Immunization: Importance, Recommendations, and Disease Prevention
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Added on  2023/03/23
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This document discusses the importance of immunization and provides recommendations for different situations. It covers topics such as tetanus, MMR, pertussis, measles, and influenza vaccines. Learn how immunization can prevent diseases and protect individuals.
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Running Head: IMMUNIZATION2 1.Assessment The patient incurred injuries, and the wound has complex fractures hence prone to tetanus. Besides, if the wound contains foreign bodies and splinters, it will be considered as tetanus- prone. In addition, I will also assess the wound if it has complicated pyogenic infections and if there is a presence of burns, wounds that are extensive tissue damages. I will identify a tetanus- prone wound if it is contaminated with dust, manure or soil in case topical disinfection was delayed. Moreover, the patient's immunization history is necessary, and the importance of immunization should be discussed to the patient after assessing him. Recommendations. The wound should be cleaned, disinfected and treated surgically. Based on the history of the patient, he cannot remember if he was immunized, therefore tetanus vaccine should be administered to him. The vaccine for George would be dTpa such as Adacel or Boostrix since he is more than 10 years. In addition, the wound should be managed according to the national guidelines that are necessary immunization susceptible to the patient given. Also, the patient is liable for wound debridement, antimicrobial agents active against anaerobes and the patient should be issued with tetanus toxoid vaccination upon recovery. 2. Blood transfusion is necessary since the patients have lost blood during delivery. Besides, MMR vaccine was required for protecting her from measles, mumps, and rubella. It would also prevent complications that these diseases could cause due to her situation. In addition, the patient received a blood transfusion and blood products before, and hence MMR vaccinations should be postponed for three months or more than three months. In addition, breastfeeding will not respond to the MMR vaccine, and it will not affect breast milk. Also, two doses are given to women planning a pregnancy or after birth and have a low immunity system.
Running Head: IMMUNIZATION3 3. I would advise Joe to ignore the notion that there is aluminum in vaccines since the child might just feel mild side effects after immunization. In addition, vaccinations have saved many lives, the fear of vaccinations should not prevent any child from being vaccinated due to confusing information about vaccines. Instead, I will advise Joe based on the findings from the Food and Drug Administration that the vaccines cannot cause illnesses that they protect against. 4. Pertussis is highly contagious acute respiratory disease thus causing a major public concern worldwide. It is caused by Bordetella pertussis and transmitted to the host through airborne respiratory droplets from infected individuals as they cough(Domenech de Cell{\`e}s, Magpantay, King, & Rohani, 2016). It majorly affects children under the age of one year, and an untreated person can spread the disease for up to three weeks after the onset of cough and more. The symptoms include typical coughs. The clinical features are associated with the level of immunity, age of acquisition of the infection and antibiotic therapy. The symptoms of pertussis may be severe and cause complications in unvaccinated children.The victim experiences severe prognosis in the first and second year of life with frequent pulmonary complications reported in some cases. Besides, immunized adults, adolescent and children experience mild and non- specific course of pertussis(Kilgore, Salim, Zervos, & Schmitt, 2015). I would advise Ruth to adopt immunization and antibiotic therapy for the children to reduce the chances of acquiring the disease. According to WHO, the data provided for 2008 estimated that 16 million cases of pertussis occurred worldwide and caused 195 000deaths in children while vaccination program against the infection prevented 680 000 deaths hence, she should consider vaccination program for her children(Yeung, Duclos, Nelson, & Hutubessy, 2017). However, her pregnant sister condition is quite complex since there are possibilities of infections of infants with the mothers being their source of infection.Mothers who show pertussis symptoms before
Running Head: IMMUNIZATION4 delivery should be immunized after birth because they affect the infant if immunization is administered before delivery(Gkentzi, et al., 2017).Ruth should adopt better definitions and interventions and taking into consideration the mixing patterns within the population. Also, she should comply with without immunizations and healthcare in general. She should identify the necessary schedule for her sister’s newborn in the first year of life, also adapt better aspects concerning safety and tolerability. Therefore, adults and adolescents may be the source of infection but forgotten due to nonspecific clinical features and patterns in the age groups. Hence, more measures should be undertaken to prevent the infection from spreading. 5. Measles occurs worldwide and causes mortality in children under the age of five years. However, the global distribution has reduced the mortality and availability of measles vaccine has altered the global distribution. The enhanced vaccination effort prevented several deaths. In the U.S, vaccination in children is at 12 to 15 months which is the peak age for measles incidences(Bester, 2016). In addition, measles spread through the air, it can be prevented with MMR vaccine that protects against mumps, measles and rubella(Bricker, 2019). The first dose is issued at 12 through 15 months and the second dose issued at 4 through 6 years. 6. Influenza affects several people and most of them are hospitalized and die due to influenza- related infections. Hence annual vaccine is essential to protect one against flu. Vaccination reduces the risks of influenza illnesses and death in children since the flu causes antibodies to develop in one's body after vaccination(Paules, Sullivan, Subbarao, & Fauci, 2018). They then offer protection against infection with the viruses found in the vaccine. Also, Annual vaccination protects against influenza virus that is common in upcoming seasons. 7. At six weeks, Jett will get immunizations in three sections.
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Running Head: IMMUNIZATION5 First: against Hepatitis B, tetanus, diphtheria, polio, influenza type b Second: pneumococcal disease Third: rotavirus 8. He would be receiving Hepatitis B vaccine under one year, influenza vaccine at 6 months, and pneumococcal vaccine under five years(Sigurdsson, Kristinsson, Erlendsd{\'o}ttir, Hrafnkelsson, & Haraldsson, 2015). Besides, he can be givenprevenar 13- one dose if he never received four doses of synflorix. I would advise Kerry that some children younger than nine years can receive two doses in a single season, and hence the nurse who booked him for immunization was right. 9. Diphtheria third dose, third tetanus dose, third pertussis dose, pneumococcal conjugate, inactivated poliovirus, annual influenza The child should next visit the clinic at nine months. 10. 3rd dose of Hepatitis B, 3rd or 4th dose of Haemophilus influenza type B and 4th dose of the pneumococcal conjugate, and annual vaccination of influenza.
Running Head: IMMUNIZATION6 References Bester, J. C. (2016). Measles and measles vaccination: a review.JAMA pediatrics, 170(12). Bricker, B. (2019). A Case Study of MMR Vaccine Skeptics.Recovering Argument, 16. Domenech de Cell{\`e}s, M., Magpantay, F. M., King, A. A., & Rohani, P. (2016). The pertussis enigma: reconciling epidemiology, immunology and evolution.Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 23. Gkentzi, D., Katsakiori, P., Marangos, M., Hsia, Y., Amirthalingam, G., Heath, P. T., & Ladhani, S. (2017). Maternal vaccination against pertussis: a systematic review of the recent literature.Archives of Disease in Childhood-Fetal and Neonatal Edition, 102(5). Kilgore, P. E., Salim, A. M., Zervos, M. J., & Schmitt, H.-J. (2015). Pertussis: microbiology, disease, treatment, and prevention.Clinical microbiology reviews, 29(3). Paules, C. I., Sullivan, S. G., Subbarao, K., & Fauci, A. S. (2018). Chasing seasonal influenza— The need for a universal influenza vaccine.New England Journal of Medicine, 378(1), 7- 9. Sigurdsson, S., Kristinsson, K. G., Erlendsd{\'o}ttir, H., Hrafnkelsson, B., & Haraldsson, {. (2015). Decreased incidence of respiratory infections in children after vaccination with ten-valent pneumococcal vaccine.The Pediatric infectious disease journal, 34(12). Yeung, K. H., Duclos, P., Nelson, E. A., & Hutubessy, R. C. (2017). An update of the global burden of pertussis in children younger than 5 years: a modelling study.The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 17(9).