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Hyperthyroidism and Its Effects on Skin

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Added on  2020-01-07

Hyperthyroidism and Its Effects on Skin

   Added on 2020-01-07

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Running head: HYPERTHYROIDISM AND ITS EFFECT ON SKIN 1Hyperthyroidism and its effects on skinStudent's Name:Instructor's Name: Date:
Hyperthyroidism and Its Effects on Skin_1
Hyperthyroidism and its effects on skin 2 Hyperthyroidism and its effects on skinIntroductionThyroid gland is an endocrine gland situated in the lower anterior part of neck. It has two lobes,one on the right and one on the left side of trachea. They are joined in front of the trachea byisthmus [1]. The isthmus is located just below the cricoid cartilage of trachea [5]. The glandderives its name from its appearance resembling a shield, from the Greek word thyreos, whichmeans an oblong shield.It secretes important hormones in the circulation, T3 and T4, triiodothyronine and thyroxine,respectively, which play a very important role in metabolism throughout the body. It alsosecretes a hormone called thyrocalcitonin or simply calcitonin [1].The physiological role played by thyroid hormones is extremely important for each and everybody system. This explains the fact that the effects of dysfunction of the thyroid are seen in theentire body including brain, heart, vascular system, skin, bones, reproductive system andpsychology. A developing embryo also needs a normal level of thyroid hormones for growth.It is important to know this fact as it will help in diagnosis of thyroid dysfunction in a patient inwhom clinical examination of the thyroid gland appears normal. For example, knowledge of thefact that a normal thyroid function is required for adequate brain function, will help in correctdiagnosis of hypothyroidism in a child whose parents just complain that he is slow in studies.The thyroid gland may look absolutely normal in such patientsThyroid stimulating hormone [TSH] secreted by pituitary gland located in brain regulates thesecretion of thyroid hormones through a feedback system
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Hyperthyroidism and its effects on skin 3Basic functions of thyroid hormones T3 and T4T3 works at the nuclear level in virtually all the cells of the body. It binds to Thyroid hormonenuclear receptors [TR]. It modifies the transcription of genes, which affects protein metabolismand overall metabolic turnover. [2]T4 is a precursor hormone of T3. It gets converted in T4 at intra- cellular level.Thyroid dysfunctionThyroid gland can develop structural diseases like swelling – goitre, nodules, abscess, cancer etc.The function may or may not be affected in these cases.In other cases the thyroid may be structurally normal but may function less causing inadequatelevels of T3 and T4 [Hypothyroidism] or may function more, causing excess levels of T3 and T4.[Hyperthyroidism]There could be combination of structural and functional defectsHyperthyroidism can be due to a diffuse toxic goiter [Graves’ disease] or toxic multinodulargoiter or toxic adenoma.[8]ManifestationsMany manifestations of hypo and hyperthyroidism are easy to understand as they reflect reducedand excess metalobic activity respectively.A hypothyroid patient will have slow metabolism causing lack of appetite, weight gain,bradycardia and excessive sleepiness. In contrast, a hyperthyroid patient will have opposite set ofcomplaints like excessive appetite, weight loss, tachycardia and insomnia.
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