Hypertension Case Study: Biochemical Mechanisms, Prevalence, Diet and Exercise

This case study discusses the biochemical and physiological mechanisms of hypertension, its prevalence, and the role of diet and exercise in managing it. It covers the causes of hypertension, including primary and secondary hypertension, and the importance of early intervention. The report also outlines the role of diet and exercise in managing hypertension in order to manage weight and other factors.

Hypertension Case Study

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
Explain the biochemical and physiological mechanisms underpinning hypertension...........3
Prevalence and Incidence of hypertension.......................................................................................3
The role of diet and exercise in managing hypertension.................................................................5
Conclusion.......................................................................................................................................7
References........................................................................................................................................9
Books and Journals .........................................................................................................................9

INTRODUCTION
The hypertension is the major and common problem nowadays, a survey says that every
3rd home in sequence have the hypertension patient (Alloubani, Saleh, and Abdelhafiz, 2018) .
This is the issue created by the bad food habits includes junk food and lipid contain food and also
varies on to the physical activities which can be removes nowadays, in everyone's lifestyle. In
this report, will discuss about the hypertension, it's symptoms, biochemical and physiological
mechanism and also discusses about the role of diet and exercise in managing the hypertension.
Explain the biochemical and physiological mechanisms underpinning hypertension.
Hypertension is the problem in which the blood pressure becomes high into the arteries of
the body (Del Pinto and Ferri, 2019). It is the force exerted by the circulating blood, when the
blood pressure is too high then its denotes as hypertension. Blood pressure is two forms that is
Systolic and Diastolic, in systolic blood pressure the pressure is generated by the heart with the
contracting itself and pushing the flow of blood out. In the other side diastolic is also a type of
blood pressure in which the heart is getting relax and again fills with the de oxygenated blood.
There are many symptoms of high blood pressure are nose bleeding, fatigue, confusion,
difficulty in breathing, heartbeat becomes increases, vision problem, pain in chest and sometimes
blood in urine. There are many effects into the body, which can be generated by the
hypertension that is heart related diseases includes heart attack, stroke, myocardial infraction and
arteries damage and many more (Arif and et.al., 2019).
In context to the biochemical mechanism in which the hypertension is interaction with
the renin-angiotensin system and autonomic nervous system and also shows the mechanisms
factor including circulating volume of the flow of blood, sodium potassium exchange through
and urine and also many other hormonal dis balance occur. Where the physiological changes in
hypertension is the narrowing of blood vessels and arteries that can increases the pressure of the
blood against the walls of the arteries and this can leads to the force into the heart and to works
harder to maintains the pressure of the blood flow.
Prevalence and Incidence of hypertension
Prevalence is very differ from the incidence in which the prevalence is the data in which
includes all cases, new cases and also pre-existing cases of the particular diseases, where the
incidence refers only new cases of the particular diseases (Beshay, Sahay and Humbert, 2020).

High blood pressure or hypertension is very common nowadays, It affects more than 1 in 4
adults in the England, The approx figure is all about 12.5 million people in 2015. The survey
says that the problem of the hypertension is more in men in comparison to women. The
prevalence of the high blood pressure for England in 2015-16, The men among 31% and 26%
among women. In the year of 2017, saw that 11.8 millions of population are suffering from with
the age group among 16 or older people. If the assessment of the population, there is 26.2% in
adults are suffering from hypertension in the country of United Kingdom.
Causes of hypertension in reference to biochemical and physiological mechanisms
Hypertension usually acquire over time period. It can happen because of unhealthy
lifestyle choices, such as not getting enough regular exercise. Random health conditions, like
having obesity and diabetes, can also increase the risk for developing high blood pressure
(Clement, 2020). There are many causes which can cause hypertension, The two causes of
hypertension are primary or essential hypertension and secondary hypertension which are
explained below-
Primary hypertension- This is a type of hypertension in which the adults are mainly affects, In
which no identifiable cause of high blood pressure this simplify that the primary hypertension.
Secondary hypertension- In this type of hypertension, the patient can cause through any
primary disease. It refers as the secondary hypertension.
There causes of hypertension are mentioned below:
 Obstructive Sleep Apnoea(OSA)- In this diseases, the walls of the throat muscles are
contract and dilate(narrow) during sleep and this can leads to interrupting the normal
breathing is referred as Obstructive Sleep Apnoea.
 Glomerulonephritis- In this problem, The damage of the tiny filters into kidneys, that
can narrow or constrict the arteries that can resist the blood flow into the kidneys and
leads to hypertension (Lalji and Tullus, 2019).
 Diabetes- Diabetes damages the arteries and makes the arteries harder that can know as
atherosclerosis. This can causes the hypertension by increasing the blood pressure into
the arteries and some times leads to kidney failure and heart attack.
 Thyroid Cushing's Syndrome – This syndrome can increases the level of two hormones
that is aldosterone and phaeochromocytoma that can increases the increases the blood flow and
leads to hypertension.

 Scleroderma- In this diseases, the thickening of skin and also makes the narrowing of
blood vessels that can causes to the hypertension.
There are also many medicines that can causes hypertension, some of the medicines are
given below:
 Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
 Contraceptive pills
 Steroids
 Expectorants
 Antidepressants and venlafaxine
The hypertension is also causes by the highly intake of sodium chloride that is common
salt, it is very major source to increases the hypertension. The research and studies also says that
hypertension is a genetic problem that can also develops through genetically into the body.
The good thing is that hypertension is totally curable and also treatable. This can also
maintains and controls under the home remedies and treated by many other system of medication
like ayurveda, siddha, unani and homeopathy (De and et.al., 2022).
The role of diet and exercise in managing hypertension
Diet can plays the major role to maintains the blood pressure of the body as, the more
intake of junk food or unhealthy food habits leads to the deposition of lipid into the body and
after the lipid changes into the cholesterol and formation of plague into the blood arteries that
can narrowing of blood vessels or arteries, so the blood flow becomes resist and increases the
pressure of blood that generated by heart, known as raise blood pressure into the body. The role
of diet and exercise is very important for the reducing fat that can leads to help in maintains and
regulates the blood pressure of the body. Where, diet can provides nutrition to the body and
exercise can decreases the fat and lipid, and also maintains the body weight. They both are
correlate with each other in reducing the weight, as the exercise can helps only 20% and the diet
have a major contribution that is 80% in reducing fat or controls and maintains the body weight.
If the person have negligible amount of body weight that can free from the many public health
issues like having obesity, diabetes and many more (Kahleova, Levin and Barnard 2018).
Diet includes many things that must follows by the every person like daily intake of
vitamins, protein, carbohydrates, minerals, fibres, fat and many more things. In the diet plan, The
word balance diet is very familiar with it. The balance diet is the diet in which all the nutritions

are provides in a particular quantity that can helps the body to maintains and managing health.
There are seven components of diet that can comes under balance diet is carbohydrates, water,
fibre, minerals, protein and fats. These all supplements of food that can helps to the person to
maintains and regulates high blood pressure into the body because good food can makes the
healthier body and prevention from the many diseases (Semb and et.al., 2020). The diet includes
calcium, magnesium and potassium that can regulates the high blood pressure, some of the foods
which can helps in reducing high blood pressure are mentioned below:
fish is very enrich in the source of omega 3 fatty acid, fruits which are banana, apple and oranges
and also includes some vegetables are also helps in managing the high blood pressure that is
broccoli, spinach, eggs and many more. If talking about the physical activities, Exercises are
very important to being healthy because while the body is doing exercise that can pump heart
faster and faster pumping of heart can pump more blood in less efforts so, the force on the
arteries becomes decreases and decreasing the blood pressure as low. That is why the exercises
are very important to maintain and controls the blood pressure. Modification of lifestyle leads to
the many things that can improve the cardiovascular system and also prevents hypertension (high
blood pressure).
There are number of social groups that gives importance to the exercise and workout, a
survey says that after the age of 40 year of human body. That creates more pressure into the
cardiovascular system, because of the declining of the cardiac muscles that generates obstruction
in the pumping of blood. Additionally, constriction of the arteries that can resist the flow of
blood and sometimes leads to cardiac miss happening like stroke, cardiac arrest or heart attack,
myocardial infraction and many more. The whole problem of cardiac system can solve with the
physical activity, yoga, meditation, workout etc. This can enhance the heart activity without any
pressure on the heart. With this, reducing the risk factor of hypertension that can associates with
the several diseases like kidney diseases, brain, heart, mental illness and also manages other
medical problems along with several factors that can contributes to raise the blood pressure of
the body that is consumption of alcohol, cessation of tobacco and harmful uses of drugs. These
all factors raise the blood pressure (Sood and Mahajan, 2018).
According to the World Health Organization, there are some major points related diet and
exercise that can manages the problem of high blood pressure are mentioned below:

Reduction of salt intake- WHO says that, less than 5 gram of the sodium or salt intake on the
daily bases can implies to declines the systolic and diastolic blood pressure into the body.
Management of Weight- Weight management is also very important for reducing the
hypertension into body in which the body weight is not more than 24.9 body mass index, the
normal body mass index for a healthy body is 18.5 to 24.5, This can be managed as intake of
vegetables and fruits on the daily bases and many more (Aboonabi, Meyer and Singh, 2019).
Early intervention- Early intervention have more chances to save from the diseases, because of
it is a initial stage of disease that can fully impacts on the body. At the time initial generating
problem or diseases have tendency to cure easily ( Li, Binongo and Kancherla , 2019).
There are some importance of diet and exercise that can helps to manage the high blood
pressure-
 Regular exercise can leads the long term good health, reduction of the heart related
diseases. The diseases which pertaining heart issues that have least chances and also
helps to solves several medical related issues.
 Least the chances of illness and injured in the body.
 The best recovery is held, while completed the exercise and some physical task.
Conclusion
From the above report, it can be emphasized that diet and exercise are very important to
maintains the hypertension, In this report, it has discussed about the hypertension, it's symptoms,
biochemical and physiological mechanism and also discusses about the role of diet and exercise
in managing the hypertension. In addition to this, the term hypertension is said to be the
common problem and considered as an issue created by the bad food habits that comprises of
junk food. The report also outlined the role of diet and exercise in managing hypertension in
order to manage the weight and many other factors.

References
Books and Journals
Alloubani, A., Saleh, A. and Abdelhafiz, I., 2018. Hypertension and diabetes mellitus as a
predictive risk factors for stroke. Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research &
Reviews, 12(4), pp.577-584.
Del Pinto, R. and Ferri, C., 2019. Hypertension management at older age: an update. High Blood
Pressure & Cardiovascular Prevention, 26(1), pp.27-36.
Arif, M., Sadayappan, S., Becker, R.C., Martin, L.J. and Urbina, E.M., 2019. Epigenetic
modification: a regulatory mechanism in essential hypertension. Hypertension
Research, 42(8), pp.1099-1113.
Beshay, S., Sahay, S. and Humbert, M., 2020. Evaluation and management of pulmonary arterial
hypertension. Respiratory Medicine, 171, p.106099.
Clement, D.L., 2020. Hypertension and peripheral artery disease. Journal of
Hypertension, 38(12), pp.2378-2379.
Lalji, R. and Tullus, K., 2019. Causes of Secondary Hypertension in Children and Adolescents.
In Hypertension in Children and Adolescents (pp. 111-130). Springer, Cham.
De, A., Tiwari, A., Pande, V. and Sinha, A., 2022. Evolutionary trilogy of malaria, angiotensin II
and hypertension: deeper insights and the way forward. Journal of Human
Hypertension, 36(4), pp.344-351.
Kahleova, H., Levin, S. and Barnard, N.D., 2018. Vegetarian dietary patterns and cardiovascular
disease. Progress in cardiovascular diseases, 61(1), pp.54-61.
Semb, A.G., Ikdahl, E., Wibetoe, G., Crowson, C. and Rollefstad, S., 2020. Atherosclerotic
cardiovascular disease prevention in rheumatoid arthritis. Nature Reviews
Rheumatology, 16(7), pp.361-379.
Sood, S.K. and Mahajan, I., 2018. IoT-fog-based healthcare framework to identify and control
hypertension attack. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 6(2), pp.1920-1927.
Aboonabi, A., Meyer, R.R. and Singh, I., 2019. The association between metabolic syndrome
components and the development of atherosclerosis. Journal of human
hypertension, 33(12), pp.844-855.
Li, C., Binongo, J.N. and Kancherla, V., 2019. Effect of parity on pregnancy-associated
hypertension among Asian American women in the United States. Maternal and Child
Health Journal, 23(8), pp.1098-1107.