The article discusses the complex microenvironment of tumors and how immune cells can be tricked by tumor cells. It also explains how the immune system works in recognizing tumor antigens and destroying tumor cells. The article also highlights the use of immunotherapy in targeting tumor cells.
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Running head: IMMUNE SYSTEM IN CANCER CONTROL IMMUNE SYSTEM IN CANCER CONTROL Name of the Student Name of the university Author’s note
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1IMMUNE SYSTEM IN CANCER CONTROL Question 7 The microenvironment of the tumor is complex stromal cells like fibroblasts and immune cells. Evidence has been found for the fact that these immune cells can be tricked by the tumor cells by promoting angiogenesis and suppressing the antitumor response (Finn, 2012). The immune cells also provide resistance to various chemotherapies and often help in the metastasis of the tumor cells. The myeloid suppressor tumor cells are found to be the key cause in the aberrant growth of the tumor cells and suppression of the antitumor immune response. Normally the MSCs helps in the wound repair process by the help of angiogenesis, cell division and growth. But under pathological conditions MSCs acts the main inflammatory cells of the solid tumors. They can suppress the adaptive immune response and regulates the anti-tumor activities of the T cells. It also causes angiogenesis by secreting the vascular endothelial growth factors (Karachaliou et al., 2013). The immune system has the chief potential for destroying the tumors without harming the normal tissues. Solid evidences have been provided by the last 30 years of the immune oncology research about the impact of the immune system in the control of cancer. The process is known asimmune-surveillance(Karachaliouetal.,2013).Theimmunesystemworksbythe recognition of the tumor antigens. The mutated proteins from the oncogenes, the abnormally expressed self proteins or those expressed by the virus in the neoplasia, serve as good antigenic targets for immune-surveillance(Candeias &Gaipl, 2016).The first few abnormally modified cells are identified by the NK cells by their interaction with particular ligands present in the tumor cells, due to which some of the cells destroy. The fragments are further processes by the
2IMMUNE SYSTEM IN CANCER CONTROL dentritic cells and the macrophages. Inflammatory cytokines are produced by these macrophages and the dendritic cells and the tumor cell derived molecules are presented to the B and T cells. B and the T cells activates to produce more cytokines , that results in the activation of the innate immunity, that further helps in the production of the tumor specific T cells and the antibodies. The remaining tumor cells are destroyed by the adaptive immunity generated (Finn, 2012). Immunotherapyhasbeenlargelyusedintargetingthetumorcells.Anticancer monoclonal antibodies are being used for the treatment of several cancers (Corthay, 2014). Trastuzumab have been used for breast cancers and retuximab for B-cell lymphoma. Antibody treatment can not only help in imposing cytotoxic effect on the tumor cells but also help in the loading the tumor antigens that are antibody bound on to the antigen presenting cells (APC) (Finn, 2012). This cross penetration to the antitumor B cells and T cells generates additional antibodies to these antigens. The immune response to the tumor site hence continues to remain in action, much after activities of the infused monoclonal antibody had gone.
3IMMUNE SYSTEM IN CANCER CONTROL References Corthay, A. (2014). Does the immune system naturally protect against cancer?.Frontiers in immunology,5, 197. Finn, O. J. (2012). Immuno-oncology: understanding the function and dysfunction of the immune system in cancer.Annals of oncology,23(suppl_8), viii6-viii9. Karachaliou, N., Cao, M. G., Teixidó, C., Viteri, S., Morales-Espinosa, D., Santarpia, M., & Rosell, R. (2015). Understanding the function and dysfunction of the immune system in lung cancer: the role of immune checkpoints.Cancer biology & medicine,12(2), 79. M Candeias, S., & S Gaipl, U. (2016). The immune system in cancer prevention, development and therapy.Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry (Formerly Current Medicinal Chemistry-Anti-Cancer Agents),16(1), 101-107.