IDENTIFICATION AND IMPLEMENTATION OF STATISTICS ANALYSIS 2022

Running Head: IDENTIFICATION AND IMPLEMENTATION OF STATISTICS IN
RESEARCH ARTICLES
IDENTIFICATION AND IMPLEMENTATION OF STATISTICS IN RESEARCH ARTICLES
Name of the Student:
Name of the University:
Author Note:

1 IDENTIFICATION AND IMPLEMENTATION OF STATISTICS IN RESEARCH ARTICLES
Paper 1: Lam, T., Liang, W., Chikritzhs, T., & Allsop, S. (2014). Alcohol and other drug use
at school leavers' celebrations. Journal of Public Health, 36(3), 408-416. Retrieved from:
http://jpubhealth.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2013/08/26/pubmed.fdt087.full.pdf+html
It has been observed that a major proportion of youngsters in countries like USA, UK and
Australia are often engaged in substantial alcohol and other drugs consumptions and thus
suffering from blackouts, hangovers and violence. The main objective of this paper is to study
alcohol and drug uses at school graduates’ celebrations by adolescents.
1. The analysis is composed of two parts. In the first part, the aim is to collate the levels of
AOD use at a school leavers’ programme and other peer-based social events. For this, the
null and alternative hypotheses can be considered as,
Null hypothesis: There is no significance difference in the levels of AOD use at an end of
school function and other social celebrations. In other words, adolescents are found to be
addicted by same amount in a school leaving celebration or any social function.
Alternative hypothesis: The amount of AOD usage at a school-end programme differ
significantly from that at other social gatherings.
Therefore, the experimental variable is the levels of AOD used and the independent
variables are school-leaving celebration and other peer-based social programmes.
The second part of this study shows the negative consequences of the AOD use and
implementation of protective strategies. The hypotheses for this part are taken as,
Null hypothesis: There is no negative consequences of AOD use at the celebrations and
safety strategies has been used frequently to avoid common drug-related harms.

2 IDENTIFICATION AND IMPLEMENTATION OF STATISTICS IN RESEARCH ARTICLES
Alternative hypothesis: There are notable negative issues related with AOD use and other
risk factors at the celebration.
Here the independent variables are the levels of AOD use, safety strategies used, gender,
accommodation location, survey modality and the dependent variable is the different
types of negative consequences related to AOD use.
2. The data for this venture were collected based on a two-stage survey plan with the help of
a self-report methodology. The location of the study was Rottnest Island which is a very
popular place for events in Western Australia. The first survey was conducted among
young persons who were interested to be at the event and the post-celebration survey was
conducted on the youngsters attended the party. The surveys were available both online
and person-to-person however the second survey was mostly conducted face-to-face.
A self-rated study is a type of survey to ask participants about their feelings, attitudes and
so on. The motive of this study is to observe the outcomes of substantial alcohol and
other drugs uses on the youngsters by assessing their intentions and what happened at the
party. Hence, the self-report study is appropriate to collect data in this project. The main
advantage of this study is that it is easy to conduct and privacy of the participant is
maintained. However people are often biased when they report on their own experience
which reduces the accuracy of the sampling design.
3. The teenagers of 17-18 years old represent the demographic characteristics of people in
the study. It has been observed that both male and female participants have almost equal
consumption of AOD use. The legitimate purchase age for alcohol in Australia is 18
which leads to drug use at young age. The respondents of this survey were the young
adults who seem to be more interested in the activities like substantial alcohol and other

3 IDENTIFICATION AND IMPLEMENTATION OF STATISTICS IN RESEARCH ARTICLES
drugs consumption and other adulthood enjoyments. The descriptive study shows that
most of the significant AOD users are the youngsters who have just completed schooling.
4. At first, a sequence of Wilcoxon signed rank tests were executed to compare if the level
of AOD used at the last event was different from an average day at the school leavers’
programme. Then a logistic regression is performed to observe the repercussions of six
factors on the negative consequences.
The Wilcoxon-signed rank test shows that a remarkable larger proportion of
adolescents consumed alcohol during the celebration period (93%), compared with the
last peer-based social event (78%). Male and female participants consumed 18.44 and
13.24 Australian SDs on average per day during the school leavers’ celebration. There
were 112 students at the last event and 30 at the programme who did not drink. Further,
males were more prone to use of amphetamine, cannabis, ecstasy and illicit drugs in a
greater proportion during the celebration than the last event, compared with that of
females.
The logistic regression shows that majority of the participants (87%) faced at least
one negative consequences at the celebration after AOD use.
5. In the logistic regression analysis, 17 negative consequences of AOD use have been
showed. Among them, four were associated with the safety strategies and these are
hangover, blackouts, vomiting and unprotected sex. The Odds Ratio shows that
respondents who did not take protective strategies too frequently were 10.92 times more
likely to report unprotected sex, compared to those engaged in safety schemes with
highest frequency. Further, the prevalence percentage of unprotected sex is 13.62 among
301 male and female participants. This indicates that the youngsters are incapable to