p.478).

HYDROGEN ENHANCED COMBUSTION ENGINE
8. Conclusions
There were several preferred gases including natural and propane in the history of engine
invention. However, hydrogen gas was not a priority even thou there were investigations on
incorporating hydrogen in the design experiments of engines. The first invention was from Rivaz
(1807); a Swiss scientist who used a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen to design an internal
combustion engine with an electric ignition. He later designed a car specifically for this engine
which became the first internal combustible automobile. When he was convinced that his idea
and design were workable, Rivaz obtained a patent from France for his invention. His sketch
invention from the patent is shown below: he used the idea of using hydrogen combined with
oxygen to generate power that could be used to move machinery. In the recent years, there have
been enhancements in the overall engine outlook to come up with Hydrogen enhanced
combustion engine.
Hydrogen enhanced combustion engine is an appropriate motor engine which is designed
to have hydrogen as the major source of energy. It combines different fuels and through the
induction of hydrogen more energy is produced to facilitate movement. The engine is designed
in a way that accommodates changes as well as use of different sources of fuels. Through its
well defined features, the engine reduces on emissions from internal combustion. The little
emissions therefore are filtered and cooled before they are released into the environment. The
engine is environmental friendly since it has contributed into a major reduction of environmental
pollution. Despite the challenges in the performance of the engine, it is more beneficial
compared to other types of engines.

HYDROGEN ENHANCED COMBUSTION ENGINE
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performance and emission analysis of a single cylinder, 4-stroke DI-diesel engine using hydrogen in
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Ghazal, O.H., 2013. Performance and combustion characteristic of CI engine fueled with hydrogen
enriched diesel. international journal of hydrogen energy, 38(35), pp.15469-15476.

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Method and apparatus of fuelling an internal combustion engine with hydrogen and methane. U.S.
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Nguyen, V.N., Deja, R., Peters, R., Blum, L. and Stolten, D., 2018. Study of the catalytic combustion of lean
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