ICT Issues and Concerns

Running head: ICT ISSUES AND ACONCERNS
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Issues and concerns ICT
Name
Institution
Course
Date

ICT ISSUES AND CONCERNS 2
Table of Contents
Table of Contents.............................................................................................................................2
Question one....................................................................................................................................3
6.1 Introduction................................................................................................................................3
6.2 Facts about this scandal.............................................................................................................3
6.3 Issues aroused............................................................................................................................4
6.4 Affected parties..........................................................................................................................4
6.5 Ethical issues.............................................................................................................................4
Consequence-based theory..............................................................................................................4
Duty based theory............................................................................................................................4
Contract-based theory......................................................................................................................5
Character-based theory....................................................................................................................5
6.6 Resolutions................................................................................................................................5
6.7 Options.......................................................................................................................................6
6.8 Best option.................................................................................................................................6
4. Question 2....................................................................................................................................6
Definition.........................................................................................................................................6
Differences.......................................................................................................................................6
Examples..........................................................................................................................................8
5. Question 3....................................................................................................................................8
Definition.........................................................................................................................................8
Differences.......................................................................................................................................8
Examples..........................................................................................................................................9
6 References...................................................................................................................................11

ICT ISSUES AND CONCERNS 3
ICT Issues and concerns
Question one
6.1 Introduction
Social media in the 21st century is the key communication medium for most people.
However, the number of users has increased rapidly leading to a concentration of data to one
company like Facebook.
For instance, Cambridge Analytica (CA) scandal which happened on 17th March, 2018
became hotly debated topic up to date. Cambridge Analytica was a British political organization
that wanted to offer services during the election. The services included communication-based on
the acquisition of data, brokerage of data and analysis technique. Their role is a subject to
criminal investigation, although they have an effective way of targeting the voters (Merediths,
2018). The political scientist also questioned the method in the country.
The company collected information of about 87 million Facebook users in the country
from the year 2014 which later led to the outrage. It instilled fear among Facebook users due to
CA actions. Individuals feared that their data would get into unauthorized users (Zunger, 2018).
6.2 Facts about this scandal
It was a major scandal in early 2018; Cambridge Analytica had fetched personal data in
Facebook profile without their owner's consent and used it for political purposes. This illegal
harvesting was noticed and reported in December 2015 by Harry Davies, a journalist working for
The Guardian. He said that Cambridge Analytic was working for the United States of America
senator using the information they got from Facebook users accounts. Also, other reporters such
Hannes Gresseger and Mikael Krogerus in Swiss publication reported a similar story. However,
Facebook did not comment on anything regarding the claims (Merediths, 2018).

ICT ISSUES AND CONCERNS 4
Moreover, another scandal erupted in March 2018 by an ex-employee Christopher. He
based his information on 2017 article. The company was involved in using Facebook users’
information for Brexit campaign and Donald Trump's campaign purposes without maintaining
the users’ privacy.
6.3 Issues aroused
Some of major concerns in Facebook scandals were the usage of people’s info, therefore,
generating disbelief in the social media, more particularly the users (Merediths, 2018).
6.4 Affected parties
Facebook Company was the first party affected by the scandal because they were fined
€500,000 for being part in the Cambridge Analytic scandal. The reason was that it was the owner
of the media used and was responsible for maintaining the user's privacy at all cost, and so, it
was a breach of duty on their side.
6.5 Ethical issues
Consequence-based theory
It is also called utilitarianism; it means that the morally correct actions are the ones that
produce the best and least amount of suffering for most people. The moral worth of an effort
determined by its potential consequence and not by written laws (Zunger, 2018). Cambridge
Analytica did consider the harm their action will do to the nations and thus, resulted in damaging
the political states of the USA and Britain.
Duty based theory
The concept considers what actions are right and which ones are wrong. Rules bind a
person to his commitment; function is also an obligation (Dunne, Kurki & Smith, 2013). It was
the duty of Facebook to keep the user's information safe and not leading to unauthorized user and
since they failed to do so, it led to a breach of their commitment to clients (Common, 2018).