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Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.This ia an electronic version of the print textbook. Due to electronic rights
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www.cengage.com/highered to search by ISBN#, author, title, or keyword
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restrictions, some third party may be suppressed. Edition
review has deemed that any suppres ed content does not materially
affect the over all learning experience. The publisher reserves the
right to remove the contents from this title at any time if subsequent
rights restrictions require it. For valuable information on pricing, previous
editions, changes to current editions, and alternate format, please visit
www.cengage.com/highered to search by ISBN#, author, title, or keyword
for materials in your areas of interest.
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“62056_00_fm_pi_xxvi” — 2010/5/4 — 3:05 — page ii — #2
Introduction to Wireless and Mobile
Systems, 3rd Edition
Dharma Prakash Agrawal
Qing-An Zeng
Publisher, Global Engineering: Christopher
M. Shortt
Acquisitions Editor: Swati Meherishi
Senior Developmental Editor: Hilda Gowans
Editorial Assistant: Tanya Altieri
Team Assistant: Carly Rizzo
Marketing Manager: Lauren Betsos
Media Editor: Chris Valentine
Director, Content and Media Production:
Barbara Fuller Jacobsen
Content Project Manager: Emily Nesheim
Production Service: RPK Editorial
Services, Inc.
Copyeditor: Harlan James
Proofreader: Martha McMaster
Indexer: Shelly Gerger-Knechtl
Compositor: Integra
Senior Art Director: Michelle Kunkler
Internal Designer: Carmela Pereira
Cover Designer: Andrew Adams
Cover Image: © Zsolt Nyulaszi/
Shutterstock, © Neo Edmund/
Shutterstock
Permissions Account Manager, Text:
Mardell Glinski Schultz
Permissions Account Manager, Images:
Deanna Ettinger
Text and Image Permissions Researcher:
Kristiina Paul
Senior First Print Buyer: Arethea Thomas
© 2011, 2006, 2003 Cengage Learning
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright
herein may be reproduced, transmitted, stored, or used in any form or by
any means graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including but not limited to
photocopying, recording, scanning, digitizing, taping, web distribution,
information networks, or information storage and retrieval systems, except
as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright
Act, without the prior written permission of the publisher.
For product information and technology assistance, contact us at
Cengage Learning Customer & Sales Support, 1-800-354-9706.
For permission to use material from this text or product,
submit all requests online at www.cengage.com/permissions.
Further permissions questions can be emailed to
permissionrequest@cengage.com.
Library of Congress Control Number: 2010922633
ISBN-13: 978-1-4390-6205-0
ISBN-10: 1-4390-6205-6
Cengage Learning
200 First Stamford Place, Suite 400
Stamford, CT 06902
USA
Cengage Learning is a leading provider of customized learning
solutions with office locations around the globe, including Singapore,
the United Kingdom, Australia, Mexico, Brazil, and Japan. Locate your
local office at: international.cengage.com/region.
Cengage Learning products are represented in Canada by
Nelson Education Ltd.
For your course and learning solutions, visit
www.cengage.com/engineering.
Purchase any of our products at your local college store or at our
preferred online store www.cengagebrain.com.
Printed in the United States of America
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 14 13 12 11 10Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
Introduction to Wireless and Mobile
Systems, 3rd Edition
Dharma Prakash Agrawal
Qing-An Zeng
Publisher, Global Engineering: Christopher
M. Shortt
Acquisitions Editor: Swati Meherishi
Senior Developmental Editor: Hilda Gowans
Editorial Assistant: Tanya Altieri
Team Assistant: Carly Rizzo
Marketing Manager: Lauren Betsos
Media Editor: Chris Valentine
Director, Content and Media Production:
Barbara Fuller Jacobsen
Content Project Manager: Emily Nesheim
Production Service: RPK Editorial
Services, Inc.
Copyeditor: Harlan James
Proofreader: Martha McMaster
Indexer: Shelly Gerger-Knechtl
Compositor: Integra
Senior Art Director: Michelle Kunkler
Internal Designer: Carmela Pereira
Cover Designer: Andrew Adams
Cover Image: © Zsolt Nyulaszi/
Shutterstock, © Neo Edmund/
Shutterstock
Permissions Account Manager, Text:
Mardell Glinski Schultz
Permissions Account Manager, Images:
Deanna Ettinger
Text and Image Permissions Researcher:
Kristiina Paul
Senior First Print Buyer: Arethea Thomas
© 2011, 2006, 2003 Cengage Learning
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright
herein may be reproduced, transmitted, stored, or used in any form or by
any means graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including but not limited to
photocopying, recording, scanning, digitizing, taping, web distribution,
information networks, or information storage and retrieval systems, except
as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright
Act, without the prior written permission of the publisher.
For product information and technology assistance, contact us at
Cengage Learning Customer & Sales Support, 1-800-354-9706.
For permission to use material from this text or product,
submit all requests online at www.cengage.com/permissions.
Further permissions questions can be emailed to
permissionrequest@cengage.com.
Library of Congress Control Number: 2010922633
ISBN-13: 978-1-4390-6205-0
ISBN-10: 1-4390-6205-6
Cengage Learning
200 First Stamford Place, Suite 400
Stamford, CT 06902
USA
Cengage Learning is a leading provider of customized learning
solutions with office locations around the globe, including Singapore,
the United Kingdom, Australia, Mexico, Brazil, and Japan. Locate your
local office at: international.cengage.com/region.
Cengage Learning products are represented in Canada by
Nelson Education Ltd.
For your course and learning solutions, visit
www.cengage.com/engineering.
Purchase any of our products at your local college store or at our
preferred online store www.cengagebrain.com.
Printed in the United States of America
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 14 13 12 11 10Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
“62056_01_ch01_p001_029” — 2010/5/2 — 14:25 — page 1 — #1
C H A P T E R
1 Introduction
1.1 History of Cellular Systems
Long-distance communication began with the introduction of telegraphs and sim-
ple coded pulses, which were used to transmit short messages. Since then, numerous
advances have rendered reliable transfer of information both easier and quicker.
There is a long history of how the field has evolved and how telephony has intro-
duced a convenient way of conversing by transmitting audio signals. Hardware
connections and electronic switches have made transfer of digital data feasible. The
use of the Internet has added another dimension to the wireline communication
field, and both voice and data are being processed extensively. In parallel to wire-
line communication, radio transmission has progressed substantially. Feasibility of
wireless transmission has brought drastic changes in the way people live and com-
municate. New innovations in radio communication have brought about the use of
this technology in new application areas [1.1]. A chronological evolution of radio
communication is given in Table 1.1, with specific events that occurred in different
years clearly marked [1.2]. Table 1.2 on page 3 lists how, for different applications,
radio frequency (RF) bands have been allocated [1.3].
Wireless systems have been around for quite some time, and their obvious use
in garage-door openers and cordless telephones has gone unnoticed until recently.
The introduction of affordably priced wireless telephones has made them attractive
for the general population. Their main usefulness is their capability to maintain
the same contact number even if the user moves from one location to another,
and this is illustrated in Figure 1.1 on page 6. Wireless systems have evolved
over time, and the chronological development of first-generation (1G) and second-
generation (2G) cellular systems (known as mobile systems outside North America)
is given in Tables 1.3 and 1.4 on pages 6 and 7, respectively.
The first-generation wireless systems were primarily developed for voice com-
munication using frequency division multiplexing. To have efficient use of com-
munication channels, time division multiplexing was used in the second-generation
systems so that data could be also processed. The third-generation systems evolved
due to the need for transmitting integrated voice, data, and multimedia traffic.
The channel capacity is still limited, and attempts are being made to compress the
amount of information without compromising the quality of received signals.
1Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
C H A P T E R
1 Introduction
1.1 History of Cellular Systems
Long-distance communication began with the introduction of telegraphs and sim-
ple coded pulses, which were used to transmit short messages. Since then, numerous
advances have rendered reliable transfer of information both easier and quicker.
There is a long history of how the field has evolved and how telephony has intro-
duced a convenient way of conversing by transmitting audio signals. Hardware
connections and electronic switches have made transfer of digital data feasible. The
use of the Internet has added another dimension to the wireline communication
field, and both voice and data are being processed extensively. In parallel to wire-
line communication, radio transmission has progressed substantially. Feasibility of
wireless transmission has brought drastic changes in the way people live and com-
municate. New innovations in radio communication have brought about the use of
this technology in new application areas [1.1]. A chronological evolution of radio
communication is given in Table 1.1, with specific events that occurred in different
years clearly marked [1.2]. Table 1.2 on page 3 lists how, for different applications,
radio frequency (RF) bands have been allocated [1.3].
Wireless systems have been around for quite some time, and their obvious use
in garage-door openers and cordless telephones has gone unnoticed until recently.
The introduction of affordably priced wireless telephones has made them attractive
for the general population. Their main usefulness is their capability to maintain
the same contact number even if the user moves from one location to another,
and this is illustrated in Figure 1.1 on page 6. Wireless systems have evolved
over time, and the chronological development of first-generation (1G) and second-
generation (2G) cellular systems (known as mobile systems outside North America)
is given in Tables 1.3 and 1.4 on pages 6 and 7, respectively.
The first-generation wireless systems were primarily developed for voice com-
munication using frequency division multiplexing. To have efficient use of com-
munication channels, time division multiplexing was used in the second-generation
systems so that data could be also processed. The third-generation systems evolved
due to the need for transmitting integrated voice, data, and multimedia traffic.
The channel capacity is still limited, and attempts are being made to compress the
amount of information without compromising the quality of received signals.
1Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
“62056_01_ch01_p001_029” — 2010/5/2 — 14:25 — page 2 — #2
2 Chapter 1 Introduction
Table 1.1:
History and Start
From: Mobile Communications Engineering: Theory and Applications by Lee. Copyright 1997 by MCGRAW-HILL
COMPANIES, INC.—BOOKS. Reproduced with permission of MCGRAW-HILL COMPANIES, INC.—BOOKS in the format
Textbook via Copyright Clearance Center. (continued on next page)
Year Event and Characteristics
1860 Maxwell’s equation relating electric and magnetic fields
1880 Hertz—Initial demonstration of practical radio communication
1897 Marconi—Radio transmission to a tugboat over an 18-mile path
1921 Detroit Police Department—Police car radio dispatch (2 MHz frequency band)
1933 FCC (Federal Communications Commission)—Authorized four channels in the 30 to 40 MHz range
1938 FCC—Ruled for regular service
1946 Bell Telephone Laboratories—152 MHz (simplex)
1956 FCC—450 MHz (simplex)
1959 Bell Telephone Laboratories—Suggested 32 MHz band for high-capacity mobile radio communication
1964 FCC—152 MHz (full duplex)
1964 Bell Telephone Laboratories—Active research at 800 MHz
1969 FCC—450 MHz (full duplex)
1974 FCC—40 MHz bandwidth allocation in the 800 to 900 MHz range
1981 FCC—Release of cellular land mobile phone service in the 40 MHz bandwidth in the 800 to 900 MHz range for commercial
operation
1981 AT&T and RCC (radio common carrier) reach an agreement to split 40 MHz spectrum into two 20 MHz bands. Band A
belongs to nonwireline operators (RCC), and band B belongs to wireline operators (telephone companies). Each market
has two operators
1982 AT&T is divested, and seven RBOCs (regional Bell operating companies) are formed to manage the cellular operations
1982 MFJ (modified final judgment) is issued by the U.S. Department of Justice. All the operators were prohibited to (1) operate
long-distance business, (2) provide information services, and (3) do manufacturing business
1983 Ameritech system in operation in Chicago
1984 Most RBOC markets in operation
1986 FCC allocates 5 MHz in extended band
1987 FCC makes lottery on the small metropolitan service area and all rural service area licenses
1988 TDMA (time division multiple access) voted as a digital cellular standard in North America
1992 GSM (global system for mobile communications) operable in Germany D2 system
1993 CDMA (code division multiple access) voted as another digital cellular standard in North America
1994 American TDMA operable in Seattle, Washington
1994 PDC (personal digital cellular) operable in Tokyo, Japan
1994 Two of six broadband PCS (personal communication services) license bands in auction
1995 CDMA operable in Hong Kong
1996 U.S. Congress passes Telecommunication Reform Act BillCopyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
2 Chapter 1 Introduction
Table 1.1:
History and Start
From: Mobile Communications Engineering: Theory and Applications by Lee. Copyright 1997 by MCGRAW-HILL
COMPANIES, INC.—BOOKS. Reproduced with permission of MCGRAW-HILL COMPANIES, INC.—BOOKS in the format
Textbook via Copyright Clearance Center. (continued on next page)
Year Event and Characteristics
1860 Maxwell’s equation relating electric and magnetic fields
1880 Hertz—Initial demonstration of practical radio communication
1897 Marconi—Radio transmission to a tugboat over an 18-mile path
1921 Detroit Police Department—Police car radio dispatch (2 MHz frequency band)
1933 FCC (Federal Communications Commission)—Authorized four channels in the 30 to 40 MHz range
1938 FCC—Ruled for regular service
1946 Bell Telephone Laboratories—152 MHz (simplex)
1956 FCC—450 MHz (simplex)
1959 Bell Telephone Laboratories—Suggested 32 MHz band for high-capacity mobile radio communication
1964 FCC—152 MHz (full duplex)
1964 Bell Telephone Laboratories—Active research at 800 MHz
1969 FCC—450 MHz (full duplex)
1974 FCC—40 MHz bandwidth allocation in the 800 to 900 MHz range
1981 FCC—Release of cellular land mobile phone service in the 40 MHz bandwidth in the 800 to 900 MHz range for commercial
operation
1981 AT&T and RCC (radio common carrier) reach an agreement to split 40 MHz spectrum into two 20 MHz bands. Band A
belongs to nonwireline operators (RCC), and band B belongs to wireline operators (telephone companies). Each market
has two operators
1982 AT&T is divested, and seven RBOCs (regional Bell operating companies) are formed to manage the cellular operations
1982 MFJ (modified final judgment) is issued by the U.S. Department of Justice. All the operators were prohibited to (1) operate
long-distance business, (2) provide information services, and (3) do manufacturing business
1983 Ameritech system in operation in Chicago
1984 Most RBOC markets in operation
1986 FCC allocates 5 MHz in extended band
1987 FCC makes lottery on the small metropolitan service area and all rural service area licenses
1988 TDMA (time division multiple access) voted as a digital cellular standard in North America
1992 GSM (global system for mobile communications) operable in Germany D2 system
1993 CDMA (code division multiple access) voted as another digital cellular standard in North America
1994 American TDMA operable in Seattle, Washington
1994 PDC (personal digital cellular) operable in Tokyo, Japan
1994 Two of six broadband PCS (personal communication services) license bands in auction
1995 CDMA operable in Hong Kong
1996 U.S. Congress passes Telecommunication Reform Act BillCopyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
“62056_01_ch01_p001_029” — 2010/5/2 — 14:25 — page 3 — #3
Section 1.1 History of Cellular Systems 3
Table 1.1:
History and Start
From: Mobile Communications Engineering: Theory and Applications by Lee. Copyright 1997 by MCGRAW-HILL
COMPANIES, INC.–BOOKS. Reproduced with permission of MCGRAW-HILL COMPANIES, INC.–BOOKS in the format
Textbook via Copyright Clearance Center. (Continued)
Year Event and Characteristics
1996 The auction money for six broadband PCS licensed bands (120 MHz) almost reaches 20 billion U.S. dollars
1997 Broadband CDMA considered as one of the third-generation mobile communication technologies for UMTS (universal
mobile telecommunication systems) during the UMTS workshop conference held in Korea
1999 ITU (International Telecommunication Union) decides the next generation mobile communication systems (e.g.,
W-CDMA (wideband-CDMA), cdma2000, TD-SCDMA (time division synchronous CDMA))
2001 W-CDMA commercial service beginning from October in Japan
2002 FCC approves additional frequency band for Ultra-Wideband (UWB)
Table 1.2:
Selected U.S. Frequency Allocations (3 kHz ∼ 300 GHz) (continued on next page)
(Entries have been extracted from "FCC Online Table of Frequency Allocations," 47 C.F.R. § 2.106, Revised on Jan-
uary 25, 2010, http://www.fcc.gov/oet/spectrum/,http;//www.ntia.doc.gov/osmhome/allochrt.pdf, http://en.wikipedia.
org/wiki/Ultra_high_frequency and Thomas W. Hazlett, “Optimal Abolition of FCC Spectrum Allocation,” Journal of
Economic Perspectives—Volume 22, Number 1—Winter 2008 —Pages 103–128)
Application Frequency Band Unit
Aeronautical
Mobile
200∼285, 325∼415 kHz
2.85∼3.155, 3.4∼3.5, 4.65∼4.75, 5.45∼5.73, 6.525∼6.765, 8.815∼9.040, 10.005∼10.1, 11.175∼11.4,
13.2∼13.36, 15.10∼15.10, 17.9∼18.03, 21.924∼22.0, 23.2∼23.35, 117.975∼137.0, 849∼851, 894∼896
MHz
Aeronautical
Mobile Satellite
1545∼1559 (Space to Earth) MHz
Aeronautical Radio
Navigation
190∼285, 285∼405 (Radio beacon), 415∼495, 510∼535 (Radio beacon) kHz
74.8∼75.2, 108.0∼117.975, 328.6∼335.4, 980∼1215, 1300∼1350, 2700∼2900 MHz
3.5∼3.65 (Ground), 4.2∼4.4, 5.0∼5.15, 5.35∼5.46, 9.0∼9.2, 13.25∼13.4, 15.4∼15.7 GHz
Amateur 1800∼1900 kHz
3.5∼4.0, 7.0∼7.3, 10.01∼10.05, 14.0∼14.35, 18.068∼18.168, 21.0∼21.45, 24.89∼24.99, 28.0∼29.7,
50.0∼54.0, 144.0∼148.0, 216.0∼220.0, 222.0∼225.0, 420.0∼450.0, 902.0∼928.0, 1240∼1300,
2300∼2310, 2390∼2450
MHz
3.3∼3.5, 5.56∼5.925, 10.0∼10.5, 24.0∼24.05, 47.0∼47.2, 75.5∼81.0, 119.98∼120.02, 142.0∼149.0,
241.0∼250.0
GHz
Amateur Satellite 7.0∼7.1, 14.0∼.14.25, 18.068∼18.168, 21.0∼21.45, 24.89∼24.99, 28.0∼29.7, 144.0∼146.0 MHz
5.83∼5.85, 10.45∼10.5, 24.0∼24.05, 47.0∼47.2, 75.5∼76.0, 77.0∼81.0, 142.0∼149.0, 241.0∼250.0 GHz
Broadcasting 535∼1705 (AM Radio) kHz
5.90∼6.2, 7.3∼7.35, 9.4∼9.9, 11.6∼12.10, 13.57∼13.87, 15.10∼15.8, 17.48∼17.9, 18.9∼19.02,
21.45∼21.85, 25.67∼26.1, 54.0∼72.0 (TV Channel 2-4), 76.0∼88.0 (TV Channel 5-6), 88.0∼108.0
(FM Radio), 174.0∼216.0 (TV Channel 7-13), 470.0∼512.0 (TV Channel 14-20), 512.0∼608.0 (TV
Channel 21-36), 614.0∼698 (TV Broadcasting), 698∼764, 776∼794, 40.5∼42.5, 84.0∼86.0
MHzCopyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
Section 1.1 History of Cellular Systems 3
Table 1.1:
History and Start
From: Mobile Communications Engineering: Theory and Applications by Lee. Copyright 1997 by MCGRAW-HILL
COMPANIES, INC.–BOOKS. Reproduced with permission of MCGRAW-HILL COMPANIES, INC.–BOOKS in the format
Textbook via Copyright Clearance Center. (Continued)
Year Event and Characteristics
1996 The auction money for six broadband PCS licensed bands (120 MHz) almost reaches 20 billion U.S. dollars
1997 Broadband CDMA considered as one of the third-generation mobile communication technologies for UMTS (universal
mobile telecommunication systems) during the UMTS workshop conference held in Korea
1999 ITU (International Telecommunication Union) decides the next generation mobile communication systems (e.g.,
W-CDMA (wideband-CDMA), cdma2000, TD-SCDMA (time division synchronous CDMA))
2001 W-CDMA commercial service beginning from October in Japan
2002 FCC approves additional frequency band for Ultra-Wideband (UWB)
Table 1.2:
Selected U.S. Frequency Allocations (3 kHz ∼ 300 GHz) (continued on next page)
(Entries have been extracted from "FCC Online Table of Frequency Allocations," 47 C.F.R. § 2.106, Revised on Jan-
uary 25, 2010, http://www.fcc.gov/oet/spectrum/,http;//www.ntia.doc.gov/osmhome/allochrt.pdf, http://en.wikipedia.
org/wiki/Ultra_high_frequency and Thomas W. Hazlett, “Optimal Abolition of FCC Spectrum Allocation,” Journal of
Economic Perspectives—Volume 22, Number 1—Winter 2008 —Pages 103–128)
Application Frequency Band Unit
Aeronautical
Mobile
200∼285, 325∼415 kHz
2.85∼3.155, 3.4∼3.5, 4.65∼4.75, 5.45∼5.73, 6.525∼6.765, 8.815∼9.040, 10.005∼10.1, 11.175∼11.4,
13.2∼13.36, 15.10∼15.10, 17.9∼18.03, 21.924∼22.0, 23.2∼23.35, 117.975∼137.0, 849∼851, 894∼896
MHz
Aeronautical
Mobile Satellite
1545∼1559 (Space to Earth) MHz
Aeronautical Radio
Navigation
190∼285, 285∼405 (Radio beacon), 415∼495, 510∼535 (Radio beacon) kHz
74.8∼75.2, 108.0∼117.975, 328.6∼335.4, 980∼1215, 1300∼1350, 2700∼2900 MHz
3.5∼3.65 (Ground), 4.2∼4.4, 5.0∼5.15, 5.35∼5.46, 9.0∼9.2, 13.25∼13.4, 15.4∼15.7 GHz
Amateur 1800∼1900 kHz
3.5∼4.0, 7.0∼7.3, 10.01∼10.05, 14.0∼14.35, 18.068∼18.168, 21.0∼21.45, 24.89∼24.99, 28.0∼29.7,
50.0∼54.0, 144.0∼148.0, 216.0∼220.0, 222.0∼225.0, 420.0∼450.0, 902.0∼928.0, 1240∼1300,
2300∼2310, 2390∼2450
MHz
3.3∼3.5, 5.56∼5.925, 10.0∼10.5, 24.0∼24.05, 47.0∼47.2, 75.5∼81.0, 119.98∼120.02, 142.0∼149.0,
241.0∼250.0
GHz
Amateur Satellite 7.0∼7.1, 14.0∼.14.25, 18.068∼18.168, 21.0∼21.45, 24.89∼24.99, 28.0∼29.7, 144.0∼146.0 MHz
5.83∼5.85, 10.45∼10.5, 24.0∼24.05, 47.0∼47.2, 75.5∼76.0, 77.0∼81.0, 142.0∼149.0, 241.0∼250.0 GHz
Broadcasting 535∼1705 (AM Radio) kHz
5.90∼6.2, 7.3∼7.35, 9.4∼9.9, 11.6∼12.10, 13.57∼13.87, 15.10∼15.8, 17.48∼17.9, 18.9∼19.02,
21.45∼21.85, 25.67∼26.1, 54.0∼72.0 (TV Channel 2-4), 76.0∼88.0 (TV Channel 5-6), 88.0∼108.0
(FM Radio), 174.0∼216.0 (TV Channel 7-13), 470.0∼512.0 (TV Channel 14-20), 512.0∼608.0 (TV
Channel 21-36), 614.0∼698 (TV Broadcasting), 698∼764, 776∼794, 40.5∼42.5, 84.0∼86.0
MHzCopyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
“62056_01_ch01_p001_029” — 2010/5/2 — 14:25 — page 4 — #4
4 Chapter 1 Introduction
Table 1.2:
Selected U.S. Frequency Allocations (3 kHz ∼ 300 GHz) (continued on next page)
Application Frequency Band Unit
Broadcasting
Satellite
2310∼2360, 2655∼2690 MHz
12.2∼12.7, 17.3∼17.7, 40.05∼42.5, 84.0∼86.0 GHz
Earth
Exploration
Satellite
2025∼2110, 2200∼2290, 2655∼2700 MHz
8.025∼8.4, 10.6∼10.7, 31.3∼31.8, 36.0∼37.0, 40.0∼40.5, 50.2∼50.4, 52.6∼59.3, 65.0∼66.0, 86.0∼92.0,
100.0∼102.0, 105.0∼126.0, 150.0∼151.0, 164.0∼168.0, 174.0∼176.0, 182.0∼-185.0, 200.0∼202.0,
217.0∼231.0, 235.0∼238.0, 250.0∼252.0
GHz
Fixed 14.0∼19.95, 20.05∼59.0, 61.0∼90.0, 110.0∼190.0, 1705.0∼1800.0, 2000.0∼2065.0, 2107.0∼2170.0,
2194.0∼2495.0, 2505.0∼2850.0
kHz
3.155∼3.4, 4.0∼4.063, 4.438∼4.65, 4.75∼4.995, 5.005∼5.45, 5.73∼5.95, 6.765∼7.0, 7.3∼8.195,
9.040∼9.5, 9.9∼9.995, 10.15∼11.175, 11.4∼11.65, 12.05∼12.23, 13.41∼13.6, 13.8∼14.0,
14.35∼14.990, 15.6∼16.36, 17.41∼17.55, 18.03∼18.068, 18.168∼18.78, 18.9∼19.68, 19.80∼19.990,
20.010∼21.0, 21.85∼21.924, 22.855∼23.2, 23.35∼24.89, 25.33∼25.55, 26.48∼26.96, 27.32∼28.0,
29.8∼37.0, 38.0∼39.0, 40.0∼43.69, 46.6∼47.0, 49.6∼50.0, 72.0∼73.0, 74.6∼74.8, 75.2∼76.0,
138.0∼144.0, 148.0∼149.9, 150.05∼152.855, 154.0∼156.2475, 157.45∼161.575, 162.0125∼174.0,
216.0∼222.0, 225.0∼328.6, 335.4∼399.9, 406.1∼420.0, 454.0∼455.0, 456.0∼462.5375,
462.7375∼467.5375, 467.7375∼512.0, 698.0∼821.0, 824.0∼849.0, 851.0∼866.0, 869.0∼894.0,
896.0∼902.0, 928.0∼960.0, 1350.0∼1395.0, 1427.0∼1435.0, 1670.0∼1675.0, 1700.0∼2000.0,
2020.0∼2025.0, 2110.0∼2180.0, 2200.0∼2300.0, 2305.0∼2390.0, 2450.0∼2483.5, 2500.0∼2690.0
MHz
3.65∼4.2, 4.4∼4.99, 5.925∼6.425, 6.525∼8.5, 10.55∼10.68, 10.7∼11.7, 12.2∼13.25, 14.4∼15.35,
17.7∼18.3, 19.3∼19.7, 21.2∼23.6, 24.25∼24.45, 25.05∼29.5, 31.0∼31.3, 36.0∼40.0, 40.543.5, 46.9∼47.0,
47.2∼50.2, 50.4∼52.6, 55.78∼66.0, 71.0∼75.5, 81.086.0, 92.095.0, 102.0∼105.0, 116.0∼134.0, 149.0164.0,
168.0∼182.0, 185.0∼190.0, 200∼217.0, 231.0∼241.0, 265.0∼300.0
GHz
Fixed Satellite 1390∼1392, 1430∼1432, 2500∼2690 MHz
3.6∼4.2, 4.5∼4.8, 5.15∼5.25, 5.85∼7.075, 7.25∼7.75, 7.90∼8.4, 10.7∼12.2, 12.7∼13.25, 13.75∼14.5,
15.43∼15.63, 17.3∼21.2, 24.75∼25.25, 27.5∼31.0, 37.6∼41.0, 42.5∼45.5, 47.2∼50.2, 50.4∼51.4,
71.0∼75.5, 81.0∼84.0, 92.0∼95.0, 102.0∼105.0, 149.0∼150.0, 151.0∼164.0, 202.0∼217.0, 231.0∼241.0,
265.0∼275.0
GHz
Inter-Satellite 22.55∼23.55, 24.45∼24.75, 25.25∼27.5, 32.0∼33.0, 54.25∼58.2, 59.071.0, 116.0∼134.0, 170.0∼182.0,
185.0∼190.0
GHz
Land Mobile 2107∼2170, 2194∼2495, 2505∼2850 kHz
25.01∼25.07, 25.21∼25.33, 26.175∼26.48, 27.41∼27.54, 29.7∼29.8, 30.56∼32.0, 33.0∼34.0, 35.0∼36.0,
37.0∼38.0, 39.0∼40.0, 42.0∼46.6, 47.0∼49.6, 150.8∼156.2475, 157.1875∼161.575, 161.625∼162.0125,
173.2∼173.4, 220.0∼222.2, 450.0∼512.0, 806.0∼849.0, 851.0∼894.0, 896.0∼901.0, 931.0∼932.0,
935.0∼941.0, 1395.0∼1400.0, 1427.0∼1432.0
MHz
Land Mobile
Satellite
14.0∼14.5 GHz
Maritime Mobile 14∼19.95, 20.05∼59.0, 61.0∼90.0, 110.0∼190.0, 415.0∼495.0, 505.0∼525.0, 2000.0∼2065.0,
2065.0∼2107.0 (telephone), 2107.0∼2170.0, 2170.0∼2173.0 (telephone), 2190.0∼2194.0 (telephone),
2194.0∼2495.0, 2505.0∼2850.0
kHz
4.0∼4.438, 6.2∼6.525, 8.1∼8.815, 12.23∼13.2, 16.36∼17.41, 18.78∼18.9, 19.68∼19.80, 22.0∼22.855,
25.07∼25.21, 26.1∼26.175, 156.2475∼157.1875, 161.575∼161.625, 161.775∼162.0125
MHz
Maritime Mobile
Satellite
1530.0∼1544.0 MHzCopyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
4 Chapter 1 Introduction
Table 1.2:
Selected U.S. Frequency Allocations (3 kHz ∼ 300 GHz) (continued on next page)
Application Frequency Band Unit
Broadcasting
Satellite
2310∼2360, 2655∼2690 MHz
12.2∼12.7, 17.3∼17.7, 40.05∼42.5, 84.0∼86.0 GHz
Earth
Exploration
Satellite
2025∼2110, 2200∼2290, 2655∼2700 MHz
8.025∼8.4, 10.6∼10.7, 31.3∼31.8, 36.0∼37.0, 40.0∼40.5, 50.2∼50.4, 52.6∼59.3, 65.0∼66.0, 86.0∼92.0,
100.0∼102.0, 105.0∼126.0, 150.0∼151.0, 164.0∼168.0, 174.0∼176.0, 182.0∼-185.0, 200.0∼202.0,
217.0∼231.0, 235.0∼238.0, 250.0∼252.0
GHz
Fixed 14.0∼19.95, 20.05∼59.0, 61.0∼90.0, 110.0∼190.0, 1705.0∼1800.0, 2000.0∼2065.0, 2107.0∼2170.0,
2194.0∼2495.0, 2505.0∼2850.0
kHz
3.155∼3.4, 4.0∼4.063, 4.438∼4.65, 4.75∼4.995, 5.005∼5.45, 5.73∼5.95, 6.765∼7.0, 7.3∼8.195,
9.040∼9.5, 9.9∼9.995, 10.15∼11.175, 11.4∼11.65, 12.05∼12.23, 13.41∼13.6, 13.8∼14.0,
14.35∼14.990, 15.6∼16.36, 17.41∼17.55, 18.03∼18.068, 18.168∼18.78, 18.9∼19.68, 19.80∼19.990,
20.010∼21.0, 21.85∼21.924, 22.855∼23.2, 23.35∼24.89, 25.33∼25.55, 26.48∼26.96, 27.32∼28.0,
29.8∼37.0, 38.0∼39.0, 40.0∼43.69, 46.6∼47.0, 49.6∼50.0, 72.0∼73.0, 74.6∼74.8, 75.2∼76.0,
138.0∼144.0, 148.0∼149.9, 150.05∼152.855, 154.0∼156.2475, 157.45∼161.575, 162.0125∼174.0,
216.0∼222.0, 225.0∼328.6, 335.4∼399.9, 406.1∼420.0, 454.0∼455.0, 456.0∼462.5375,
462.7375∼467.5375, 467.7375∼512.0, 698.0∼821.0, 824.0∼849.0, 851.0∼866.0, 869.0∼894.0,
896.0∼902.0, 928.0∼960.0, 1350.0∼1395.0, 1427.0∼1435.0, 1670.0∼1675.0, 1700.0∼2000.0,
2020.0∼2025.0, 2110.0∼2180.0, 2200.0∼2300.0, 2305.0∼2390.0, 2450.0∼2483.5, 2500.0∼2690.0
MHz
3.65∼4.2, 4.4∼4.99, 5.925∼6.425, 6.525∼8.5, 10.55∼10.68, 10.7∼11.7, 12.2∼13.25, 14.4∼15.35,
17.7∼18.3, 19.3∼19.7, 21.2∼23.6, 24.25∼24.45, 25.05∼29.5, 31.0∼31.3, 36.0∼40.0, 40.543.5, 46.9∼47.0,
47.2∼50.2, 50.4∼52.6, 55.78∼66.0, 71.0∼75.5, 81.086.0, 92.095.0, 102.0∼105.0, 116.0∼134.0, 149.0164.0,
168.0∼182.0, 185.0∼190.0, 200∼217.0, 231.0∼241.0, 265.0∼300.0
GHz
Fixed Satellite 1390∼1392, 1430∼1432, 2500∼2690 MHz
3.6∼4.2, 4.5∼4.8, 5.15∼5.25, 5.85∼7.075, 7.25∼7.75, 7.90∼8.4, 10.7∼12.2, 12.7∼13.25, 13.75∼14.5,
15.43∼15.63, 17.3∼21.2, 24.75∼25.25, 27.5∼31.0, 37.6∼41.0, 42.5∼45.5, 47.2∼50.2, 50.4∼51.4,
71.0∼75.5, 81.0∼84.0, 92.0∼95.0, 102.0∼105.0, 149.0∼150.0, 151.0∼164.0, 202.0∼217.0, 231.0∼241.0,
265.0∼275.0
GHz
Inter-Satellite 22.55∼23.55, 24.45∼24.75, 25.25∼27.5, 32.0∼33.0, 54.25∼58.2, 59.071.0, 116.0∼134.0, 170.0∼182.0,
185.0∼190.0
GHz
Land Mobile 2107∼2170, 2194∼2495, 2505∼2850 kHz
25.01∼25.07, 25.21∼25.33, 26.175∼26.48, 27.41∼27.54, 29.7∼29.8, 30.56∼32.0, 33.0∼34.0, 35.0∼36.0,
37.0∼38.0, 39.0∼40.0, 42.0∼46.6, 47.0∼49.6, 150.8∼156.2475, 157.1875∼161.575, 161.625∼162.0125,
173.2∼173.4, 220.0∼222.2, 450.0∼512.0, 806.0∼849.0, 851.0∼894.0, 896.0∼901.0, 931.0∼932.0,
935.0∼941.0, 1395.0∼1400.0, 1427.0∼1432.0
MHz
Land Mobile
Satellite
14.0∼14.5 GHz
Maritime Mobile 14∼19.95, 20.05∼59.0, 61.0∼90.0, 110.0∼190.0, 415.0∼495.0, 505.0∼525.0, 2000.0∼2065.0,
2065.0∼2107.0 (telephone), 2107.0∼2170.0, 2170.0∼2173.0 (telephone), 2190.0∼2194.0 (telephone),
2194.0∼2495.0, 2505.0∼2850.0
kHz
4.0∼4.438, 6.2∼6.525, 8.1∼8.815, 12.23∼13.2, 16.36∼17.41, 18.78∼18.9, 19.68∼19.80, 22.0∼22.855,
25.07∼25.21, 26.1∼26.175, 156.2475∼157.1875, 161.575∼161.625, 161.775∼162.0125
MHz
Maritime Mobile
Satellite
1530.0∼1544.0 MHzCopyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
“62056_01_ch01_p001_029” — 2010/5/2 — 14:25 — page 5 — #5
Section 1.1 History of Cellular Systems 5
Table 1.2:
Selected U.S. Frequency Allocations (3 kHz ∼ 300 GHz) (continued on next page)
Application Frequency Band Unit
Maritime Radio
Navigation
275∼335 kHz
3.0∼3.1, 9.2∼9.3 GHz
Meteorological
Aids
400.15∼406.0, 1668.4∼1670.0, 1675.0∼1700.0, 2700.0∼2900.0 MHz
5.6∼5.65, 9.3∼9.5 GHz
Meteorological
Satellite
400.15∼403.0, 460.0∼470.0, 1675∼1710 MHz
7.45∼7.55, 8.175∼8.215 GHz
Mobile 495∼505, 525∼535, 1605∼1615, 1705∼1800, 2000∼2065, 2107∼2170, 2173.5∼2190.5, 2194∼2495,
2505∼2850
kHz
3.155∼3.4, 4.438∼4.65, 4.75∼4.995, 5.065∼5.45, 5.73∼5.95, 6.765∼7.0, 7.3∼8.1, 10.15∼11.175,
13.41∼13.6, 13.8∼14.0, 14.35∼14.990, 18.168∼18.78, 20.010∼21.0, 23.0∼23.2, 23.35∼24.89,
25.33∼25.55, 26.48∼26.95, 26.96∼27.41, 27.54∼28.0, 29.89∼29.91, 30.0∼30.56, 32.0∼33.0, 34.0∼35.0,
36.0∼37.0, 38.0∼39.0, 40.0∼42.0, 46.6∼47.0, 49.6∼50.0, 72.0∼73.0, 74.6∼74.8, 75.2∼76.0, 138.0∼144.0,
148.0∼149.9, 150.05∼150.8, 162.0125∼173.2, 173.4∼174.0, 216.0∼220.0, 225.0∼328.6, 335.4∼399.9,
406.1∼410.0, 698∼806, 901∼902, 930∼931, 1350∼1395, 1432∼1535, 1670∼1675, 1710∼2000,
2020∼∼2155, 2160∼2180, 2290∼2390
MHz
3.65∼3.7, 4.4∼4.99, 6.425∼6525, 6.875∼7.125, 11.7∼12.2, 127∼15.35, 21.2∼23.6, 25.25∼29.5,
31.0∼31.3, 36.0∼40.0, 40.5∼43.5, 45.5∼47.0, 47.2∼50.2, 50.4∼52.6, 55.78∼75.5, 81.0∼86.0, 92.0∼100.0,
116.0∼142.0, 149.0∼151.0, 168.0∼182.0, 185.0∼217.0, 231.0∼241.0, 252.0∼300.0
GHz
Mobile Satellite 137.0∼138.0, 148.0∼150.05, 235.0∼322.0, 335.4∼400.05, 400.15∼401.0, 406.0∼406.1, 1525∼1558.5,
1610.0∼1660.5, 2000.0∼2020.0, 2180.0∼2200.0, 2483.5∼2500.0
MHz
7.25∼7.75, 7.90∼8.4, 19.7∼21.2, 29.5∼31.0, 39.5∼40.5, 43.5∼47.0, 50.4∼51.4, 66.0∼74.0, 81.0∼84.0,
95.0∼100.0, 134.0∼142.0, 190.0∼200.0, 252.0∼265.0
GHz
Radio
Astronomy
13.38∼13.41, 25.55∼25.67, 37.5∼38.25, 73.0∼74.6, 149.9∼150.05, 406.1∼410.0, 608.0∼614.0,
1400.0∼1427.0, 1610.6∼1613.8, 1660.0∼1670.0, 2655.0∼2700.0
MHz
4.99∼5.0, 10.6∼10.7, 15.35∼15.4, 22.21∼22.5, 23.6∼24.0, 31.3∼31.8, 42.5∼43.5, 86.0∼92.0,
105.0∼116.0, 164.0∼168.0, 182.0∼185.0, 217.0∼231.0, 265.0∼275.0
GHz
Radio
Determination
Satellite
1610.0∼1626.5, 2483.5∼2500.0 MHz
Radio Location 70.0∼90.0, 110.0∼130.0, 1705.0∼1800.0, 1900.0∼2000.0 kHz
3.230∼3.4, 216.0∼225.0, 420.0∼450.0, 902.0∼928.0, 1215.0∼1390.0, 2305.0∼2385.0, 2417.0‘2483.5,
2700.0∼3000.0
MHz
3.0∼3.65, 5.25∼5.85, 8.5∼10.55, 13.4∼14.0, 15.7∼17.7, 24.05∼24.25, 33.4∼36.0, 59.0∼64.0, 76.0∼81.0,
92.0∼100.0, 126.0∼142.0, 144.0∼149.0, 231.0∼235.0, 238.0∼248.0
GHz
Radio Location
Satellite
24.65∼24.75 GHz
Radio
Navigation
9∼14, 90∼110, 405∼415 kHz
5.46∼5.47, 9.3∼9.5, 14.0∼14.2, 24.45∼24.65, 24.75∼25.05, 31.8∼32.0, 32.0∼32.3, 32.3∼33.0,
33.0∼33.4, 66.0∼71.0, 95.0∼100.0, 134.0∼142.0, 190.0∼200.0, 252.0∼265.0
GHzCopyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
Section 1.1 History of Cellular Systems 5
Table 1.2:
Selected U.S. Frequency Allocations (3 kHz ∼ 300 GHz) (continued on next page)
Application Frequency Band Unit
Maritime Radio
Navigation
275∼335 kHz
3.0∼3.1, 9.2∼9.3 GHz
Meteorological
Aids
400.15∼406.0, 1668.4∼1670.0, 1675.0∼1700.0, 2700.0∼2900.0 MHz
5.6∼5.65, 9.3∼9.5 GHz
Meteorological
Satellite
400.15∼403.0, 460.0∼470.0, 1675∼1710 MHz
7.45∼7.55, 8.175∼8.215 GHz
Mobile 495∼505, 525∼535, 1605∼1615, 1705∼1800, 2000∼2065, 2107∼2170, 2173.5∼2190.5, 2194∼2495,
2505∼2850
kHz
3.155∼3.4, 4.438∼4.65, 4.75∼4.995, 5.065∼5.45, 5.73∼5.95, 6.765∼7.0, 7.3∼8.1, 10.15∼11.175,
13.41∼13.6, 13.8∼14.0, 14.35∼14.990, 18.168∼18.78, 20.010∼21.0, 23.0∼23.2, 23.35∼24.89,
25.33∼25.55, 26.48∼26.95, 26.96∼27.41, 27.54∼28.0, 29.89∼29.91, 30.0∼30.56, 32.0∼33.0, 34.0∼35.0,
36.0∼37.0, 38.0∼39.0, 40.0∼42.0, 46.6∼47.0, 49.6∼50.0, 72.0∼73.0, 74.6∼74.8, 75.2∼76.0, 138.0∼144.0,
148.0∼149.9, 150.05∼150.8, 162.0125∼173.2, 173.4∼174.0, 216.0∼220.0, 225.0∼328.6, 335.4∼399.9,
406.1∼410.0, 698∼806, 901∼902, 930∼931, 1350∼1395, 1432∼1535, 1670∼1675, 1710∼2000,
2020∼∼2155, 2160∼2180, 2290∼2390
MHz
3.65∼3.7, 4.4∼4.99, 6.425∼6525, 6.875∼7.125, 11.7∼12.2, 127∼15.35, 21.2∼23.6, 25.25∼29.5,
31.0∼31.3, 36.0∼40.0, 40.5∼43.5, 45.5∼47.0, 47.2∼50.2, 50.4∼52.6, 55.78∼75.5, 81.0∼86.0, 92.0∼100.0,
116.0∼142.0, 149.0∼151.0, 168.0∼182.0, 185.0∼217.0, 231.0∼241.0, 252.0∼300.0
GHz
Mobile Satellite 137.0∼138.0, 148.0∼150.05, 235.0∼322.0, 335.4∼400.05, 400.15∼401.0, 406.0∼406.1, 1525∼1558.5,
1610.0∼1660.5, 2000.0∼2020.0, 2180.0∼2200.0, 2483.5∼2500.0
MHz
7.25∼7.75, 7.90∼8.4, 19.7∼21.2, 29.5∼31.0, 39.5∼40.5, 43.5∼47.0, 50.4∼51.4, 66.0∼74.0, 81.0∼84.0,
95.0∼100.0, 134.0∼142.0, 190.0∼200.0, 252.0∼265.0
GHz
Radio
Astronomy
13.38∼13.41, 25.55∼25.67, 37.5∼38.25, 73.0∼74.6, 149.9∼150.05, 406.1∼410.0, 608.0∼614.0,
1400.0∼1427.0, 1610.6∼1613.8, 1660.0∼1670.0, 2655.0∼2700.0
MHz
4.99∼5.0, 10.6∼10.7, 15.35∼15.4, 22.21∼22.5, 23.6∼24.0, 31.3∼31.8, 42.5∼43.5, 86.0∼92.0,
105.0∼116.0, 164.0∼168.0, 182.0∼185.0, 217.0∼231.0, 265.0∼275.0
GHz
Radio
Determination
Satellite
1610.0∼1626.5, 2483.5∼2500.0 MHz
Radio Location 70.0∼90.0, 110.0∼130.0, 1705.0∼1800.0, 1900.0∼2000.0 kHz
3.230∼3.4, 216.0∼225.0, 420.0∼450.0, 902.0∼928.0, 1215.0∼1390.0, 2305.0∼2385.0, 2417.0‘2483.5,
2700.0∼3000.0
MHz
3.0∼3.65, 5.25∼5.85, 8.5∼10.55, 13.4∼14.0, 15.7∼17.7, 24.05∼24.25, 33.4∼36.0, 59.0∼64.0, 76.0∼81.0,
92.0∼100.0, 126.0∼142.0, 144.0∼149.0, 231.0∼235.0, 238.0∼248.0
GHz
Radio Location
Satellite
24.65∼24.75 GHz
Radio
Navigation
9∼14, 90∼110, 405∼415 kHz
5.46∼5.47, 9.3∼9.5, 14.0∼14.2, 24.45∼24.65, 24.75∼25.05, 31.8∼32.0, 32.0∼32.3, 32.3∼33.0,
33.0∼33.4, 66.0∼71.0, 95.0∼100.0, 134.0∼142.0, 190.0∼200.0, 252.0∼265.0
GHzCopyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
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